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Moving around the city, in any form, entails various material and immaterial costs. For this reason, any change in these costs quickly reflects in traveler behavior. One of the factors that is easily measurable and whose effect is quickly seen in the reaction of passengers is the change in fares. Usually, when fares or fuel prices change, citizens try to make their choices in a way that will result in the lowest cost. If city managers are fully aware of the possible choices of citizens, they can carry out the necessary planning. For this purpose, this study was conducted in a descriptive and analytical manner. The goal was to determine how changes in fares and other costs drive passenger behavior and how the public transportation system responds to this behavior. The required data was obtained from the Mashhad Municipality Transportation Organization and analyzed using the comprehensive vector auto regression method. The study findings showed that eliminating or reducing the cost significantly changes the use of public transportation. Of course, with these changes, different transportation methods do not accept the same load. In addition, if fare changes coincide with external shocks such as changes in gasoline prices, parking costs, etc., passenger density in public transportation will increase significantly. In this situation, each type of system (bus, subway, etc.) will attract a different share of passengers. In this case, policies should be implemented in a way that, while appropriately responding to citizens, does not cause disruption to the urban transportation system.

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Diffusion equations such as Darcy's equation which is used to measure the permeability coefficient of concrete has a one-dimensional limitation. If the water penetrates into the concrete in a multi-dimensional way. Therefore, there is a need for equations that measure the permeability coefficient of concrete either in a multi-dimensional way or without considering things like one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional. Also, acute environmental conditions such as different cycles of ice and ice melting have a negative effect on concrete and especially on the surface of concrete. Therefore, in this article, according to the fractal theory, a new theoretical relationship has been presented that measures the permeability coefficient of concrete without the need for permeability dimensions. Also, the relationship between the surface resistance of concrete and its permeability coefficient in the conditions of ice and ice melting has been investigated by using pull tests from the surface and cylindrical chamber. Cylindrical chamber test is a new test invented by Mahoud Naderi. This test is very simple and has a portable device. The above test has the ability to measure the permeability of concrete in situ. Using this test, it is possible to measure the permeability of water into the concrete without breaking the concrete. To perform the above test, a steel plate must be glued on the concrete surface using epoxy resin glue. The desired adhesive must have the required compressive and shear strength so that no water leaks around it during the test. After that, the cylindrical container should be placed on the steel plate and water should be poured into it. Then, by using the handle on the device, the required pressure is applied to the water so that the water penetrates into the concrete. In the "direct tension" test to determine the surface resistance of concrete, first a metal cylinder with a diameter of 5 cm is attached to the place of the test using epoxy resin glue, then by using the "direct tension" device, the tensile force is applied to the cylinder. It is inserted to separate from the concrete surface. According to the existing relationship, the resistance value obtained by the "direct tension" method is obtained by dividing the tension force applied by the area of the cylinder. The direct tensile test can also be performed in situ. In addition, unlike the previous theories, the new theory has the ability to investigate the effect of processing time on the permeability coefficient. The obtained results show the high accuracy of the presented model for measuring the permeability coefficient of concrete. Also, the acute conditions of ice and ice melting have a negative effect on the permeability coefficient of concrete, and an inverse relationship between the permeability coefficient of concrete and the surface resistance obtained from the pull-out test was observed. With the increase in the number of acute cycles of ice and ice melting, the permeability of concrete also increases, which shows the negative effect of these conditions on concrete. Also, a great agreement between the theoretical and experimental results was observed.

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Abstract
Child sexual abuse is one of the social problems that has devastating effects on various aspects of children's personality. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the psychological consequences of sexual harassment in related to children. The main purpose of this study is to identify the psychological, behavioral, cognitive and emotional consequences of sexual victimization of children under 15 years of age among those referred to four social emergency centers located in Tehran province.
     In this research - which is quantitative in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method - First, different indicators were selected as the effective factors of sexual victimization and each of the selected data was entered into the statistical tables using the available sampling method and using the researcher questionnaire. Then, the relationship between the variables was measured using statistical tests and the correlations were analyzed.
     The results of the analysis of child sexual abuse cases referred to the social emergency confirm that there is a significant relationship between child sexual abuse and subsequent mental disorders. Hypothesis testing suggests that sexual abuse has psychological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional consequences for children's personality. Due to the need to identify these factors in order to prevent the occurrence of psycho-behavioral disorders afterwards and increase ways to eliminate or reduce it, early detection of child abuse, intervention, treatment and prevention of horrific complications of child abuse seems necessary.
 
Keywords: Mental Disorder, Mental Health, Mental Consequences, Sexual Victimization, Social Emergency

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Samples of leaf, twig and fruit from ‘Mexican’ lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) with symptoms of bacterial canker were collected from different provinces throughout Iran during spring and summers of 2010 and 2011. Yellow, gram-negative colonies were isolated from infected tissue samples. Results of pathogenicity assays indicated that some isolates incited tissue hyperplasia, hypertrophy and raised callus-like lesions typical of canker in hosts while other isolates stimulated flat necrotic and water-soaked lesions on leaves. Candidate samples of each group were identified according to morphological and physiological characteristics. Detections were also made using specific primers and partial sequencing of 16SrDNA for Pantoea group and gyrB for Xanthomonas group. Results showed that one group was characterized as the typical Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strain while the other group containing most of the isolates was identified as Pantoea agglomerans. Samplings done frequently in different seasons revealed the presence of high populations of P. agglomerans with bacterial canker, especially in warmer and drier regions. These bacteria were able to incite canker-like symptoms on grapefruit seedlings and could be reisolated after two months.

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Background: Sediments are integral part of wetlands providing a valuable key to recognize heavy metal fluctuations in the past.
Materials and Methods: The surface sediment samples were taken from thirteen sites, then prepared and digested with percholoric acid and nitric acid at 1:4 ratio, followed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis.
Results: The average of total metal concentration in 13 sites were found to be 9.182, 9.514, 45.351 and 43.456 µg g^-1 for Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni, respectively. Also, comparison of sediment quality indices, including contamination factor (Cf), contamination degree (Cd), and modified contamination degree (mCd)) showed that Cu contamination was significantly different from the other heavy metals, while Ni contamination was average, and Pb and Zn contaminations were low.                                  
Discussion and Conclusions: This research confirms that the Mighan wetland is polluted with heavy metals and their excessive accumulation in sediments.

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Background: Environmental stresses, especially salinity and drought, are effective on seed germination and growth.
Materials and Methods: After breaking seed dormancy by simultaneous use of leaching (48 hours) and gibberllic acid (1000 ppm), germination characteristics and seedling growth of Citrullus colocynthis from two ecotypes of Sistan-Baluchestan with six  levels of drought (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2, -1.5 Mpa) and salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM) were studied. This experiment was carried out in two different factorial experiments using completely randomized design with four replications. