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Well-being includes phenomena such as mental health, life satisfaction, positive attitude and feeling happiness. The present study deals with the relationship between language and well-being and claims that well-being factors are expressed in the words of the language. For example, the happiness factor in a language is reflected by certain words such as happy, happiness and satisfied. The theoretical framework of the present study is ecolinguistics. The method is corpus based. The data is extracted from the research of Secretariat of Emotional Intelligence of Tehran Education in 2017. In this study, the well-being status of 1095 high school students, the first and second period, girls and boys, public and private of District One of Tehran have been evaluated. The students' responses to the question about well-being criteria are the base of the present study. The corpus consists of 1161 words with a frequency of 35,455. The content words associated with the five Well-being factors of engagement (occupation and entertainment), perseverance, optimism, connectedness and happiness were extracted in the framework of the semantic map of Jiaqi Wu et al. (2017), by using top-down method. They were analyzed using Excel and SPSS soft-wares. Some examples of the words that represent the well-being factor of happiness are: “relaxation, facilities, happy, healthy, fun, health, happiness, excellent, pleasant, relaxed, happy, satisfied, faith, satisfaction, enjoyed, happiness, joy, and fun”. The research findings show 6845 words of the corpus (about35.7%) are related to well-being, and there is a significant relationship between well-being factors and produced words

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Mithraism rituals can be considered the most ancient Iranian religion, that based on available information, the scape and sphere of influence not only large parts of Grate Iran, but also parts of India and Europe, especially in the first centuries AC, impressed, as on most of the information and documents that Western Scholars were presented, how the law plays an important role in shaping some of the traditions of Christianity in Europe. The aim of this research to understand the spatial structure Mithraeum architecture in Europe, as illustrated in the documents properly reflect the performance space is Mithraism of Europe. The main research question is that, how important Features of the original architecture and atmosphere of the Mithraeum architecture was in Europe? Descriptive and analytical research and data collection methods to the documents. The statistical properties of the first fifty of the Mithraea that during their investigation, which number about eight samples of documents is illustrated more about them, and took a closer look. This theoretical framework is based on the phenomenon and characteristics of cultural and religions factors in shaping how the ritual space is particularly important temples. The research results show that almost that many in Europe have been found from most of Mithraism architectural structures that were more or less similarity of cultural characteristics and world views of Mithraism. This structure consists of a rectangular space, which were divided into three parts that together form a line a space of three groups. The middle space, where more traffic and double the space in which two, people were used to deployment. In the end of temple, there was a place that most cases were above a floor and place the person or persons of higher authority, and performing some ritual ceremonies such as prayer and sacrifice the animals.

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The current study suggests the utilization of steel wool as an extended anode electrode in an electrochemical process to en­hance the efficiency of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) re­moval from wastewater. The effect of the operating parameters of initial pH, applied current, supporting electrolyte, and initial dye concentration on textile dye removal efficiency was inves­tigated to determine the optimum conditions of the process. Ki­netic studies were performed in the optimum conditions. Scan­ning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) were carried out to determine the morphology and characteri­zation of the extended anode surface. Under the optimum con­ditions, the dye and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were obtained 99.42% and 72.72%, respectively. The reaction kinetic data of the electrochemical process was followed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic rate equation (R² = 0.99). These findings might be useful in treating the various pollutants in industrial wastewater.

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Supply chain Integration importance leads to this believe that some scholars express that the whole concept of supply chain management is derived from integration. Providing the basis for creation and effective continuation of supply chain management requires the recognition of main factors affecting the integration. Studies reveal that the organizations with higher levels of social capital are more successful than their rivals. So, the purpose of this study is to surveying Social Capital Influence on Supply Chain Integration. Considering the purpose, this study is applied research, and based on its research methodology, it is a correlation descriptive, and it is specifically based on the structural equation models. The population consisted of 435 organizations in food industry of Fars province in Iran, and via employing stratified sampling, 124 executives related to supply chain management were selected and the questionnaires were distributed and collected data were analyzed. This model suggests that five factors influence Supply Chain Integration, and the purpose of the research was to investigate the influence of social capital on these factors. The results indicated that the social capital has positive and direct relation with integration, communication pattern, trust and commitment and has no direct relation with power and attitude.  

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Examining proverbs can be influential to know different aspects of every culture because the culture of every nation and group is illustrated in its proverbs. The goal of this research is to study the position of family and woman in Bakhtiari proverbs with Feminism critical view. The research methodology is to analyze qualitative content. In these proverbs, women have supreme, inferior and equal position with men. When we talk about private matters, women are holy creatures and superior to men. In public and social proverbs, women are inferior to men. In general proverbs, women’s positions are equal to those of men. In most proverbs, men are dominant, and desirable ideas in the society are institutionalized for men. Marriage, criticizing polygamy, knowledge before marriage, ways to know spouse, and family related subjects are reflected in these proverbs.

