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• Each nation has its origins in the manifestation of the beliefs and customs of its people. Literature is the mirror par excellence of each nation's past. The history of each nation or people is not discontinuous and, if a message of a text of folk literature is related to its historical realities, it will always be transmitted over time to the following periods and will be periodically reconstructed. One Thousand and One Nights- the prototype of world’s tale- has been always a remarkable source in folk literature. Throughout the history and over time, these stories have been emerged under diverse meanings and shapes. Farīd ud-Dīn Attār, the mystic poet- has taken the advantages of folk literature in order to express mystic thoughts. The existence of common signs and points as well as formal and content aspects of these tales show the inter-textual relations of both histories. It is possible to describe structural pattern of these stories by investigating their lyric structure. According to their theme, stories have different content (epic, romantic and mystic). In this research, the authors have compared two histories from Elahi-Nāmeh and One Thousand and One Nights according to Gérard Genette theoretical framework and inter textual relation by insisting on the their impressionability from folk literature.
   

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Organizational structure determines the scope of decisions, tasks, responsibilities, goals, perspectives and rewards for achieving results. In recent decades, due to environmental changes and dramatic technological advances, organizational structure has changed from mechanical to organic. The purpose of the restructuring is to facilitate the achievement of the organization's goals. Organizational type has an impact on performance measurement criteria and organizational performance is influenced by these factors. The purpose of this study is to examine organizational performance with the focus on financial and structural variables. This issue was first examined by combined research methodology. For this purpose, the required information for organizational performance and financial performance measurement was collected from the financial statements of the companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. Required data for organizational structure and non-financial variables were evaluated through scrutiny. In this regard, 170 sample companies were selected and electronic questionnaire was sent to financial managers and 127 complete samples were received. The results showed that companies with organic structure emphasized on performance measurement and performance measurement in organic structures was causally causal And quite advanced. The findings also suggest that the impact of performance measurement criteria on organizational performance in mechanical structures is more organic, but in organic structures with improved performance or causal performance assessment, organizational performance is better.

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Crop rotation is one of the essential practices in sustainable agricultural systems, be-cause of its effects on soil fertility and other benefits including a reduction in weed compe-tition. A field experiment was conducted at Chaparsar Rice Research Station, Tonekabon, Iran, from 2002 to 2003 to assess the influence of crop rotation, time of planting, and till-age depth on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield and density and the biomass of three important paddy weeds. Treatments included the crop rotations of continuous rice and rice-soybean-rice, in combinations with planting times and no tillage, minimum tillage, and chisel plow-ing. Crop rotation had a significant effect on the growth of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia), and water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica) weeds. Continuous rice planting produced the highest density of barnyardgrass, arrowhead, and water plantain weeds, compared with a rice–soybean-rice rotation. Weed biomass and weed densities were lower in the rice-soybean-rice rotation than in continu-ous rice. There were a 62.5 and 80% reductions in the weed density and weed biomass re-spectively, in the rice-soybean-rice rotation compared with continuous rice planting. Fewer barnyardgrass, arrowhead and water plantain growth were observed in no-tillage treatments than in minimum tillage and chisel. Therefore, rice yield in rotation treat-ments increased by 17 and 21% in 2002 and 2003, respectively, compared to continuous rice planting.

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Objective: Considering the importance of integrin molecules in the implantation and lack of sufficient information in the expression pattern of these molecules in various phases of estrous cycle. It seemed to be necessary to investigate these molecules in mouse endometrial during the various phases of oestrous cycle. Materials and Methods: Female NMRI mice (n=15) aged 6-8 weeks were studied. Various phases of estrous cycle including: proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus were determined by vaginal smear. The mice were sacrificed (at least 3 per each phase) by cervical dislocation and the tissues were obtained from the middle 1/3 part of their uterine horns at each phase then the cryosections at thicknesses between 8-10 μ were obtained. Then the immunohistochemistry were done for integrins of 4, 1, v, 3 and their ligand osteopontine. Results: The integrins were expressed only in the metestrous phase of oestrous cycle in the different locations of mouse endometrium. The positive reactions were observed for αv, α4 and β3 in the apical and basal membrane of glandular epithelium. Also the positive reaction for β1 was found in surface and glandular epithelium as well as stroma. The osteopontin expression was seen in the apical membranes of surface and glandular epithelium and was not seen in other locations. Conclousion: It seems that expression of integrins in endometrium is based on their role in the implantation, therefore the molecules α4, β1 and OPN that are expressed on the surface epithelial may be involve in the adhesion of cell to cell and integrins of αv, β3 that are expressed in the glandular

