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The formation of the border and the establishment of a border line between the two countries have political, economic and cultural-social consequences and impacts, especially at local and border settlements level. In this research, the consequences of the border establishment, border policies, and the plan to strengthen border guard (Forces) at several points of settlements such as Yazdan, Kaboodeh, and Nazarkhan have been discussed. This descriptive-analytical research, based on library and field pieces of information/findings seek to investigate the formation process of eastern borders within South Khorasan province and also the developments that during about six decades have taken place in these areas. The results of researchers showed that the determination and establishment of this border caused that some border villages such as Kaboodeh and Yazdan placed on this side of the border, and Nazarkhan was placed on the Afghan side. The consequences of these border policies have led to evacuation and destruction of border villages such as Kaboodeh and Yazdan, along the Nomands resettlement plan and security, and also their inhabitants were resettled in the Barenjgan city; in the other hand, Nazarkhan farm across the border has now changed into a linear village with a population of over 5 thousand people. The evacuation of these border villages along with the border privacy delimitation project, and also the forced migration of its residents to a new location has resulted in tensions between old residents and new immigrants in addition to causing discontent between borderers.
 

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Spatial continuity particularly continuity between inside and outside is a concept that man always was looking forward to express it in architecture. It is a trait for expanding a restricted area and relating the spaces to other adjacent spaces in order to have more physical-visual or intellectual-moral motions. Although the boundaries of spaces create spatial order and specify the quality of space, on the other hand, one another trait of architecture is continuity which leads to dynamism and motion. A continuous space is opposite to a closed and interrupted one, so in such spaces there is a spatial locomotion towards horizontal and vertical axis. These motions cause transparency and mobility towards the bulk of materials such as walls and columns in a way that the paths of moving or the directions of the sight are continuous. In the field of architectural expressions, continuity has several types and in this case, one of the categories can be noticed. This classification include four cases such as Historical, Cultural–social, Natural and Spatial continuity. Any of them has its definition, but in what follows, the spatial continuity will be described in detail. Spatial continuity can be studied in four states: First, the interior and exterior; in this case, besides the continuity makes perspective expansion, it inspires the concept of «being inside». The user requires both inside and outside spaces, and also the ability to move between these two spaces. Therefore, the architect should visualize and form inside and outside as a unit concept. Second case, between two interior spaces; flexible interior space, diversity and maximize capacity of space can be achieved in this way. Third, in an interior; this kind of continuity is more understood in a large enclosed space such as a church or a mosque. The fourth state, in the space outside the building; in open spaces or urban spaces can be observed. Any interior space may have continuation in six axes. Spatial continuity can be established through some architectural features, these factors include: Transparent layers; the most important factor to create continuity between two spaces. Transparency can be made by embedding the openings, doors and windows. Axis; axis represent the directions and correlate different elements to each other. In other words, axes connect spaces like a string. Although axes can be defined in various ways, two directions are often stronger than the others because the orientation of human kind is based on the horizontal and vertical direction. Rhythm and Repetition; the most important and most tangible factors that can represent spatial continuity are rhythm and repetition. Continuation and repetition are the basis of continuity. Continuation of surfaces; shared elements between the two spaces arouses a sense of continuity to the spectator. Continuity will be well understood when the surfaces of the floor, wall or ceiling of a space stretches to another space. Intermediate space; intermediate space (the third space) is one of the main factors of continuity and sequencing of architectural elements. Although this item separate two spaces, it causes the continuation without any separation between them. In each ancient and modern architecture, new methods can be observed, trying to show spatial continuity. In modern age, progress in technology and release of Classic principals (norms) caused the best type of continuity. Modern architects reduced the confliction of inside and outside and ignored the role of walls as separator elements by eliminating the boundaries of interior space. Modern architecture incorporated inside and outside to let them form one unique continuous space, without any difference between interior and exterior space. Spatial continuity in modern architecture: In modern architecture a continuous space is created by eliminating or neglecting the role of walls (separators). Therefore, there is no difference remains between inside and outside. The boundaries have become smooth, so visual continuity and accordingly, spatial continuity arises. In other words the walls lose their existence and permanency, the conflict of inside and outside is eliminated therefore the meaning of inside is weakened. The same as universal architecture, there are some rules in ancient Iranian architecture to represent spatial continuity, however mentioning the spiritual and moral sides of continuity. Iranian architectural space include three categories from the primitive time: closed, covered and open spaces. These three mainsubspaces define the whole space. Room, as a closed space, porch (Ivan) as a semi closed one and the yard as an open space. Iranian architects always try to track the continuity between these three items in their design process. They have attempted to pass the user through the space unimpeded, promoting the idea of transparency, lightness and spatial continuity, by reducing the bulk of mass and increasing the space. Iranian architectural space can be thought of as a wavy space. Conjunction with unlimited space is created through the light and perspective expansion, and space expansion between the components. Continuity through these spaces were shown spreading natural lights, and the extension of the sceneries and perspectives. Iranian architects tried to reduce the material mass of the building body in order to achieve transparency and spiritual lightness. In this essay we are intending to study the level of effect of traditional Iranian architecture on contemporary Iranian architecture and the level of effect of modern architecture on it, and finally we will make a comparison between them. For this review, a descriptive–analytic observation is set that the criteria of comparison are the factors of spatial continuity of Iranian and modern architecture. For each architectural Style, factors that represent continuity is listed, mentioning that any of these factors can be used in which state, relating the inside and outside. So this will assort results in a set of tables for each Style. A number of public buildings, built during 50 decade till now is selected for analyzing the factors in each group. Four of them will be expounded. At last the results can be observed in a detailed table, along with, a diagram represents the percentage of each factor’s participation in indicating spatial continuity in both Iranian and modern architecture.

