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The common pistachio psylla Agonoscena pistaciae is a key pest of pistachio in Iran. A study was conducted to determine the spatial distribution ofpsyllanymphs and eggs in a 10 ha pistachio orchard in the Rafsanjan region, southeast of Iran. Three rows, each containing 33 trees (totally 99 trees), were randomly selected in the orchard based on a stratified sampling scheme. In each of the selected trees, three positions in the crown (top, middle and bottom) were considered. One leaf from each position as sampling unit (totally 297 samples) was clipped and number of nymphs and eggs were counted. Ordinary kriged maps were achieved for nymphs and eggs of the three positions using a variogram function. Results indicated the highest and lowest density of the nymphs occurred on the top and bottom positions of the crown, respectively. Eggs of the common pistachio psylla were laid mostly on the bottom of the pistachio crown.

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Tourism industry is one the most successful industries of the world in in perspective of gaining income. Gaining of plenteous currency incomes, extension of cultural scientific relations, creating occupations directly and indirectly and representation of country›s security and stability are considered among consequences and achievements of its extension in every country. In today competitive world, various countries, with introducing their touristic graces try to improve their economic status. One of various kinds of tourism which is recently introduced is Geotourism. This word is an intercourse term composed from two words geo with the meaning of earth and tourism. Geotourism is a particular form of tourism industry in which geological tourism is the focus of attention. Experts collectively agree on this matter that Geotourism creates a great potential for many regions which don’t have touristic prosperity. Geotourism industry was formally born in the world in 1955. About 150 to 200 years ago in England, Adam Sedvic for the first time provided geology tours for those who were interested. Lifetime of Woodvardin University museum returns to 1728, this is the first public museum dedicated to applied geology in geology organization which is outfitted with tools of geology interpretation since that date. In midst 1990s Geotourism was increasingly discussed and studied among tourism industry, politicians, advocates of environment protection, geographers, geologists and similar scientific assemblies. Leaders of Geotourism in the world were those who had intercourse studies and activities. For example, Dr. Thomas E. House well known with English name House was the first one in the world who after Adam Sedvic provided an academic definition for Geotourism in 1995 and in this definition has introduced Geotourism something above aesthetical attitude to geological phenomena. Another world leader is professor Russ Kingston Dowling who has many books in various grounds of tourism, ecotourism and finally Geotourism and this is while purely geological attitude to Geotourism in most cases is confined to geo diversity studies and takes the scholar away from contents of geological interpretations and intercourse and multicourse studies of tourism. In 2006, Russ Kingston Dowling and David Newsum in (universal) Geotourism book by extensive drafting of attention to geological tourism, provided a logical answer to Jonathan Tortolut 3 from national geography magazine of America (2012) who simply believes that visiting of all historical –cultural – natural heritages (so that helps stable development and local societies) is Geotourism. In Iran, many students and scholars have worked for introducing Geotourism. One year after Mohammadhasan Nabavi suggestion in 1378 in eighteenth seminar of geology regarding identification of beauties of country›s earth, the work of identifying beauties and geology diversity of the country began. After that in 2006, Alireza Amri Kazemi and Abbas Mehrpouya entered a list of Iran geological diversity to fifth chapter of Geotourism book written by Ross Dowling and David Newsum. Many specialized studies have been performed about surveying of mineral and thermal springs in Iran but lees work is done on touristic aspects of theses springs. Therefore, providing a method for evaluation of touristic value of thermal springs as an important Geotourism in our country is a task which is not surveyed. In this study, a method for evaluation of Geotourism value is offered based on modified Pralong method. For reaching to the score of spring tourism beauty, scientific, cultural, efficiency and economical scales have been investigated in the format of Pralong model. Since Pralong model only notes scales and subscales of tourism score, it has been modified using experts› views. This method addresses evaluation of tourism scaleand place efficiency scale. Its tourism scale can be analyzed and assessed from four aspects: outward beauty, scientific, cultural – historical and social – economical. Tourism scale of a place is obtained from average of these four scale and weight of any of aspects of tourism scale is not more or less than others. Place outward beauty scale addresses its visual and spectacular aspects. Scientific scale is assessed based on criterions like scarcity and didactic position. In evaluation of cultural scale artistic aspects and cultural conventions of the place are emphasized and finally, economic value of each place depends on its exploitable characteristics and Entrepreneurship in the ground of tourism and recreation. In Pralong method, scales and subscales have equal weight in relation to each other, while in multi scale decision making methods usually weight of scales and subscales are different. Especially in the debate of Iran Geotourism equating of these scales won›t entail correct results. Since weight determination was a difficult task, people were asked to categorize scales in precedence order and then regarding to precedence, scales and subscales were weighed. For weighing the following formula was used. In this formula, Wi is i th scale weight and Ri precedence of scale i and n is the number of scales. With several rounds of field study and attendance in the region and obtained raw data, scores of scales were calculated according to tables 4 to 9 with two methods of Pralong and modified Pralong. These numbers show the tourism scale of region as 0.379 in Pralong method and 0.441 in modified Pralong. These numbers are indicative of a favorable status in understudy region in respect of creating touristic recreational facilities for developing a geotouristic system. Of course, %16 growth of modified Pralong score shows more attention to this region regarding to Iranian reporters point of view toward Mr. Pralong view, so that even in its neighborhood another system for creating a geo park is notable (figure 6). But despite the regions potential capabilities, the level and quality of efficiency was evaluated low. Of course regarding to weights of modified Pralong method, this level with %37 growth is in high intermediate category which shows lower efficiency expectancy level of Iranian society than Mr. Pralong method. Then, still some tasks should be done for increasing efficiency quality of this spring and despite implementation of the design of country›s water therapy development and provision of universal design of Joshan hot water by Oghaf organization, effective measurements have not yet been performed for right exploitation of the region. Joshan hot water spring due to closeness to center of province, possessing therapeutic attribute, existence of novel geomorphological and geological perspectives and appropriate weather condition in case of observation of stable tourism principle, decentralization and budget assignment, development of infrastructural, sanitarian, residential and recreational facilities and exertion of service and facility standards can turn to one of the greatest hydrotherapy centers in southeast of the country. One of advantages of the method offered in this study is the calculation of development effect of each of mentioned facilities in increasing the level of tourism score of this Geotourism. Even with evaluation of this method, we can have a comparison between various places in relation with each other for other Geotourism regions of the province.

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Aims: Adolescents are among one of the most vulnerable populations, and the COVID-19 pandemic has led to rapid and unprecedented changes in the lives of millions of adolescents around the world. The present study aimed to evaluate the health-promoting behaviors among female Iranian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Instrument & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 529 female students from Saveh, Iran high schools were selected by multi-stage sampling and participated in the study. Data were collected using the Demographic Information and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLPII). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and independent t-tests in SPSS 21.
Findings: The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of the health-promoting behavior score was moderate (89.3±11.2). Among the dimensions of HPLPII, the highest scores were related to health responsibility, nutrition, physical activity, and stress management. There were significant differences in mean scores across numerous health-promoting behavior domains and father’s occupation status, mother’s education level, hobby type, and participants' academic status.
Conclusion: Moderate overall mean score of health-promoting behaviors and low mean scores across stress management and physical activity domains suggest that female youth require resources to improve health behaviors, particularly during the ongoing pandemic.
 

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In power systems, distance relays are utilized widely as main protection of the high voltage transmission lines, and their safe operation has significant effects on health of the components and stability of the system. Power swing is a phenomenon that can cause mal-operation of the distance relays while there is no fault in the system. In this paper, a protection scheme based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is proposed for the digital distance relays to distinguish between power swings and faults. In this work, simulations are done on a study system and related train and test patterns are generated to analyze performance of the proposed method. Also, the proper structure of the SVM classifier is investigated using the train and test patterns. The train and test patterns contain information of the different power swing conditions and symmetrical and asymmetrical types of faults. The results of the tests and simulations confirm the efficiency of the proposed protection algorithm

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Lentil wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis is one of the main limiting factors to successful lentil cultivation. Effect of four antagonistic fungi, namely: Piriformospora indica, Sebacina vermifera, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum as well as combinations among them were evaluated against Fusarium wilt of lentil. In in vitro experiments, the effect of the antagonistic fungi against the pathogen were evaluated in dual cultures of volatile metabolite and colonization. Results revealed that antagonistic fungi could produce a proper zone of inhibition. In pot culture experiments, two isolates of pathogen were inoculated within three time schedules, namely: 10 days prior to sowing, concomitant with sowing and 10 days past sowing. Seventeen treatments, including two controls and fifteen combinations of antagonistic fungi were employed to inoculate seeds concordant with sowing. Plant height, plant dry weight, root length, root dry weight along with disease severity were assessed at the flowering stage. Maximum plant height and minimum disease severity with regard to the two isolates of pathogen were observed in pots treated with S. vermifera+T. harzianum.

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  Production of imitation dairy products is one of the novel accomplishments in dairy industries.  Imitation dairy products range from complete dairy substitutes, with no dairy ingredients, such as soy milk, to products that have a high percentage of dairy ingredients, contain some non-dairy constituent.These products are appeal to manufacturers and consumers in terms of economical and nutritional features, however, it must be noticed the imitation dairy products must be resemble in terms of apparent, sensory and textural attributes as much as possible to real dairy product. Cheese is the product which is produced in high amount but also other dairy products such as butter, types of cream, yoghurt, milk, milk powder, infant formulae and concentrated milks are produced as imitation dairy products. Imitation dairy products alike of every novel and synthetic products have encountered with pro and con. In this article, in addition of introduction of this products, we decided deal to agreeable and against aspects about of them.

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In this research, the effects of Konjac gum (0.2-0.6%), Fat content (18-25%) and Homogenization pressure (100-200 bar) on rheological properties of low fat cream were investigated. The results of the back extrusion test indicated that increasing konjac gum, fat content and homogenization pressure, significantly increased hardness, consistency and adhesiveness. The simultaneous increasing of homogenization pressure and fat content also led to increasing adhesiveness of the samples, which showed their synergistic effect of them on the adhesiveness. The results of the steady shear test showed that the flow behavior index (n) of all samples was less than one which indicates a shear thinning behavior (pseudoplastic) of all samples. Also increasing fat content, significantly decreased the flow behavior index of the samples and increased the consistency. konjac gum and homogenization pressure had no significant effect on the flow behavior. The optimum processing conditions for producing low fat cream with the high hardness, consistency, consistency coefficient and low flow behavior index for response variables were 146/51 bar homogenization pressure،18/01% Fat content and 0.59% konjac gum.

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Saturated fat consumption increases the risk of both coronary and cancer diseases. Therefore, fat reduction in UF-Feta cheese (≈ 45% FDM) is favorable but, unfortunately, it has some negative effects on the texture and sensory characteristics of the cheese. In this research, response surface methodology was employed to study the probably improving effects of WPC80 (0-20 gr kg^-1), lecithin (0-2 gr kg^-1) and a mixture of xanthan and guar (0-1 gr kg^-1) on sensory and instrumental texture characteristics of low-fat UF-Feta cheese made from 6% fat retentate. Lecithin and xanthan-guar had positive and WPC80 had negative effects on hardness, chewiness, and gumminess of the cheeses. Furthermore, results showed lecithin had negative effects on taste, acceptance, and appearance and positive effects on sensory texture. The taste was improved by WPC and xanthan-guar enhanced sensory texture and acceptance scores. Finally, multiple response optimization method was used to determine optimized formula of low-fat cheese (19.47 gr kg^-1 WPC80, 0.5 gr kg^-1 xanthan-guar and 0.13 gr kg^-1 lecithin). A cheese sample produced based on optimized formula and full fat cheese had similar sensory and instrumental texture.

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Nowadays, the world is facing to increasing loss of fossil resources, energy crisis and environmental problems. On the other hand, diesel engines due to wide application in various sectors such as transport, agriculture, industry, etc., are the main sources of emissions and fuel consumption. Accurate measurement of fuel consumption and engine pollution is time-consuming and costly. Hence, the main objective of this study was to develop proper linear regression models of some important performance parameters of ITM285 tractor engine based on engine torque and engine speed. Experiments were carried out in 11 levels of primary engine speed (1063, 1204, 1346, 1488, 1629, 1771, 1818, 1913 and 2054 rpm) by 10 N.m steps of torque from zero (no load) to full load. The measured parameters include fuel consumption mass flow, exhaust temperature, instantaneous engine speed, maximum and mean exhaust opacities. Four different linear regression models were used to estimate the parameters. The results of regression models performance evaluation showed that quadratic model had the highest efficiency and the lowest RMSE for all parameters. The maximum and minimum effects of engine torque were on exhaust temperature and instantaneous engine speed, respectively; while, this result was completely reverse for primary engine speed. The results of regression models evaluation showed a high adaptation between the output of each model and the desired output. Also, the fuel mass flow and exhaust temperature were highly correlated to the maximum and mean exhaust opacity with correlation coefficients of 0.96 and 0.99, respectively.

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soybean and its products have been considered as functional products. Due to applying of functional properties of soy milk, a mixture of cow milk and soy milk in different proportions (zero, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% soy milk) was processed to yogurt and then liquid kashk was produced. Liquid Kashk was converted to powder by spray dryer and their physicochemical and sensory properties were measured. The results showed that the amount of moisture and protein in the Kashk powder increased from 3.1% to 3.96% and 29.2% to 65.57% respectively and the amount of acidity decreased from 1.72% to 0.8% in the 100% soy milk sample compare to 0% soy milk Kashk (P ≤0.05). The increase in soy milk also increased the viscosity and consistency of the reconstituted Kashk. Adding soy milk up to 40% did not make a significant difference in taste and color compared to the control sample, but adding soy milk at levels higher than 40% caused a significant reduction (P ≤0.05) in taste and color score. Soy milk reduced the overall acceptance score of reconstituted Kashk, which did not significant up to 60% of soy milk. 

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Reduction in warm up time of engine reduces fuel consumption and emissions. The hot spots of IC engine are near the exhaust valves and between the cylinders space which need the maximum value of cooling. Coolant at inlet of the block, having a temperature lower than the cylinder head. As a result, the block cooling is more than necessary value to ensure that maximum temperature in the cylinder head is lower that critical value. Reduction in coolant flow rate is associated with block temperature rise, reduction of brake specific fuel consumption and HC and CO emissions. On the other hand, increasing the cylinder head temperature causes problems such as an increase in the production of NOx. One method to solve this problem, is separate cooling of block and cylinder head. In this method, the coolant at the outlet the pump, is divided into two separate paths one for the block and one for cylinder head, and thus, the flow rate which required for cooling each part must be set separately. In this study, to calculate the warm up time, the cooling circuit of national engine has been modeled. To validate, the numerical results of pressure loss of coolant in the engine water jacket, radiator flow rate and warm up time have been compared with the results of the cooling test. At last, the influence of separation of block and cylinder head cooling circuit of engine on warm up time has been studied. Results show 15 percent reduction in warm-up time.

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One of the concerns of designers of engineering structures is structural failure due to stress concentration caused by geometric discontinuities in the structures. Therefore, by considering that perforated composite plates are used in most engineering structures, their study is very important. The purpose of this paper is to present a new model based on the regression method for estimating stress concentration factor of a circular hole in orthotropic plates. One of the important applications of providing stress distribution around holes in terms of mechanical properties is the use of these relationships in the stress analysis of perforated viscoelastic plate using the effective modulus method or Boltzmann's superposition principle. First, using different values of the mechanical properties of the composites plates, and employing an analytical solution based on the complex variable method, the stress concentration factor of circular hole is calculated for a number of these materials. Then, using multiple linear regression, an explicit expression for the stress concentration factor is given in terms of mechanical properties. The results show that the multiple regression model is able to predict the circumferential stress with a maximum error of less than 1%.

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Laser percussion drilling is one of the advanced drilling processes that its numerous advantages have extended the applications of this process. This study focuses on experimental investigation of laser percussion drilling using Nd:YAG laser on titanium alloy Ti6Al4V sheets with various thickness which is widely used in industry. In this paper the effects of the input parameters peak power, pulse width, frequency, assist gas type, gas pressure and sheet thickness on the most important process outputs include hole entrance diameter, hole exit diameter, hole taper angle, hole entrance circularity and hole exit circularity were studied. Statistical analysis was employed to analyze the experimental data and significant parameters in each response are presented. For conducting the experiments “Design of Experiments” method and for modelling “Response Surface Methodology” were used. The results obtained show that sheet thickness affects all outputs. After that frequency and pulse width, peak power and assist gas type respectively are the most significant parameters influence process outputs. Gas pressure only affects the hole entrance circularity. For this alloy to achieve a hole with high quality, it is recommended to work at lower peak power and frequency, shorter pulse width and higher assist gas pressure with Nitrogen as assist gas.

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Pesticides are one of the major pollutants in the environment. The residue of pesticides has been reported to be at a critical level in agricultural crops, especially in greenhouse crops. Tomato is considered as an important vegetable in Iranian food basket and is produced in fields and greenhouses. So, the current study aimed to assess diazinon and oxydemeton-methyl levels in tomatoes sampled from five Kerman greenhouses. The extraction of these pesticides was carried out by mixture of dichloromethane and acetone. The extracts were cleaned up according to solid-phase extraction method. The pesticide residue was then determined by capillary gas chromatography and through nitrogen-phosphorus detection. The obtained results showed that the recovery level was estimated at 86.7 and 84.3% with RSD≤ 16.0%, the limit of detection was estimated at 0.026 and 0.035 mg kg^-1, limits of quantification stood at 0.091 and 0.115 mg kg^-1, and linearity r²= 0.997 and r²= 0.989 for diazinon and oxydemeton-methyl, respectively, in tomato samples. The mean of diazinon residue was calculated at 0.276 mg kg^-1, which was 5.52 times the national Maximum Residue Limit (MRL= 0.05 mg kg^-1), and the mean of oxydemeton-methyl was 1.624 mg kg^-1, being 1.624 times the MRL (1 mg/kg).