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Aims: Indoor comfort is affected not only by dwellings architecture, but also by physiological adaptation and behavioral settings. Since the human behavior plays an important role in their thermal balance with the environment, the subject of this research is adaptive behaviors of the occupants due to environmental, architectural, and individual-demographic variables and the role of factors affecting the occupant thermal satisfaction.This research aimed at investigating the thermal adaptation of residential dwellings occupants of Rasht in winter to save energy.

Methods: The research is an applied type, collection of required data is an in-situ method and the main question is,"Which behavioral patterns of villa and apartment dwellings occupants affect thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption in cold periods of the year?"The required data gathered through questionnaires and field surveys, and data analysis based on bivariate, multivariate regression models.

Findings: According to ASHRAE (±1), the occupants in comfort zone were 88.8% and 84.3% for villa and apartment units. The adaptability of villa house occupants is -4.9 and +1.9, and apartment unit occupants -2.1 and 0.8 C from the lower and upper limits of the comfort standard range (21-25). Occupants used many adaptive behaviors, indicating the priority of using passive solutions over active solutions to achieve thermal comfort.

Conclusion: The results of the multiple regression model showed that environmental factors in villa houses and individual-demographic in apartments have the greatest effect on thermal comfort.The research results can be useful in designing more suitable and flexible residential spaces, leading to an energy consumption reduction.

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Objective: Evaluation of the effects of different doses of antioxidant Taurine on oxidative stress and human sperm parameters following cryopreservation. Materials and Methods: The semen of 20 fertile men were divided to 5 aliquot, one part considered as a fresh after analysis of standard semen parameters (Motility, Abnormal Morphology, Viability) and Protamine deficiency, DNA damage and measurement of ROS and RNS. The other part was loaded on to a 80% and 40% Allgrad gradient and centrifuged. The pellet was washed and divided into 4 separate fractions for control (non-frozen) and cryopreservation groups in absence or presence of 0.25 and 50 mM Taurine. The frozen specimen were thawed and then examined. Sperm Motility evaluated using a CASA software. The Viability of spermatozoa was assessed by the Trypan-Blue stain method. Levels of ROS determined by spectroflorometry assay using DCFH-DA. DNA fragmentation examined by SCD test and Protamine deficiency examined by CMA3+ staining. At the end results were analyzed using ANOVA test. Result: Cryopreservation procedure increased the amount of ROS and adding 25 mM of Taurine improved post-thaw motility, progressive motility and sperm protamine deficiency. However, different doses of Taurine (25 and 50 mM) had no significant effects in total abnormalities, viability, DNA fragmentation and ROS reduction. Conclusion: Antioxidant Taurine has no significant effects on ROS production following human sperm cryopreservation. But with dose of 25mM could improve the quality of spermatozoa due to the assessment of motility and protamine deficiency.

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Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) at three levels of microwave power (180, 360, and 540 W) and the traditional hydrodistillation (HD) were applied to obtain essential oils from Bunium persicum Boiss. (Black Zira). MAHD at 540 W started much earlier than that of HD (4 min vs. 38 min, respectively). By the time the extraction of essential oils started with HD, almost 50% of the total essential oils (2.15%, w/w yield) had been extracted with MAHD at 540 W. Analysis of the essential oils using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that γ-terpinene (28.16-31.13%, w/w), cuminaldehyde (24.85-29.20%), ρ-cymene (14.67-16.50%) and limonene (6.13-8.28%) were their main constituents, with a similar composition both after HD and MAHD extraction. The antioxidant activity (reported as IC50) of essential oil extracted by HD was 9.31 mg ml^-1 and those of MAHD at 180, 360, and 540 W were 8.62, 8.79, and 6.45 mg ml^-1, respectively. Microwave irradiation did not cause any adverse effect on the antioxidant activities of the extracted essential oils, therefore, it can be used as a good alternative method to obtain essential oils from B. persicum.

