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Background: Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the major cause of serious life threatening infections in neonates, pregnant women, and other adults with underlying diseases. Capsular polysaccharide typing is a significant way for epidemiological studies of GBS, the pathogenesis, and other studies associated with GBS infections including surveillance programs and vaccine development in future. Molecular serotyping (MS) methods offer more accurate and reliable typing of bacteria. The aim of current study was to differentiate genotypes of clinical GBS isolates based on PCR assay to acquire information about the distribution of GBS types in Hamadan, Iran.
Materials and Methods: A total of 62 clinical GBS strains including vaginal swabs, urine cultures, and blood culture isolates were examined for genotyping using multiplex PCR assay.
Results:Among the 62 GBS isolates examined, all capsular types, except VI, VII, and VIII, were found. Type III was the predominant type with 35 isolates (56.5%), followed by Type V with 11 isolates (17.7%), Type II with 7 isolates (11.3%), Type Ia with 5 isolates (8.1%), and Types Ib and IV with similar prevalence of 2 isolates (3.2%) for each type.
Conclusion: The results of the current study demonstrated that Type III is the predominant type in Hamadan, followed by Types V, II, Ia, Ib, and IV, respectively. Using MS method leads to accurate, sensitive, specific, and fast typing of GBS isolates. The advantages of MS method allow it to analyze various populations and to examine invasive and colonizing isolates in extensive epidemiological studies and surveillance activities. In fact, MS will facilitate the proper formulation of candidate GBS vaccines.

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The present study aimed to prioritize the factors of cultural development of sports in the country from the perspective of experts. This applied research was a descriptive survey conducted by a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) method. The statistical population is in the qualitative section, staff managers, professors of sports management and university researcher who have related research work. Sampling in the qualitative part was done in the form of snowballs until the theoretical saturation was reached with experts. In the quantitative part, the samples were composed of managers and sports specialists, university professors with teaching experience in the socio-cultural field of sports, and researchers who had conducted research studies in this field 49 researcher-made questionnaires were Targeted and distributed online and in the field. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics were used for demographic characteristics, and inferential statistics were used by Expert choice statistical analysis software version 11 to weigh and prioritize the factors of cultural development of the sport. The results showed that the factors of cultural development of sports in the country are family priority and educational sports (0.408), responsibility and moral conscience (0.273), avoidance of moral vices in sports (0.173), and cultural customs in sports, respectively. (0.080), and cultural communications and exchanges (0.043) and cultural activities in sports (0.022). In general, it can be said that the spread of culture in the family and educational sports can directly reduce the root of moral and behavioral disorders.

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In Economic crisis conditions, it is expected that human resource managers play a rational role to change these conditions to opportunities. According to studies, HR managers utilize a set of different measures to confront crisis, which mainly has a short-term glance. These measures are instead of achieving Sustainable Competitive Advantage and turning the crisis into an opportunity, so it just supports the implementation of retrenchment strategy and will have negative effects on staff motivation. Considering literature and aimed to identifying the efficient and prioritized measures with respect to strategic HRM, efficient measures were identified. After interviewing 36 executives, the measures were revised by an eight-person decision-taking group. As a result 14 measures were classified in 5 main groups. Since making decisions to utilize one action will also affect the effectiveness of other actions, and in order to specify priorities of suggestive measures to meet SHRM, the use of DEMATEL and ANP approach was adopted. As a result, “Communications and Information Disclosure” was identified as first measures and “Empowerment of Managers for Crisis” and “Human Resource Development” ranked second and third. Thus both short and long term strategy cloud be supported. measures as “Work Force Reduction” and “Personnel Cost Management”, which have been identified as the most prevalent measures of HR managers, were specified as the last suggestive measures in this study.    

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The effect of ice-storage duration (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days) of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) on qualitative properties of its surimi powder was assessed by analyzing proximate composition, color changes, density, oil adsorption capacity, protein solubility, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, gel forming ability, and thiobarbituric acid. Increase in ice-storage duration increased the density and thiobarbituric acid of surimi powder(p<0.05); proximate composition, color indices, protein solubility, oil adsorption and gel forming decreased significantly (p<0.05); emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability decreased with storage duration, although no regular trends were detected (p<0.05).  The present study indicated that long-term ice-storage of silver carp led to reduction of qualitative properties of the surimi powder.

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The effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth and physiological characteristics of seedlings Corylus avellana were determined in a forest nursery. For this purpose, in a completely randomized design (CRD) and four replicates, three putative bacteria, including Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter cloacae, as alone and mixed, were examined. The greatest height (26.88 cm), collar diameter (7.11 mm), leaf area (23.87 cm²)net photosynthesis (17.23μmol CO₂ m⁻²s⁻¹), transpiration rate (3.22 mmol H₂O m⁻²s⁻¹­(, stomatal conductance (0.189 mol CO₂ m⁻²s⁻¹), water use efficiency (5.33 μmol CO₂ mmol⁻¹  H₂O) and chlorophyll content (26.16 SPAD) allocated to seedlings inoculated with a combination of three bacteria. The greatest root dry weight (3.98 g), root volume (10.87 cm³), total plant dry weight (9.91g) was detected in seedlings inoculated with P. putida. In total, for the beneficial effects of PGPR on growth and physiological traits of C. avellana seedlings, all three bacteria either as individual or as mixed were found suitable for seedling inoculation. In fact, it is affirmed that inoculation of root with PGPR can be a proper approach to produce healthy and strong seedlings in nursery.

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The effects of frozen storage (-20°C) of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) for periods of 0 (control), 2, 4 and 6 months on the qualitative properties of surimi powder was investigated. Qualitative characteristics were assessed through  analysis of proximate composition, sensory evaluation, color changes, density, oil adsorption capacity, water holding capacity, protein solubility, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, foam capacity and stability, gel forming ability, and thiobarbituric acid value. Most of the qualitative indices decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the treatments, including the water holding capacity and the percentage of protein solubility that, respectively, decreased from 13.4ml/g and 7.42% in the control to 10.46 ml/g and 4.82% after 6 months of frozen storage.  Besides, the treatments didn’t show foam. The density and thiobarbituric acid increased significantly with time (p<0.05). Based on the analyses as well as sensory assessment, quality of silver carp surimi powder was maintained in -20°C frozen storage up to four months.

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Aim: Female sex workers' capacity for sexually transmitted infections is a major concern in the developing countries, such as Iran. This study aimed to explore the social determinants of sex work among female sex workers.
Methods: Qualitative approach was applied, and the participants were recruited from two shelters and three harm reduction drop-in centers (DICs) in Tehran. Seventeen in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions were conducted with female sex workers. Inclusion criteria of the present study were Iranian women aged 15-45 years, being sexually active in the past 12 months, ability to comprehend Farsi, and being eager to participate in the study. Purposive sampling with maximum variation sampling was used for data gathering. Content analysis was applied for data analysis.
Findings: Three main themes emerged in the data analysis process: family, inefficient education, and social risks. The subthemes of family included lack of financial support, lack of emotional support, unbounded family, and inappropriate husband. The subthemes of inefficient education were defect of education in the family, lack of education in the community, and peer education. The subthemes of social risks included risky society and risky friends.
Conclusion: It is recommended that the role of family, friends, and peers to be highlighted to families. Also sexual health education must be provided for youth and high risk groups, such as sex workers.

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Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the validity and reliability of a native questionnaire (Perception of Sexually Transmitted Infections Questionnaire) among homeless women as a hidden layer in the Iranian society for sexually transmitted infections.
Methods: Qualitative and quantitative content and face validities were applied. In the qualitative phase of content validity, the homeless women evaluated wording, grammar, item allocation, and scaling of the questionnaire. In the quantitative phase, the content validity index (CVI) and the content validity ratio (CVR) were calculated. In the qualitative phase of face validity, 40 homeless women were asked to evaluate the questionnaire and indicate if they felt difficulty or ambiguity in the questionnaire. In the quantitative phase, the impact score was calculated. The Kuder-Richardson correlation and test-retest reliability were calculated to assess the internal consistency and stability of the questionnaire.
Findings: The ICC for the questionnaire was achieved at 0.86 (good to excellent), lending support to the stability of the questionnaire. The Kuder-Richardson correlation of the questionnaire was 0.85 (good to excellent). Impact scores of the items ranged from 1.2 to 5. In the quantitative content validity, items with CVR and CVI less than 0.59 and 0.79, respectively, were omitted; overall, 10 items were deleted in this part of the validity.
Conclusion: This study suggests that PSTIQ is a valid and reliable. It could be used to design appropriate interventions to prevent (STIs) in high risk groups, especially homeless women.

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A survey was carried out on the genus Colotrechnus Thomson, 1878 (Hym., Pteromalidae) in North Eastern (North Khorasan) and South Eastern (Kerman) provinces of Iran. Two species including Colotrechnus subcoeruleus Thomson, 1878 and Colotrechnus viridis (Masi, 1921) were found, of which the first species is newly recorded from Iran. The new findings represent distribution of this genus along a wide area in Eastern provinces of Iran. An illustrated key to known Iranian species, as well as a brief diagnosis for each species are provided. A distribution map throughout the Palaearctic region is also generated and discussed.

