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The effects of pyrene on gill, liver and kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were examined by exposing 30 fish (140 ±10 g to pyrene at sublethal concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 µg/l for 35 days. Samples were taken from the organs and fixed in bouin fixative; then, dehydrated, cleared, parafinated and cut by microtome according to the standard method. Afterwards, all sections were studied by light microscope. In gill tissue, lamella hyperemia, hyperplasia, S shaped, and clubbing were observed, while lamella fusion and necrosis were observed in higher concentration of pyrene. Hepatocytes vacculation, congestion of sinusoids, macrophages loaded with hemosiderin were seen in the liver, while in higher concentrations of pyrene, picnotic and kariolized nuclei, and tissue necrosis were seen. Tubule casts, hyperemia, degenerating tubules were seen in kidney exposed to lower concentrations of pyrene, while hemosiderin-laden macrophages, degenerating tubules with greater intensity as well as necrosis was observed in higher concentrations. The results indicated that pyrene may have negative effects on homeostasis, fish health and vital organs in short time exposure due to histological changes, while it could have greater impacts in long term exposure and higher concentrations.

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Lack of a structured anticipation about different aspects of high usage product of the national petrochemical company, has forced this company to buy published anticipated prices from foreign countries. Prevent the outflow of foreign exchange and tolerance of political factors, such as sanctions in this field, require a prediction of prices in Iran. Due to chain-like nature of petrochemical products and the absence of precise knowledge of effects of many factors on price, researchers are forced to solve problems with high complexity and high grade of equations. Selecting number and type of input variables of neural network has a significant impact on the performance of a system. Therefore fundamental analysis relying on theory of supply / demand and macroeconomic perspective alongside of Delphi statistical method were used to select the most influential factor. This factor is the price of petroleum products. At First, the overall topology of the neural network is designed using controlled variables, then, considering the independent variables, the optimal network has selected. After creating the user interface, communication of system with optimal neural network was established. To evaluate the actual price of considered product in reference year, it compared with the prices predicted by the proposed system and purchased prices predicted from CMAI; acquired results proved acceptable effectiveness of the proposed system with less than 3% error in predicting of considered chain. Using this system can result in petrochemical companies’ independency from buying forecasted prices from foreign companies and prevent exiting currency from country.

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Folk poems are an important part of oral literature, resulting from feelings, sufferings, joys, wishes, prayers and love of the public. From generation to generation, they represent the culture, thinking, beliefs and traditions of the given region and have remained intact. Due to the diversity of its climate and environment, the sea, the mountains and the plains, Bushehr province is one of the rich and popular- cultural regions. People’s life of this province has always been accompanied by many poems, from birth to death, to which these folk poems have been applied in the dialect of the population for various purposes. By adopting a descriptive- fundamental research methodology, the authors seek to identify, collect, categorize and analyze different types of poems from Bushehr province. To this end and to carry out this research, the authors used a combination of two research methods called field study and library-based. This research aims to answer the following questions: What are the most current types of folk poems in Bushehr province? What time were these poems being read? Who were the narrators and their audience? The results showed that these poems were of seven types including lullaby, game poem, work , lyric and mourning songs. These poems have always been accompanied either by music played with a special instrument, or by using voice length and different sounds which gave them special rhythm and intonation. The narrators of these poems were usually women.

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The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pest species, with an extended range of host plants in the world. Use of chemical acaricides is one of the principle ways of controlling this pest. Considering the resistance to acaricides, as well as undesirable effects of chemical compounds, finding a suitable alternative way to control this pest is necessary. In this study sublethal effects of Dayabon®, a herbal extract, were investigated on some biological parameter of T. urticae at 2.140 g/l (LC₅), 2.682 g/l (LC₁₀) and 3.526 g/l (LC₂₀). The estimated LC₅₀ for T. urticae adult was 5.950 g/l. When adults were treated with LC₁₀ and LC₂₀ of Dayabon, the oviposition period was significantly reduced compared to LC₅. The highest and the lowest fecundity (number of eggs laid per female) were 56.02 offspring/individual in control and 39.11 offspring/individual at LC₂₀ respectively. In addition the net reproductive rate (R₀) was decreased as concentration increased. Whereas, intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were not affected by Dayabon. Considering the detrimental effects of Dayabon on some biological parameters of T. urticae, it can be concluded that this product can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at integrated management of T. urticae. 
 