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Multi-pass welding process is one of the most applicative methods of welding in various industries. In this paper, temperature and residual stress distribution due to three pass welding of two plates made of AISI 321 stainless steel having different thicknesses is studied. Welding process consists of three welding passes of two Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process and one Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process. First, the benchmark plates are manufactured and welding process is performed. The transient temperature distribution during the welding process is recorded using thermocouples attached to the welding plates. First this process simulated experimentally and temperature distribution during to welding process was measured using thermocouples. Furthermore, the final residual stress distribution after welding process is measured using incremental center hole drilling technique (ICHD). The three pass welding process was then simulated using ABAQUS finite element (FE) code. The finite element model consists of temperature-dependent properties of base metal and weld metal. Furthermore, moving heat source and the element-birth technique is implemented in FE model. Experimentally measured temperature and residual stresses provide an in-depth knowledge insight the complicated welding process. . Comparing between the results shows that the numerical predictions and experimental measurements have good agreement and therefore the FE developed model can be employed in designing and evaluating of welded structures.

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In this paper, squeeze film damping in a micro-beam resonator based on micro-polar fluid theory has been investigated. The proposed model for this study consists of a clamped-clamped micro-beam suspended between two fixed stratums. The gap between the micro-beam and stratums is filled with air. Equation of motion governing the transverse deflection of the micro-beam based on strain gradient theory and also non-linear Reynolds equation of the fluid field based on micro-polar theory have been non-dimensionalized, linearized and solved simultaneously to calculate the quality factor of the squeeze film damping. The effect of non-dimensional length scale parameter of the air and micro-beam for different values of micro-polar coupling parameter has been investigated. It has been shown that applying micro-polar theory underestimates and also applying strain gradient theory overestimates the values of quality factor that are obtained in the case of classic theory. The quality factor of the squeeze film damping for different values of non-dimensional length of the beam, squeeze number and non-dimensional pressure have been calculated and compared to the obtained values of quality factor based on classic theory.

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Size dependent behavior of materials appears for a structure when the characteristic size such as thickness or diameter is close to its internal length-scale parameter. In these cases, ignoring this behavior in modeling may leads to incorrect results. In this paper, strong effects of the size dependence on the static and dynamic behavior of the electrostatically actuated micro-beams have been studied. The equilibrium positions or fixed points of the gold and nickel micro-beams have been determined and shown that for a given DC voltage, there is a considerable difference between the fixed points gained using the classic beam theory and the modified couple stress theory. In addition, it has been shown that the static and dynamic pull-in voltages gained using the couple stress theory are several times higher than those gained using the classic beam theory. Some previous studies have applied the classic beam theory in their models and introduced a considerable hypothetical value of residual stress to match their experimental and incorrect theoretical results. It has been shown that using the modified couple stress theory decreases considerably the difference with the experimental results.

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Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sucrose on follicular survival rate and the incidence of apoptosis in rat ovarian tissue following vitrification. Methods: Ovaries of approximately 5-week-old female Wistar rats were divided randomly into three groups: control (non-vitrified), V_I (Ethylene Glycol + Dimethyl Sulfoxide) and V_II (EG + DMSO + 0.25 mol/lit sucrose). Vitrified-warmed samples were incubated for approximately 30 minutes and fixed in Bouin’s fixative. The samples were serially sectioned and stained either with H&E or immunohistochemistry kit of anti-active and a pro-caspase-3 kit. Results: Data analysis showed that the rate of growing follicles that survived, with the exception of primordial follicles, was comparable between the vitrified-warmed and control samples. Morphologically healthy primordial follicles showed significant reductions in all vitrification groups compared to the control, however this rate was not significant between the vitrification groups. In comparison with healthy follicles, there were significantly more dead follicles in the vitrification groups than the control group. In addition the apoptotic follicles increased significantly after vitrification, with the exception of the antral follicles. Although the number of apoptotic follicles was similar between both vitrification groups, however there were significantly more pre-antral apoptotic follicles in the V_II group compared to the V_I and control groups. Conclusion: According to these results, the presence or absence of sucrose has no significant effect on the preservation of primordial and primary follicles which are important for transplantation.