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231 species of the family Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Vespoidea) of Iran, in 55 genera belonging to 4 subfamilies Eumeninae (45 genera, 184 species), Masarinae (5 genera, 24 species), Polistinae (2 genera, 17 species) and Vespinae (3 genera, 6 species) are listed. An overall assessment of the distribution pattern of the vespid species in Iran indicates a complex fauna of different biogeographic regions. 111 species are found in both Eastern and Western Palaearctic regions, while 67 species were found only in the Eastern Palaearctic region. Few species (14 species – 6.1%) of various genera are known as elements of central and western Asian area and their area of distribution is not known in Europe (West Palaearctic) and in the Far East. The species that were found both in the Oriental and Afrotropical Regions comprises 11.7 and 15.6% the Iranian vespid fauna, respectively. Many species (48, 20.8%) are exclusively recorded from Iran and as yet there is no record of these species from other countries. The highest percentage of the vespid species are recorded from Sistan-o Baluchestan (42 species, 18.2%), Alborz (42 species, 18.2%), Fars (39 species, 16.9%) and Tehran provinces (38 Species 16.5%), representing the fauna of the Southeastern, North- and South Central of the country.

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Background: The current narrative review aims to describe microbial agents causing pneumonia briefly. In addition, the ongoing review tries to introduce the diagnostic methods from biochemical to molecular tests used routinely and the promising molecular methods which will be used in near future.
Methods: PubMed was searched for all review and original articles related to the lung infection. Studies providing insights into clinical symptoms, microbiology, risk factors, and diagnosis were included.
Rasult & Conclusion: Untreated respiratory infections are one of the most common health care problems worldwide. We tried to provide a collective view of new aspects of bacteriology and diagnosis methodology of lung infection detection.

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Geography is one of the most important determinants of stability or instability in countries. geography is the basis of many social and political developments within countries, even the relations between them and their neighbors. One of the clear examples of this is Afghanistan. This country is known as a crisis-prone country in terms of human geography. War and insecurity, political instability, poverty, extensive internal disputes have plagued the people and this geography for years. The purpose of the current research is to explain the foundations of human geography in the crises of this country. This research is of a descriptive type, whose theoretical framework is obtained from the combination of Hoggett's theory and Cohen's theory, and based on it, the bases and contexts of the crisis in Afghanistan have been explained from a human geographical perspective. According to the findings of the research, all the crises in Afghanistan are affected by human geography and caused by human heterogeneity, the interventions of the powers, as a result of which this country has been in a fragile and unstable situation for years and has remained a crisis maker. Border disputes with neighbors, being landlocked, being a barrier, being located in a fragile region, multiple neighbors, disputes over common border rivers and changing their course are some of the most stable issues of Afghanistan's geography. Ethnicism, linguistic and religious prejudices, extreme fundamentalism, illiteracy, drug cultivation and trafficking, migration, poverty and deprivation, and nomads are among the controversial issues in strengthening humanitarian crises...

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Aims: Self-directed learning is an essential skill to promote stable learning. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation betweeen the dimensions of constructivist and self-directed learning environments among the students of medical sciences.
Instruments and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2016, using a multistage sampling among students, who studied Health, Paramedical Sciences, Nursing, and Midwifery in associate, bachelor, master, and doctoral degrees and students of Medicine and Dentistry in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. The 365 students were randomly classified in each school and the data were gathered by Wiliamson's self-directed questionnaire and Taylor et al.'s constructivist learning environment questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 21 Software. Along with independent t-test, correlation coefficient, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's test was used as the post-hoc test.
Findings: A significant correlation was found between the dimensions of constructivist learning environment and self-directed learning skills. There was a significant relationship between self-directed learning skills and the students' interest in their own fields of study. Also, a significant statistical relationship was found between self-directed skills and the gender of the students. In terms of the mean of the self-directed learning, there was a significant difference among the studied schools. There was a significant relationship between the schools of Nursing and Medicine, between the schools of Health and Nursing and between the schools of Medicine and Nursing.
Conclusion: Constructivist learning environment affects the performance of students in self-directedness learning.   