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The antimicrobial effects of essential oil isolated from Myrtus communis L. against Es-cherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniaee, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Candida albicans and Sac-charomyces cerevisiae were studied. The disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the zone of microbial growth inhibition at various concentrations of the oil. The minimal In-hibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the oil were determined. The oil was found to have an antimicrobial effect. Kinetics of microbial destruction exhibited that the oil could kill microorganisms within 45 minutes of expo-sure. GC and GC/MS analysis of the oil revealed 32 components. The major components were α-Pinene (29.4%), Limonene (21.2%), 1,8-Cineole (18%), Linalool (10.6%), Linalyl acetate (4.6%) and α-Terpineole (3.1%). The high monoterpenes hydrocarbons such as α-Pinene and Limonene seem to contribute to the strong antimicrobial activity of Myrtus communis L. Further research on antimicrobial effects of essential oils with a view to sub-stituting the common chemical compounds is promising.

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Philosophers have recently turned their attention to the problem of extremism, partly inspired by the “Extremism: A Philosophical Analysis” book. We introduce this debate, particularly focusing on Cassam’s perspective, and use it to examine the extremism of the Iranian militant group known as Forqan. In the first part, drawing on Cassam’s account of different types of extremism, we argue that Forqan was not only a method extremist group but also that its members exhibited what Cassam calls the extremist mindset. In the second part, we contend that Forqan's extremism challenges Cassam’s account of the extremist mindset. According to his framework, purity is an important element of the extremist mindset, yet Forqan, as an extremist group, was eclectic in nature. In the remainder of the paper, we address this challenge through a linguistic and conceptual analysis of the notion of purity.

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The Calling myths have prominent role to deepen and enrich the literature of different nations including Arabs Iranian myth, "Zoroaster", one of the myths That there is not often in classical Arabic poetry. But some contemporary Arab poets inspired by Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900), German poet and philosopher, In the framework of "Qna" and the mask of the Zoroastrian myth, Seeking element for social and political struggles In the wake of people with superhuman slogan Thereby uprising Against the evil tyranny and corruption of contemporary oppressors .the Purpose of this article is a comparative study of the Zoroastrian myth In ancient and contemporary Arab poetry To show what is the symbolic thought of this Arabic poets About this archetype? And basically for what purpose, each of these poets has been used of this Myth in their poem? Achievement of this study that is written Based on the Descriptive analysis method shows that in the old Arab literature, it is very hard to find a Poet that mentioned the myth of "Zarathustra" in his poem. And only observed a few references to the Magi and the religion of Pre-Islamic Persian in The poetry of this period. In contrast, in contemporary Arabic literature, Zoroaster has come in the formation of a national savior in to the form of a political ambassador that emancipated the Contemporary human of the Political Pains and suffering.

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Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus strains, as one of the important foodborne pathogens, isolated from unpacked ice creams.
Materials & Methods: A total of 122 unpacked ice cream samples were randomly collected from different localities in East Azerbaijan province and transferred to the laboratory using a cool box and screened for the presence of S. aureus strains. Also, the isolates resistance to antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method.
Findings: In total, 21.3% of the ice creams samples were contaminated with S. aureus strains. Furthermore, antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the highest resistance was against penicillin and erythromycin, whereas the highest susceptibility was observed against gentamicin and rifampin. A warning issue was the significant resistance to vancomycin.
Conclusions: The relative high isolation and antimicrobial resistance rates detected in S. aureus strains isolated from unpacked ice creams underline the necessity for applying strict standards at all processing steps by food control agencies and emphasize the need for educational efforts for those personnel involved in products preparation procedures in order to promote food hygiene. It is worth noting that the emergence of resistance to vancomycin, as the last line of treatment for staphylococcal infections, is a worrying global health concern. Moreover, this study highlighted that poor adherence to personal hygiene and health principles during the food products preparation and/or storage could be a potential factor in the spread of pathogenic bacteria and resistance genes in the community.