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In this work effect of mass diffusion on the damping ratio in micro-beam resonators is investigated based on modified couple stress theory and the Euler-Bernoulli beam assumptions. The couple stress theory is a non-classical elasticity theory which is capable to capture size effects in small-scale structures. The governing equation of a micro-beam deflection is obtained using Hamilton’s principle and also the governing equations of thermo-diffusive elastic damping are established using two dimensional non-Fourier heat conduction and non-Fickian mass diffusion models. Free vibration of the micro-beam resonators is analyzed using Galerkin reduced order model formulation for the first mode of vibration. A clamped-clamped micro-beam with isothermal boundary conditions at both ends is studied. The obtained results are compared with the results of a model in which the mass diffusion effect is ignored. Furthermore the mass diffusion effects on the damping ratio are studied for the various micro-beam thicknesses, ambient temperature and length scales parameters. The results show that in the valid region based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and before the critical thickness there is no difference between the results of mass diffusion and thermo-elastic damping and also the results indicate that by increasing the length scale parameter damping ratio decreases.

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In flows with high Reynolds inside the U-shaped tubes separation phenomenon occurs in the curvature of tubes that causing pressure loss and in conditions associate with heat transfer causes undesirable increase surface temperature in that region. Due to reduced heat transfer rate from surface to fluid temperature increase occurs that in industrial applications in addition to reduce heat transfer causes damage to surface pipes. in the present study, elimination of the separation zone through body force created by plasma actuators and because it reduce the maximum temperature occurred in this region and changes the Peclet number is simulation in this region. For this purpose, the plasma actuators 5kV, 12kV and 19kV with square voltage function inside U-shaped tube in the three streams with Reynolds 3000, 4500 and 6000 have been placed to Influence of actuators on separation control and maximum temperature occurred at this point be investigated. Calculations with using of proposed model of Suzen with time-dependent numerical procedure has been done. And results during time performance of 0 to 50 have been reported. The results shows that maximum surface temperature that occurs in the region of separation in the presence of plasma actuator near this region has a significant reduction that is due to the elimination and change separation region.

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Condensing flow in nozzle and stationary blades of steam turbine has always been the subject of many studies. Due to the lack of precise relationship between surface tension and small droplet radius, the radial dependence of surface tension has been ignored in calculations and surface tension of flat surface instead of droplet surface tension is used. Gibbs-Tolman-Koenig-Buff equation expressing the radial dependence of surface tension that Kalova provides as a relationship of changes in surface tension versus radius of the surface by fitting response from the exact solution of GTKB equation. The aforementioned relationship is known as Kalova surface tension equation. The present study considers the effect of the Kalova surface tension correction on nucleation and droplet growth in condensing flows in an ultrasonic Laval nozzle. Since Tolman coefficient (δ) is an important parameter in Kalova surface tension equation, by fitting response from Tolman equations a correlation for Tolman coefficient temperature changes suggested for the first time. Kalova Surface tension in addition to the direct impact of the droplets crisis radius, to obtain droplet free energy crisis is also impressive that the impact of both them in the modified classical nucleation equation have been studied for the first time. The results of analytical modeling one-dimensional adiabatic supersonic flow with applying the Kalova surface tension correction and using the proposed equation for Tolman coefficient temperature changes indicate an improvement to the 12% in radius of the droplets and 5% in pressure distribution in the region of condensation shock.