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One of the natural hazards is the flood occurrence. This natural phenomenon can lead to more risks on the riversides, especially at the downstream of dams and floodgates and near the bridges. Rivers that pass through forest areas on their route can carry a lot of wooden pieces. One of the issues that increases the flood damages, especially in mountainous and forest areas, is the entry of trees and wood chunks and trees branches into the rivers and their movement to the downstream of flow. Generally, these floating tree branches and wooden pieces are called driftwood. Rivers are fast in mountain slopes and can carry more driftwood. This will carry more material and objects floating along the river flow and causes the timber or driftwood accumulation in the bridge spans and river flow obstruction, thereby reducing the capacity of flood flow. Reducing the capacity of intersecting structures provides the conditions for entering the flood into the marginal waters of the river and causing a rise in water flow and secondary damages. Due to the potential risks, it is very difficult to study such a mechanism in nature, so it is necessary to examine these conditions by experimental studies and these condition and hydraulic flow changes are measured with high precision. Parameters such as the rate of uplift flow, the probability of obstruction by the driftwood, the type and dimensions of the trapped driftwood, etc., are among these. The present study, with laboratory modeling, examines the process of river flow obstruction due to the movement of floating driftwood in Mountain Rivers. A bridge was built with protective railings in a rectangular channel for study. Each of the experiments was carried out with different conditions, including the size and the number of driftwood, and the presence or absence of branches in several times. Experiments was carried out with two different modes of existence and lack of bridge pier in three levels of water flow. Also, the type of flow of experiments was modeled in two sub-critical and one super-critical state, 3 different slopes and 9 different discharges. Each of the tests is repeated ten times with similar conditions. According to the definition given in this study, an obstruction occurs when at least one of logs or driftwoods stops for at least 30 seconds at the bridge section. The results of the tests showed that the effect of branches on the flow level increase is more than twice that of driftwoods without branches, and that with increasing initial height of the stream and passing from the surface below the bridge deck, the growth rate of the water level decreases compared to the initial height. Also, the correlation of the effect of changes in the number of driftwood with branches is greater than the same value in driftwood without branches and is closer to number one. Another important result in this paper is that the effect of the initial height of the flow on the increasing the flow level is less than the driftwood branches. This is the result of a comparison of the gradient of Changes in water flow height in two states.

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Estimating the spatial distribution of weeds for site-specific control is essential. Therefore, this research was conducted to predict and interpolate the spatial distribution of Amaranthus retroflexus L. populations using a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBF-NN) in two potato fields. Weed population data were collected from sampling 200 and 36 points, respectively, in two commercial potato fields in Jolge Rokh, of Torbat Heidarieh in Khorasan Razavi and Mojen of Shahroud in Semnan Provinces, Iran, in 2012. Some statistical tests, such as comparisons of the means, variance and statistical distribution, as well as linear regression, were used for the observed point sample data and the estimated weed seedling density surfaces to evaluate the neural network capability for predicting the spatial distribution of the weed. The results showed that the trained RBF-NN had high capability in the spatial prediction in points that were not sampled with 100% output, 0.999 coefficients, and an average error of less than 0.04 and 0.07 in the Mojen and Jolge Rokh Regions, respectively. Test results also showed that there was no significant difference between the statistical characteristics of actual data and the values predicted by the RBF-NN. According to the experimental results, the RBF-NN can be used as an alternative method to estimate the spatial changes function of annual weeds with random dispersion, such as Redroot Pigweed.
 

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Epilepsy is among the wide spread neurological disease. Considering that the occurrence of seizures in 20 to 40% of epileptic patients is resistant to drug therapy, many researches are being conducted to reach new methods of epilepsy treatment. The most common epileptic syndrome in adults is temporal lobe epilepsy. In most patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, the structures of the middle temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, are involved in seizure generation and propagation. One of the relatively new therapies for controlling drug-resistant seizures is direct stimulation of the epileptic focus by electrical stimuli. Numerous studies have shown that the application of deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) has anticonvulsant effect on the epileptic focus, but the mechanism of its anticonvulsant effect is not yet fully understood. Many abnormalities occur following seizures and it can be postulated that DBS may prevent or reduce these abnormalities. One important abnormality is inflammation. Here we briefly reviewed the probable relationships between anticonvulsant action of DBS and inflammation.