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Administrative political decentralization, the move towards political development and the management of geographic space are one of the main concerns of governmental systems in developing countries in general and in Iran in particular to achieve democracy. Such a decentralization follows a special approach to the geographic (Natural human) characteristics of each country as well as the type of administrative political system that governs it. However, the most important regional geopolitical decentralization in each independent political unit is the local government. Local governments play an effective role in optimizing the management of human habitats with the knowledge of geographical areas and human rights. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the effective elements in the formation of an effective local government in Iran? The method of this research was descriptive- analytic, which has been done by studying high-handed documents and rules in Iran, as well as studying the human-natural characteristics of Iran to identify the indices and elements effective in the formation of an efficient local government. Findings of the research indicate that the decentralization and delegated powers to non-central places and the distribution of power at the geographical level are scattered in some of the laws and documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
 

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The aim of the present study was to estimate growth and mortality parameters and length-weight relationship of Barilius mesopotamicus populations in difrent Iran basins. For this purpose, 460 fish specimens from Diala, Jarrahi, Karun, Karkheh and Bushehr basins and subbasins, including Zardmashin, Aalaa, Jarrahi, Dez, Shur, Meymeh, Changooleh, Kangir, Doyrej, Ahram, Zohreh, Kheirabad, Karzin, Shahpur and Darolmizan rivers, were sampled. Total length, fork length and standard length were measured by a digital caliper (cm) and total weight by a digital scale (g). Also, some scales were prepared and studied for age determination. The length-weight relationships showed that population from Bushehr, Jarahi, Karun and Dila, had negative allomeric growth pattern while Karkheh population had an isometric growth pattern. The highest estimated total length and weight was 9.2 cm and 5.4 g. Age of the fish was between 0⁺ and 2⁺. The highest asumptetic total length was observed in Diala basin with Bertallanfy equation of L_t= 9.22[1-e^-1.3(t+0.07)]. The condition factor was about 0.5. Considering body indices, Bushehr, Jarahi, Karun and Diala had a better condition, and Karkheh population had a lower index, probably indicating a poorer condition in this river.
 
 

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Calpastatin (CAST) is a specific inhibiter of calpains, playing a role in meat tenderization and myogenesis. In the present study, the polymorphism of the CAST gene of Makoei sheep was investigated by polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformation polymorphism technique (PCR–SSCP). Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples collected from 100 sheep. A 622 bp CAST exon 1 segment was amplified by standard PCR, using the locus specific primers. PCR products were subjected to a non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. Four SSCP patterns, representing four different genotypes, were identified. The frequencies of the observed genotypes were 0.31, 0.04, 0.63 and 0.02 for AA, BB AB and AC, respectively. Allele frequencies were 0.6313, 0.3586 and 0.01 for A, B and C, respectively. The Observed heterozygosity (Hobs) value for CAST gene was 0.4728. The chi-square test showed significant (P< 0.01) deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this locus in Makoei sheep population.

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Economic and industrial growth of the recent decades in most countries and the changing pattern of life, cause a dramatic increase in the production of industrial and urban waste. Considering population growth and economic, cultural and industrial changes, it`s necessary to have a proper management plan to prevent environmental damage and save the cost of waste management. One of the issues associated with urban waste management is controlling and treatment of leachate. Leachate treatments methods are classified into three groups include: leachate transmission; biodegradation techniques and physiochemical treatment methods. Due to its reliability, simplicity and high cost-effectiveness, biological processes are the most conventional methods in leachate treatments. However, due to high organic load and presence of refractory contaminants in leachate, biological treatment alone cannot remove all of the organic matters from leachate. Therefore, to meet discharge standards, additional treatment is required to remove the remaining materials from biologically treated leachate. Photocatalytic processes have been proven to be an appropriate technology for final treatment of these types of wastes. In this study the capability of UV-ZnO photocatalytic process as a post treatment method for composting leachate was examined at laboratory scale and in batch mode. The effect of some factors such as initial pH, catalyst concentration, light intensity and reaction time on the removal of organic load and color of leachate were investigated. Biological pre-treated leachate samples were collected from the effluent of leachate treatment facility of a composting plant in north of Iran. The leachate samples have been collected in 20 L plastic containers transported to the laboratory and immediately stored in refrigerator at 4˚C to minimize any changes in its physical, chemical, and biological properties until the experiments were carried out. A Plexiglas column with 110 mm inner diameter and 300 mm height were used to conduct experiments. UVC lamps (as the source of irradiation) with different power levels were placed inside a quartz tube (external diameter 0.026m) mounted at the axial centre of the reactor. In each experiment, a specified amount of nano particle was added to leachate into the reactor, at ambient temperature and under a specified amount of UVC radiation. In order to prevent the settling of nano particles, air was continuously injected into the column through a diffuser at the bottom of the reactor. Samples were taken periodically from the reactor for analysis. Prior to analysis, the liquid samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min to remove all suspended particles. In order to prevent reflection and scattering of UV radiation in the environment, the reactor was covered with a thick layer of aluminum foil. Based on the results of experiments, after 120 minutes of radiation with 32 W UVC lamps in pH 11 and in the presence of 1 gr/L of slurry nanoparticles (ZnO), maximum COD and color removal were achieved to be 60% and 68%, respectively. In kinetic studies of batch UV-ZnO photocatalytic process, a pseudo-first order model with reaction rate constant of 0.38 hr-1 was found to fit well (R2= 0.99) with the experimental results.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the individual application of nitric oxide or cellophane wrapping, and combination effects of these treatments on reducing chilling injury and quality improvement of pomegranate fruit cv. ‘Shishe-Kab’ during storage. Fruits were dipped in nitric oxide (0 or 300 μM) solution for 2 minutes, followed by cellophane wraps (wrapped or unwrapped) as treatments and then stored at two different storage temperatures (1 or 5°C) for 90 days. Application of 300 μM nitric oxide significantly increased the antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin content, and the a* value of aril color, and also led to the lowest chilling injury and electrolyte leakage in fruit compared with the control. The lowest weight loss, chilling injury, and total soluble solids and the highest total anthocyanin content and the a* value of aril color was observed in cellophane wrapped fruits, compared with unwrapped fruits. The combination of nitric oxide and cellophane wrapping had a greater effect on reducing the electrolyte leakage of fruits as it decreased about 72 and 63% compared to the control in stored fruit for 45 and 90 days, respectively.
 

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Aims: Nowadays, people are exposed at large quantities of magnetic field due to industrialization of the environment; therefore, studying the effect of these fields on human health is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field on the quantity and structure of hemoglobin of employees in electricity industry.
Materials and Methods: The present experimental study was carried out in the employees of a power generation plant in Tehran in 2017. Using total population sampling method, 29 employees of exploitation department were selected as exposed group and 29 employees of administrative and support department were selected as unexposed group. The magnetic field intensity of the power generation plant was studied by NIOSH 203 method. Blood samples were collected from two groups of people; hemoglobin concentration in blood samples were evaluated by spectrophotometer and changes in hemoglobin structure were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16, using the Mann-Whitney U test.
Findings: The mean of hemoglobin concentration in the exposed group (15.67±1.42) was significantly different from that of the unexposed group (17.31±3.03), so that the hemoglobin level of the exploitation department staff was lower than that of the administrative and support staff (p<0.0001). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed significant changes in the 1413 and 11430cm^-1 between the exposed and unexposed groups.
Conclusion: Contact with extremely low frequency of magnetic field causes changes in hemoglobin quantity and its molecular structure in employees in electricity industry.

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Selecting a country or countries for entering foreign markets is considered a strategic decision that require significant consideration and deliberation. The quality of such decision will bring about some conditions and necessities for an enterprise and can potentially affect the possibility of advantage creation, exchange cost as well as the effective capability of transferring knowledge in companies. Although presence in global markets can be beneficial and bring many advantages for an enterprise, it can also be as much risky and pose numerous risks. Major risks that can be incurred depend on the selection of foreign markets and the status of presence in that markets, but sound decision making in every field requires identification of effective variables of the decision and having adequate and relevant information in that field. This research examines and identifies effective macro indexes for selecting export markets in steel industry and after identification and prioritizing mentioned indexes, will work on screening and removing markets in which Mobarakeh Steel Company won't have competitive advantage. Screening the countries has been done in two stages and finally has been presented a list of 45 countries out of 193 that are members of the United Nations and can be suitable markets for this company. The research findings show that environmental and political-legal indexes reflect much more importance among other identified indexes to determine target markets. Economical indexes mirror medium importance while social-cultural and technological indexes are considered the least important ones among others.
 