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Geography is one of the most important determinants of stability or instability in countries. geography is the basis of many social and political developments within countries, even the relations between them and their neighbors. One of the clear examples of this is Afghanistan. This country is known as a crisis-prone country in terms of human geography. War and insecurity, political instability, poverty, extensive internal disputes have plagued the people and this geography for years. The purpose of the current research is to explain the foundations of human geography in the crises of this country. This research is of a descriptive type, whose theoretical framework is obtained from the combination of Hoggett's theory and Cohen's theory, and based on it, the bases and contexts of the crisis in Afghanistan have been explained from a human geographical perspective. According to the findings of the research, all the crises in Afghanistan are affected by human geography and caused by human heterogeneity, the interventions of the powers, as a result of which this country has been in a fragile and unstable situation for years and has remained a crisis maker. Border disputes with neighbors, being landlocked, being a barrier, being located in a fragile region, multiple neighbors, disputes over common border rivers and changing their course are some of the most stable issues of Afghanistan's geography. Ethnicism, linguistic and religious prejudices, extreme fundamentalism, illiteracy, drug cultivation and trafficking, migration, poverty and deprivation, and nomads are among the controversial issues in strengthening humanitarian crises...

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High processing loads, need for complicated and frequent updating, and high false alarm are some of the challenges in designing anomaly detection and misuse detection systems. We propose a new network-based intrusion detection system (IDS) that resolves such shortcomings. Our scheme fuses anomaly detection and misuse detection systems, which has not been utilized so far in existing systems. In doing so, we have employed a mix of modified back-propagation (BP) and self-organizing map (SOM) neural networks that perform pattern recognition and classification in an effective and efficient manner. Results indicate that the performance of our proposed IDS is significantly improved as compared to the existing systems.

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The diversity of the skills required in project management and the demand for learning them as one of the main sources of competitive advantage in organizations is growing. One of the ways to learn project management capabilities is through other organizations and people. Inter-organizational learning is the way in which different organizations in an alliance collaborate, share knowledge, and learn from one another. This research focuses mainly on project management capabilities inter-organizational learning process and also on factors affecting it. By using explorative studies, a theoretical model for project management capabilities inter-organizational learning is developed and research hypotheses are formulated based on this model. The data collected from 34 organizational units responsible for different project management functions in two international consortiums of Iran petroleum industry is analyzed and then by using the structural equation modeling, the relationships between research variables are tested. Fitting indices of the model and impact factors between variables resulted from data analysis mostly shows acceptable fit and very strong relationship between components of the model. Finally, suggestions to be used by project based organizations as well as suggestions for future studies are presented along with research results.

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Entrepreneurship is a new phenomena Iin Iiran and the research in this subject especially in women entrepreneurship is very limited. In spite of the fact that most of the Iranian Women coperate in economic and, social aspects and especially in higher education, the society is not reaping the rewards of all their cooperations and efforts in economic affairs. On the other hand, different strategies of men and women entrepreneurs in start up process and business management as well as their different views to success are the sources of differences in their businesses. In favor of total knowledge of Iranian women’s businesses and the factors that influence the process of start-up, a vast and national research on educated women entrepreneur population was done through a questionnaire built for this subject. The questionnaire was and corrected by the experts and a pretest. This article presents a part of the results about strategies and views of Iranian women entrepreneurs to success. The results point out that Iranian women entrepreneurs start their businesses by planning and presentation of the best quality of products or services. This planning results in prosperity of their businesses. Iranian women entrepreneurs also view success of business in obtaining personal satisfaction and improvement of their abilities, then in profit.