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Fusarium proliferatum, as a toxigenic fungus, is one of the important agents of onion basal rot (FBR). Among the control methods of the disease, biological control is considered as one of the best options. In this study, Trichoderma harzianum strain T100 at the rate of 1 × 10⁶ cfu/g was mixed with pot soil artificially infested with F. proliferatum. Also Glomus mosseae was applied to each pot at the rate of three grams of soil containing 80 chlamydospores/ml. Combination of T100 and G. mosseae was used as well. Onion seeds were disinfected & planted in pots, arranged in completely randomized design in 4 replicates under greenhouse condition and finally, the individual or combined effects of these bioagents were assessed on FBR control and also root colonization by Glomus 23, 30 and 36 days after sowing. Inoculation of Arbuscular mycorrhizae improved onion growth effectively, but its biocontrol effect was not considerable. Trichoderma amended soil decreased disease incidence by 25% but its usefulness as biocontrol agent was reduced in the course of time. AM root colonization was decreased in plants in presence of Trichoderma. Nevertheless, the disease control in combination of Trichoderma and Glomus treatment was better than the treatments by each one of the agents singly. The disease control achieved by fungicide seed treatment was inferior to that of Trichoderma and Glomus in combination.  

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Aims: Self-directed learning is an essential skill to promote stable learning. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation betweeen the dimensions of constructivist and self-directed learning environments among the students of medical sciences.
Instruments and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2016, using a multistage sampling among students, who studied Health, Paramedical Sciences, Nursing, and Midwifery in associate, bachelor, master, and doctoral degrees and students of Medicine and Dentistry in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. The 365 students were randomly classified in each school and the data were gathered by Wiliamson's self-directed questionnaire and Taylor et al.'s constructivist learning environment questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 21 Software. Along with independent t-test, correlation coefficient, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's test was used as the post-hoc test.
Findings: A significant correlation was found between the dimensions of constructivist learning environment and self-directed learning skills. There was a significant relationship between self-directed learning skills and the students' interest in their own fields of study. Also, a significant statistical relationship was found between self-directed skills and the gender of the students. In terms of the mean of the self-directed learning, there was a significant difference among the studied schools. There was a significant relationship between the schools of Nursing and Medicine, between the schools of Health and Nursing and between the schools of Medicine and Nursing.
Conclusion: Constructivist learning environment affects the performance of students in self-directedness learning.   

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Ravaei is a common folk lyrics and song of marriage among inhabitants of Damghan. They are in the form of Ruba’i with lyric content. The current research seeks to investigate, introduce and structural - content analysis of these lyric forms in order to sound and register them as the examples of folk poems. Because they include the thoughts and customs of a region, they can help us identify and examine the social and cultural developments of Damghan. To this end, the collection of poems - Damghan folklore book, written by Mohammad Ali Taheria, was used. In general, the current analysis has divided the stories into two parts: content and structure. In the content analysis section, the poems are analyzed in two parts of the contents of the relationship and the first words of the analysis. In the structural part, the analysis of the stories is considered from three angles: language, figures of speech, musics and metre

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Any discourse is the domain of producing and receiving the meaning and different factors involved in the formation of this process. Metaphor is considered as one of meaning creating elements in various types of discourses. This article has adopted a semiotic-semantic approach which takes a look at the function of discourse devices of metaphor in the production process of meaning and the way Nima Youshij communicates in discourse of his letters. By pro enunciative role we mean the use of metaphor as a technique employed by the speaker to highlight a part of the utterance, to impact further on the audience, to support the utterance, to repair the chaotic relations, to cover up emotions, to induce a certain sense to the audience in the discourse. This research is going to denote the role of metaphor in the formation of meaning and cohesion in the discourse; to evaluate the effectiveness of metaphor application and to investigate other functions of metaphor inn the discourse. Therefore, the most important communicative functions of metaphor in Nima's letters have been classified and analyzed.

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Fusarium solani f. sp.cucurbitae races cause crown, fruit and root rots of cucurbits and economic problem for farmers. The aim of this study is identification of Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae races which collected in Shahrood, Jiroft and Varamin, provinces of Iran using morphological characteristics and fungal-specific primers. Symptomatic cucurbit plants were collected from different fields in three provinces. After isolation and purification of the causal agents, pathogenicity test and DNA extraction were performed. Specific primers for TEF-1α gene were used to distinguish among different species of Fusarium and Fusarium solani. The isolates that showed a specific 658 bp amplicon on agarose gel were selected for subsequent PCR assay in order to detection of F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae race 1 and 2. PCR assays were performed with taxon-specific primers race 1 (505bp PCR product) and race 2 (425bp PCR product). Some samples amplified a 505bp amplicon which is specific for race 1 and was in accordance with morphological characteristics. In these isolates, 5 septate macroconidia were dominant that is specific to Fusarium solani f. sp.cucurbitae race 1 macroconidia. None of the isolates were amplified by race 2 taxon-specific primers. Our study showed that, race 1 of F.solani is the dominant race of the pathogen in Shahrood, Jiroft and Varamin provinces which can help to implement effective disease management strategies.
 