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of different fat levels and substitution of sodium chloride salt with potassium chloride on physic- chemical and sensorial properties and shelf life of fish sausage produced from minced fish in the refrigerator. To do this, the sausages have been produced with different fat levels (10, 15, 20 %) and substitution of part of sodium chloride with potassium chloride( 0.95 KCl+ 0.54 NaCl and 0.47 KCl+ 1.02 NaCl)and have been reserved in refrigerator for 30 days and physical, chemical and sensorial evaluations have been done. The results of analyzing the approximate composition and PH show salient differences between different formulations of sausage and the control sample (p<0.05). By adding KCl to formulation, the final products had higher harness in comparison to the control sample. Sensorial analyze didn't show any significant difference between the samples. Treatment with higher fat content got higher score in the textural properties but this difference was not significant (p> 0.05). There was not a salient difference in color, taste and total acceptance between samples and control sample. Generally sensorial properties reduced in time but this reduction was not significant. Increase of thiobarbituric acid has been observed in all treatment over time but this amount never violated the normal range in any treatments.

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The genera Psilocera Walker and Stinoplus Thomson (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae, Pteromalinae) are recorded for the first time from Iran. They are represented by two species, Psilocera obscura Walker, 1833 and Stinoplus etearchus (Walker, 1848), respectively. First species was collected from central part (Isfahan Province) of Iran, by the Malaise-trap and the second was collected from North East (North Khorasan Province) by sweeping net. Brief diagnosis, with illustrations of the morphological characters are provided for each species.

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Conjunction style is one of the most widely used styles in the Arabic language, especially in the Holy Quran which prevents repetition by attaching a phrase into another phrase and results in brevity to the word. The first phrase in this style is called "subordinate word in conjunction" and the latter phrase "primary word in conjunction" which these two phrases are principally joined together. But sometimes the two phrases are separated by a phrase that belongs to both of them. Based on this research, this phenomenon has a semantic function and actually represents the difference between subordinate word in conjunction and primary word in conjunction to interact with the meaning of the common sentence (word occurrence + disjunctive phrase). With a descriptive-analytical method, the present study has investigated this phenomenon in the examples of the Holy Quran. The results indicate that the mentioned phenomenon as a semantic index phenomenon has not been recognized and interpreted by translators and has attempted to convey its meaning except in a few cases. In the meantime, that interpretive and communicative translations, which are more open-ended than literal translations, have had a better response to this phenomenon.

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Aims: Biofloc system is the usage of microorganisms such as heterotrophic bacteria, algae, dietary zooplanktons, and protists, which disintegrates and consumes reared aquatics propagation and non-eaten foods in ponds and increases the productivity of developed ponds as a modern aquaculture system. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of common carp meat reared in the biofloc system during the refrigerated storage time (4±1°C).
Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 300 common carps were fed for 9 weeks by commercial food (control) and 3 experimental treatments were fed, and the quality indices of meat were evaluated. The data were analyzed by SPSS software 21, using Duncan's multiple range, one way ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc tests.
Findings: The lowest meat taste quality was observed in sugar beet molasses treatment and it had a significant difference with other treatments (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in case of sensorial parameters and cooking loss percentage in fish meat (p>0.05). Control and sugar beet molasses treatments showed the lowest and highest skin redness index values, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid (TCA) value significantly increased and decreased in control and biofloc treatments, respectively, over storage time (p<0.05). Sulfhydryl and TCA soluble peptides values decreased during refrigerated storage time (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The biofluid system has a positive effect on the quality of common carp meat reared during the refrigerated storage time and increases its shelf-life.

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Backgrounds:  Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most abundant bacteria in human and animal infections. Many virulence genes in E. coli intensify its infectivity. This study explored the presence of two pathogenic genes, including fimH and bfpA, in E. coli strains isolated from pregnant women.
Materials & Methods: From autumn 2016 to spring 2017, a total of 100 E. coli isolates were collected from clinical samples (116) of pregnant women. The strains were identified using biochemical tests (catalase, Simmons citrate, indole, mobility, H₂S, MR, VP, TSI, and urease). The presence of pathogenic genes in these isolates was examined using colony PCR method. Finally, the relationship between the gene and the site of infection was analyzed in SPSS-23 software. 
Findings: PCR results indicated that out of 100 E. coli samples, 15 were bfpA positive (15%), and 64 were fimH positive (64%). A significant relationship was found between the presence of bfpA gene and samples taken from urine (p<.001), blood (p=.049), and stool (p<.001). 
Conclusion: None of the urinary strains harbored the bfpA gene, while the strains isolated from stool had a significant relationship with the presence of bfpA gene (OR = 18.667), which confirms that this gene is of great importance for EPEC (enteropathogenic E. coli). There was also a significant relationship between blood-isolated strains and the presence of bfpA gene. A significant relationship was also found between the fimH gene and strains isolated from urine samples (OR=36.733), while no relationship was observed between the presence of fimH gene and blood-isolated strains.