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In this paper, tool and workpiece wear ratio and surface roughness in the removal process of Ti-6Al-4V by spark are modeled using fuzzy algorithm. In the machining process using a spark, a copper electrode is used as a tool and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) process is applied to the tool. In this combined modelling the number of ECAP passes, current, spark presence time and spark absence time are used as input parameters. The evaluation and validation results of fuzzy modeling, using experimental data, show that the fuzzy algorithm is capable of modeling and establishing relationships between response variables based on input parameters with high accuracy. Therefore, by using this method, one can easily predict the response variables and avoid the need of conducting experiments that require spending a lot of time and cost.

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The increase in the urban population and the change in the consumption pattern in recent decades has caused the per capita volume of produced waste to increase significantly. The introduction of a large number of urban waste materials along with thousands of tons of dangerous toxic substances and hospital and industrial waste materials into the environment creates many problems that have harmful effects on other existing systems. urban and including their environmental system is remarkable. Finding a suitable place for waste disposal is one of the most important study steps in parallel with landfill design, whose management plays a significant role in environmental positioning because of the lack of attention to environmental and management studies in the planning process. Urban planning, especially in terms of landfill location, leads to problems such as flooding, leachate infiltration into underground water, soil and surface water pollution, placement on unstable land, and topological problems. In the Bandar Abbas, about 500 tons of waste is produced daily, which is collected in an unsanitary manner, collected, transported and buried in front of the railway station, which causes the spread of pollution in the region. For this reason, in the present study, an attempt has been made to locate the best landfill site to achieve this approach, 4 environmental criteria (6 sub-criteria), ecological (5 sub-criteria), structural (11 sub-criteria) and Physical (7 sub-criteria) was used. These criteria were weighted by ANP. After preparing the Euclidean distance map and combining it with fuzzy operators for each sub-criterion, the resulting map was multiplied by the ANP fuzzy weight. Then, fuzzy operators AND, OR, SUM, Product and gamma of 0.9, 0.7 and 0.5 were used to overlap the layers. OLS regression was used to select the best superimposed map. Finally, the TOPSIS was used to rank the selected sites and the best site. The results showed that the ecological criterion with a fuzzy weight of 0.443 has the greatest effect on the location of landfills. After that, structural, environmental and physical criteria were placed in the next ranks with 0.278, 0.182 and 0.095, respectively. In ecological sub-criteria, the distance from the sensitive habitat of Mount Gnu with 0.438; In structural sub-criteria, the distance from settlements with 0.155; In the environmental sub-criteria, the distance from the canal with 0.283 and in the physical sub-criteria, the distance from the river with 0.310 have the greatest effect on the location of landfill. Among the fuzzy overlay operators, the SUM fuzzy subscription operator has the highest correlation with the research criteria in identifying the landfill. Five landfill sites were identified in Bandar Abbas, and with the TOPSIS ranking model, District 4, located west of Bandar Abbas and Tel Siah village and east of Bandar Abbas, a 15 km2 of land was selected for landfilling of urban and industrial waste.
 

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As non-profit organizations, universities have specific goals and missions, their performance must be assessed for exploiting their limited available resources and achieving organizational goals. The purpose of this study is to employ the obtained strategies for evaluating the status of research area in the Islamic Azad University using SWOT analysis and design the research development model of the university through social marketing mix. A mixed methods research (quantitative-qualitative) has been used for the study carried out in two stages. In the first stage, SWOT analysis is used and in the second stage, social marketing is employed given the extracted strategies in the previous stage. In the qualitative section, the statistical sample included experts (deputies, research managers, students and professors who were the members of the young researchers club in the first stage and assistant and associate marketing professors in the second stage) selected via purposive sampling and theoretical saturation. In quantitative section, the research was descriptive and field-based where the statistical sample included 370 respondents from university branches at Tehran and Alborz provinces and selected via stratified random sampling. According to Cronbach alpha coefficient, reliability of the SWOT questionnaire was estimated equal to 98% and that of social marketing was equal to 96%. According to the results of the study, integrated social marketing could result in favorable research behavior.