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Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is a measure for assessing the productivity of a firm or organization. The level of productivity score of a firm shows that how the firm succeeds in optimizing the usage of sources and producing more outputs by certain level of inputs. Nowadays the productivity growth has a crucially important role in economics and firms competition. The industrial countries increase their outcomes not necessarily through more inputs but, by making growth in productivity. Some of the duties of executive organizations of Iran which is explained in the 4th program of development is to determine the productivity growth rate of the related products, organizing the programs, making some solutions for increasing the productivity such as that of GDP growth to be at least 31.3% and average growth of labor, capital and TFP to be at least 3.5%, 1%, 2.5% respectively. For achieving these targets, firstly, the productivity score should be calculated for every organization during previous periods of their activities. Then the effective factors of productivity growth should be determined and forecasted for the next period, to increase the productivity at least by 2.5%. In this paper we present a method based on productivity growth indexes and generalize inverse DEA. Using the proposed method, the productivity score of previous periods are calculated. Then the value of input and output changes for the next period is determined. This method is applied for a case study at National Iranian Oil Company

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In Iran, oil products are the most valuable export, 30% of which (Crude Oil) is used domestically every year. Countries like Iran depend heavily on oil revenues. One of the main sectors for consumption of crude oil in Iran is the transportation Industry. This paper aims to measure and estimate fuel productivity in land transportation in Iran using available data from 1973-2003. The function of fuel productivity is estimated using time series analysis, and the co-integration with stationary variables have been accounted and analyzed. At this stage, initially the co-integration variables of the model are known, and then, the structure of the model and the number of optimal orders are identified. The next step however, determines the number of co-integration vectors of the model which eventually with some restrictions estimate the fuel productivity function within the land transportation sectors e.g. rail and road.

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Exchange rate and inflation rate consistently affect stock price and the return on stocks. Since such effects could impact income distribution, it is important to study such issue carefully. In this paper an attempt is made to study the impact of exchange rate and inflation rate on the real returns as well as the stock price index in Tehran stock market. In this paper, we use a vector autoregreesion (VAR) model as well a vector error correction model (VECM) to examine the relationship among variables. This study uses monthly data from 1983M4 through 2007M3. The results indicate that there exists a stable long–run relationship among the variables included in the model. Exchange rate and inflation rate positively affect the real rate of stock return. However, the impact of inflation rate is stronger than the impact of the exchange rate.

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 “Verbal versus adjectival” dichotomy of passive structures has occurred in studies based on approaches believing two generative component in the grammar, i.e. syntax and lexicon. Distributed morphology (DM) (Halle & Marantz, 1993), a non-lexicalist approach to morphology, takes the theoretical position that there is only one generative component in the Grammar, the syntax, and claims that all derivation of complex objects is syntactic. This descriptive-analytic article is aimed to study the so-called passive structures and the participles used in them, in Persian within the framework of DM, from the perspective of syntax-semantics interface, focusing on Embick (2004). The article tries to answer the following two questions:
 a. How can we, based on DM, give a unified analysis of passive     structures in Persian and so end the arguments among linguists regarding the existence of passive in Persian.
 b. What syntactic features within DM, are responsible for some Persian participles having different interpretations (eventive and resultative).
Regarding the first question, it is predicted that, since Persian verbal and adjectival passives are all complex objects, their derivations, based on the present approach occur in syntax. Regarding the second question, it is hypothesized that, since some Persian participles such as godɑxte, bæste and ɑrɑste, in “participle + ʃodæn” structures in passive structures, have different interpretations, there is another kind of participle (resultative) in Persian.
After analyzing the data, it is argued that since Persian verbal and adjectival passives are all complex objects, their derivation, based on the present approach and contrary to previous studies, occur in syntax and their distinction is attributed to the position at which aspect head is merged (above or under v). In other words in verbal (eventive) passives the aspect head is merged above “v head”, while in simple adjectival passives it is merged under “v head”.
Also based on linguistic and interpretive evidences, findings showed that some participles (godɑxte, bæste and ɑrɑste) in “participle + ʃodæn” structures are interpreted as both event and resultative. So another kind of participle (resultative), in Persian will be introduced and its unique syntactic features in DM framework will be specified. The significant syntactic difference between the eventive and resultative passives is first attributed to the feature [AG] which is present in eventive passive and missing in resultative ones, and second to the different uses of “ʃodæn” : as auxiliary in verbal passives and copula or BECOME-operator (Embick, 2004) in resultative passives.
 
Keywords: Distributed morphology; Underspecification; Lexicalist participle. 
 

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