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Objective: In this study quantitative expression of MDR1 and hOCT1 genes in CML patients and normal people were measured using Real-Time PCR. Materials and Methods: To study quantitative expression of these genes by real-time PCR, master-mix with syber green was used. Peripheral blood samples from 30 CML patients and 27 normal persons were harvested. Real-time PCR results were analyzed with relative quantification method. Result: This study showed that in the patients group who were under treatment with Imatib, MDR1 gene expression was increased which was statistically significant. This increase has a direct relation with disease progress. Gene expression in AP and BP patients was also higher than CP patients. In contrast, hOCT1 expression in patients group in comparison with normal group was not statistically significant. Conclusion: MDR1 increase in leukemic cell membrane results in the reduction of intra-cellular drug concentration. Thus, optimal concentration of drug for inhibition of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase is not achieved which culminated in disease progression to AP and BP phases. Moreover changes in hOCT1 gene expression as an influx transporter of Imatib could affect intracellular concentration of drug and finally determine therapy outcome. However, in this study hOCT1 gene expression was variable and was not statistically significant.

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AISI 4340 steel is a low alloy steel with high tensile strength that has numerous applications in industry. Machinability of this alloy steel has difficulties due to its low heat conduction and high heat concentration in cutting zone. Therefore, use of cutting fluids in machining of this steel is inevitable. On the other hand, environmental problems of using mineral lubricants lead industries into use of biodegradable oils such as Vegetable based cutting fluids. The aim of this study is to investigate the drilling of AISI4340 alloy steel in presence of semi-dry lubricant and using soybean vegetable-based oil. For this purpose, drilling parameters including feed rate and cutting speed at three levels and workpiece hardness at two levels were chosen. Totally 18 experiments were carried out using coated carbide drill. Results revealed that vegetable-based oil can effectively be used in drilling using a semi-dry lubrication method. In addition, feed rate was the most effective parameter on cutting force and surface roughness and by increasing it, the cutting force increased, and the surface quality deteriorated. Also, workpiece hardness showed significant effect on surface roughness.

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AISI4340 hardened steel have a vast functionality in industries. Hard machining of this steel have several benefits such as, higher productivity, lower production cost and improved workpiece properties. In machining operation, ultimate surface roughness is the most important characteristic of machined surface and plays an important role in workpiece life. One of the effective factors on surface integrity is cutting fluid used in machining operation, which have health and environmental problems is spite of positive effects. As a result, using minimum quantity lubrication is considered as an alternative method. In present study, relations between milling parameters and final surface quality in milling of AISI4340 hardened steel, in the presence of lubrication systems including; dry, wet and minimum quantity lubrication have been investigated. Cutting speed, feed rate, axial and radial depth of cut have been considered as main parameters of milling operation. Totally, 90 experiments have been done using response surface method to analyze the effects of process parameters on surface roughness. Results revealed that feed rate and cutting speed have the most Influences on surface roughness. Also higher values of cutting speed and lower values of feed rate are necessary to reduce surface roughness. In addition, compared to other lubrication methods, minimum quantity lubrication have the best performance in surface quality, especially in high cutting speed and depth of cut.

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The productivity of a part is assessed based on factors such as dimensional and geometrical tolerances. In fact, tolerance features are the most important factors in shop drawing of an industrial part. The aim of present study is to empirically investigate the precision of holes created by helical milling method on AISI 4340 alloyed steel. This method refers to create the hole using milling tool, which moves along a helical path. By using helical milling, a high quality hole has been produced and there is no need for boring. Taguchi design of experiment was used to study the effects of process parameters including; cutting speed, feed rate, axial depth of cut and workpiece hardness on dimensional and geometrical tolerances of created hole. In addition, effect of minimum quantity lubrication method with two different oils and dry milling methods was studied. Results showed that the helical milling can be a suitable replacement for conventional drilling. In addition, cutting speed as the main parameter had significant effect on quality improvement of the created hole. On the other hand, in the helical milling, minimum quantity lubrication method using vegetable-based oil showed the best performance compared to mineral oil or dry cutting.

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Helical milling has been known as an innovative method for making high quality holes. In this method, milling tool generates efficiently a high quality hole by moving along a helical path. The hole diameter can be adjusted through the diameter of this helical path. Regarding accuracy of hole in industrial parts, it is necessary to compare this method with conventional hole drilling. Therefore, in this study helical milling and conventional drilling, have been compared with each other. Eight experiments were conducted considering two levels of cutting speed and feed rate on the samples made of AISI 4340 steel at 45 HRC. Minimum quantity lubricant system with two nozzles was used. 100 ml/h of Behran-11 mineral oil at air pressure of 4 bar was employed in this system. Machining forces, surface roughness, nominal diameter, roundness, and cylindricity were output parameters. According to the obtained results, cutting speed was the only one with positive effect on all qualitative parameters of the machined holes. On the other hand, independency of cutting parameters, helical milling lessened machining forces, surface roughness, and geometrical tolerances in compare with conventional drilling.