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New trends have been observed in recent years for rapid prototyping of sheet metal parts by Incremental Forming process particularly at low quantity production. Recent ideas have been presented for a new type of this process known as Incremental sheet metal hammering (ISMH) method. In ISMH process, by sequence moving of a hammering punch over a clamped sheet metal, a three-dimensional work piece is produced without using a die. In this paper, the effect of tool parameter on the formability of Al-1100 will be studied. To investigate this issue, the sheet is clamped. Then by considering the cone angle, hammering is applied at a certain diameter and frequency until the failure happens. By recording the angle and the height values at failure point, a correlation has been extracted between the diameter and the frequency. Analysis of the results shows that by decreasing the diameter of the punch, maximum strain in the direction of thickness is observed at higher height. Also, by increasing the diameter of the punch, formability of Al-1100 increases. Also, it is shown that by increasing the impact frequency, the formability of the sheet will be decreased.

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Development, reproduction and life table parameters of Tetranychus urticae Koch were determined on leaves of peach (G. H. Hale cultivar) at different temperatures, ranging from 13 to 33°C under laboratory conditions. No development was observed at 13°C. Egg-to-adult developmental time decreased gradually from 17 to 27°C and increased at higher temperatures (27 to 33°C). An average of 136.43 degree-days was required to complete development above the lower threshold temperature (13.79°C). Mean total egg productions per female were 40.09, 18.74, 8.03 and 21.33 at 25, 27, 30 and 33 °C, respectively. Mean longevities of the females were 12.91±1.65, 5.92±0.55, 3.56±0.54 and 6.53±0.56 days, respectively at the above mentioned temperatures. The intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) at different temperatures ranged from 0.108 to 0.213 day ^-1, with the highest value recorded at 27 °C. The highest and the lowest values of the net reproductive rate (R₀) were obtained at 25°C (16.87) and 30°C (4.18), respectively. Doubling time (DT) varied significantly at different temperatures and the shortest and longest values of this period were obtained at 27 and 30°C, respectively. The results suggested that T. urticae was able to develop and reproduce within a wide range of temperatures, and that temperatures from 27- 30°C are the most suitable conditions for the development, survivorship and reproduction of the mite.

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In this research the designed mechanism for chasing and repoussé of sheet metal is studied. This mechanism is similar to incremental sheet metal forming. In this kind of sheet metal forming, sheet is fixed and forming tool pastes desired pattern incrementally. The major difference between designed mechanism and traditional incremental forming is as follows: control on the punch energy and sequence, and fixing sheet by using protectant material behind it instead of clamping sheet sides. In this mechanism, the solenoid is used as a hammer. The plunger moves to the center of the coil while energized. Striking energy could be controlled by controlling the excitement voltage and punching sequence thus could be adjusted by manipulating the excitement algorithm. In this paper, the utilized solenoid is simulated. The mechanical and magnetic relations are merged for this. And the effect of core head geometry and plunger mass and coil covers on the strike energy and hence power is studied.

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Effects of yeast extract (YE) (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1%) were investigated on rosmarinic acid (RA) accumulation and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) gene expression in Melissa officinalis seedlings at different time intervals (4 and 17 hours). Based on the results, only YE concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%, for the 17-hour treatment, significantly stimulated RA biosynthesis pathway. At this elicitation time, flavonoid content and TAT gene expression significantly increased by the increase in YE concentration up to 0.2% as compared to the control. The maximum amount for both of them was seen at 0.1% YE treatment, where the RA accumulation was drastically elevated. Furthermore, the aerial parts were improved when root lengths were decreased; this was observed in seedlings that were treated by YE for 30 days. Overall, these observations can be attributed to the oxidative stress induced by YE, as a consequence of its uptake by the plant, as revealed by increasing activities in superoxide dismutase and catalase.

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Soft- tips, in human fingers, plays a great role in object grasping; specially, when we talk about isotropic and elastic matters. By other word, stability of a typical grasping is really dependent on contact conditions. Well, rolling is the type of constraint approached by this feature and focused in this paper. Grasping an elastic sphere-formed ball by a pair of soft-tip parallel fingers is presented. For starters, by modeling objects as a mass-spring system, dynamic and kinematic systems of equations are derived. Then, a position-based impedance control is developed for the supposed system. To implement and validate the suggested controller, a pair of soft-tip fingers, holding an elastic ball, simulated in ADAMS; this software begets a control block in the Simulink software as a plant of the control system. As a consequence, the process of grasping under the effect of controller can be simulated in real time. The result of the simulation shows the ability of controller in appropriate tracking fingers till making contacts with ball and more importantly, by graphs, stability of grasping is guaranteed.