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More than the half of cancer patients undergo cancer treatments of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Unfortunately treatment with invasive methods occasionally lead to severe side effects. Patients who undergo chemotherapy can be affected by premature ovarian failure, an important cause of infertility. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is suggested as the only way for preservation of sex cells and fertility preservation in cases of prepubertal girls and women with sterility attributed to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, genetic disorders or specific diseases.

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Mozzarella is one of the most important cheeses in the Pasta filata group which contains 18 to 30% fat. Due to the increasing use of Mozzarella cheese, it is necessary to improve its qualitative characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of inulin and gelatin and its effect on the qualitative properties of Mozzarella cheese. In this study, the effect of four independent variables of inulin, gelatin in different ratios (0.25, 0.62, 1, 1.75%), fat 15 - 30%, and the duration of storage for 1 to 30 days at a temperature of -18 °C. The results showed that the combination of inulin and gelatin could improve the quality of Mozzarella cheese. Based on the results, an increase in the ratio of inulin to gelatin in increasing the moisture content and reducing pH, the effect of storage time on moisture reduction and pH were significant (p<0.05). However, the effect of the ratio of inulin to gelatin, fat percentage and shelf life on the amount of salt It was unnecessary (p>0.05). The results of this study indicate that the combined effect of inulin and gelatin in the ratio of 1.75%, due to the development of an expandable tissue, is the relatively smooth appearance of the fatty, proper taste and oral sensation to improve the qualitative characteristics of Mozzarella cheese.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the fermentation process in the production of bacteriosin by two commercial probiotic bacteria in dairy factories effluents as a culture medium. Therefore, the effect of independent variables, including incubation temperature (30, 34 and 38 °C), initial pH (5, 6 and 7), duration of incubation (12, 30 and 48 hours), yeast extract concentration (0, 2 and 4 %), probiotic bacterial species (L. acidophilus LA5 and B. animalis subsp. lactis BB12) and culture medium (cheese whey and milk permeate) was studied using a completely randomized design with two-level factorial arrangement. The results showed that the temperature and time of incubation as well as the culture medium had a significant effect on bacteriosin production (p<0.05). Also, temperature, yeast extract concentration, culture medium type and culture of bacteria had a significant effect on biomass (p<0.05). Initial pH and culture medium had a significant effect on total protein content (p<0.05). Based on the results of incubation temperature, duration of incubation, yeast extract concentration, type of culture medium and type of probiotic bacteria had a significant effect on the titratable acidity (p<0.05). The levels of bacteriosin activity, biomass, total protein, and titratable acidity were in the range of 1000 to 5000 AU/mL, 0.80 to 8.67 g/L, 107.75 to 351.92 mg/L and 0.25 to 1.41 g/L, respectively. In general, the results showed that cheese whey and L. acidophilus LA5 is the suitable culture medium and bacterium for producing bacteriosin, respectively.
 

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Free radicals are a major cause of many diseases, such as cancer, by damage to the cells. The use of probiotic strains in fermented dairy foods has expanded due to the health-promoting effects of the consumer. Regarding antioxidant potentials of probiotic bacteria, the aims of this study compared the antioxidant activity of probiotic species L. acidophilus LA5 and B. animalis subsp. lactis BB12 used in foods and investigate effects of incubation temperature, Initial pH, fermentation time, yeast extract concentration and linoleic acid concentration on their antioxidant activity in enriched cheese whey and milk permeate. The results showed that fermentation time, incubation temperature and concentration of yeast extract were the most important factors that had a significant effect on both DPPH free radical inhibitory activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (p <0.05). DPPH free radical inhibitory activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity increased with increasing incubation temperature and yeast extract concentration, respectively. Antioxidant activity was observed in the first 24 hours of the fermentation process, which was proportional to bacterial growth. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, as a result of the probiotic culture activity and their effect on the substrate, increased and decreased, respectively, in the first 24 hours of fermentation time, by the destruction the polymers. This study showed that the fermentation bioprocess by L. acidophilus LA5 and B. animalis subsp. lactis BB12 in the cheese whey as a medium had high antioxidant activity.