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Micromilling is a machining process in manufacturing of the miniature parts. Because of high oxidation and corrosion resistance, high fatigue strength and application of Ti6Al4V in hi-tech industries, in this paper surface roughness and burr formation in micromilling of this alloy have been investigated. Cutting parameters including spindle speed, feed rate and axial depth of cuthave been considered as input parameters of tests. Experiments have been performed for two cases: a) in presence of the minimum quantity lubrication and b) wet conditions. Carbide micro-end mill tool of diameter 0.5 mm and TiAlN coating was used. The Taguchi experimental design method has been used to design and analysis of results. Results showed that the spindle speed and feed rate were the most effective parameters on the surface roughness and burr width of titanium alloy, respectively. Also, by increasing both of these parameters, surface roughness and burr width were decreased. In addition, application of minimum quantity lubrication technique significantly improved the surface quality, and it was more effective in upper levels of spindle speed and axial depth of cut. Finally, the best surface quality was attained in spindle speed of 30000 rpm, feed rate of 0.8 μm/tooth and cutting depth of 60 μm.

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Employing of complex surfaces in different industries such as aerospace and die and mold is increasing. For milling of such surfaces, considering factors such as strategies and machining parameters which affect the machinability is necessary. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different strategies and machining parameters on microhardness of a typical curved surface (convex) of stainless steel 1.4903. The cutting tool used in this study was ball nose end mill coated TiN and the strategies employed were Raster, 3D-offset, Spiral and radial. Design of experiments was done using Taguchi method. The input parameters were cutting speed, feed rate and step over. After conducting experiments, surface layers hardness of milled samples were measured. The results showed that various tool paths have different influence on microhardness of milled surfaces. Regardless of cutting condition, surface hardness after machining in all strategies was more than the primary hardness of the workpiece material. Spiral strategy provided the most hardness and radial strategy the least hardness. In addition, increasing the feed rate, cutting speed and step over, rised surface hardness and step over had least influence on hardness. The most hardness magnitude was reported in cutting speed of 180 m/min, feed rate of 0.18 mm/tooth and step over of 0.7 mm which shows 56 % of increase.

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High-speed milling of titanium alloys is widely used in aerospace industries for its high efficiency and good quality of product. The paper empirically studies surface roughness, topography and microhardness variations in high speed milling of Ti6Al4V alloy. The experiments were conducted under minimum quantity lubrication environment. Carbide end mill tool with TiAlN coating and 6 millimeter diameter was used. Full factorial method was used to design of experiments and analyze the effect of machining parameters including cutting speed and feed rate on surface roughness, topography and microhardness. The other cutting parameters i.e. axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut were constant. The results showed that a high quality surface with roughness of 0.2 µm can be obtained by using high speed machining method. Also, microhardness variations versus cutting speed has two-fold nature. It indicates that firstly, by increasing cutting speed up to 375 m/min, microhardness increases and after that, it declines remarkably. In addition, by increasing feed rate, surface microhardness rises and the maximum microhardness was obtained in cutting speed of 375 m/min and feed rate of 0.08 mm/tooth, which showed 57% increase in regard with hardness of the base material. The Images of surface topography showed that increasing of the cutting speed has a significant effect on reduction of surface tears and smears.

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Hard steels are widely used in automotive industry, molding and production of well drilling bits because of its high wear resistance and strength. The tendency to hard machine of these steels is growing in order to achieve high dimensional and geometrical accuracy, increased productivity and improved workpiece properties. In this research, relation between cutting parameters and final surface integrity in hard milling process of a workpiece made out of 4340 steel while using minimum quantity lubrication system is studied. Different parameters were considered in three levels as main milling parameters including: cutting speed, feed rate, axial and radial depth of cut and consequently the effect of these parameters on surface microhardness and white layer thickness were studied using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that a model of quadratic polynomial function would work perfectly in order to estimate microhardness and it can also estimate experimental results while a linear model can evaluate white layer thickness changes, better. Also, Statistical analysis revealed that all cutting parameters increase microhardness and white layer thickness. Feed rate with 73.1% and cutting speed with 14.4% had more effect on microhardness comparatively. White layer thickness also varied between 7.6 μm to 16.1 μm while different cutting conditions were applied and cutting speed with 81.3% and feed rate with 9.4% had the most effects on white layer thickness.

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