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In the design of seismically base-isolated structures, it is expected that the isolator will experience nonlinear behavior while the superstructure still behaves linearly. Therefore for modeling these systems, a linear behavior is assumed for superstructure and different nonlinear models are used for isolator. But there are special conditions such as strong ground motions in which superstructure behave nonlinearly. In this study, the nonlinear behavior of seismically base-isolated structures is more accurately investigated. This is done using nonlinear time history analysis of structures using ground motions. Two sets of ground motions are selected which represent earthquakes with 475 and 2475 years return period. OpenSees software is used for modeling these structures. The effective parameters on the response of seismically base isolated structure which are investigated are: response modification factor of the superstructure, stiffness of the isolator, damping ratio of the isolator, stiffness of the superstructure and damping ratio of the superstructure. Studies of this paper are divided into two parts. In the first part, two-degree freedom model with viscoelastic isolator has been used to investigate the effect of superstructure nonlinearity. Also a sensitivity analysis is done to find important parameters which have more effects on the systems response. Results of this part show that, nonlinear behavior of superstructure increases system ductility demand drastically. It is concluded that the period of isolator and superstructure have the most effect on the ductility demand. In the second part, the effect of different parameters and higher mode effects on the response of seismically base-isolated structures is investigated using muti-degree of freedom models sited on isolator with bilinear behavior. Results obtained in this part also confirm the increase in the response of the system when the superstructure has low strength. Likewise in this condition, the isolator deformation decreases. Distribution of ductility demand in the height of structure is also non-uniform in this condition and lower stories are more vulnerable. Isolators with a lower fundamental period and also isolators with a lower yield force lead to the least amount of isolator deformation and ductility demand of superstructure. By increasing damping in the isolator, ductility demand of superstructure will increase. A stiffer superstructure with nonlinear behavior has a much more ductility demand rather than similar structure which is more flexible. But when the superstructure behaves linearly, the fundamental period of superstructure and isolator deformation increase or decrease together. Finally, due to the intensive increase in the ductility demand of the superstructure when it behaves nonlinearly, a solution is proposed with the aim of simultaneous optimization of the superstructure and isolator systems. This strategy uses a combination of uniform ductility theory and a modified artificial bee colony algorithm. By applying this method and using ductilities of superstructure and isolator simultaneously, it is possible to obtain the desirable ductility in the isolator, in addition to achieve a more economical choice for the superstructure. If there is no constraint around the structure for movement, by increasing the target ductility of the superstructure, the weight of the superstructure can be reduced by reducing its yield force.

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The taxonomic classification of subfamily Ornithogaloideae has been a subject of considerable controversy in recent decades. Ornithogalum is a relatively large genus in Ornithogaloideae including valuable ornamental and medicinal plants. These wild ornamentals, which are introduced into agriculture recently, are becoming increasingly popular as cut flowers, pot plants, and for gardening. This is the first molecular phylogenetic study that includes 10 of the 13 Ornithogalum species native to Iran. The aims of the present study were to use ITS and trnL-F sequences to explore phylogenetic relationships and to evaluate genetic resources of Ornithogaloideae naturally occurring in Iran, with an increased sampling of species to be compared to previous phylogenetic studies. In the present study, the combined tree resulted in the best-resolved phylogenetic relationships at the generic level. The results of Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysis of molecular data were compared to those from hierarchical cluster analysis of morphological characters. Based on the results, all specimens collected in Iran across all previously recognized taxonomic genera in Ornithogaloideae were placed in Ornithogalum sensu stricto and Loncomelos, which is in line with the morphological analysis. Divergent placements of multiple specimens of a single species in L. brachystachys, O. orthophyllum, and O. sintenisii are attributed to the possibility of past hybridization events, although incomplete lineage sorting and ITS paralogy cannot be overlooked. Increased understanding of naturally occurring variation among wild Ornithogalum populations of Iran and the phylogenetic relationships of wild and cultivated species of Ornithogaloideae could contribute to important opportunities to introduce new ornamentals and improve the agricultural performance of ornamental varieties.
 

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The flavonoid and phenolic compounds are among the main pharmaceutical components of medicinal plants. These compounds are considered as effective anti-oxidant sources. Five cyanobacterial extracts were used to stimulate the plant growth and increase production of specific secondary metabolites in Plantago major as a medicinal plant. These cyanobacteria were isolated from the growth bed of the plant in its natural habitats. Nitrate-free BG11 medium was used for preparing axenic monoalgal cultures. Pot experiments were performed by spraying cyanobacterial extracts on the soil of treated plants every 20 days from the time of planting. Growth of plants was evaluated by measuring growth parameters such as plant height, root length, dry and fresh weight of plant, leaf number, leaf area, as well as inflorescence characteristics 60 days after planting. In addition to growth factors, the total amount of phenol and flavonoid of plants was also assessed. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the vegetative and reproductive characteristics compared to the control plants. Also, the methanolic extraction of treated and control plants displayed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content 77.23±3.21 µg of GA mg^-1 and 389.67±34.43 µg of RU mg^-1 in plants treated with Cylindrospermum michailovskoence. Based on the obtained results, cyanobacterial fertilizers are suggested as the biological elicitors to improve the quantity and quality of medicinal plants products. As a result of this study, chemical content of cyanobacterial extracts and the production of plant growth stimulating substances such as phytohormones can be proposed as factors affecting plant growth parameters and metabolites production.
 

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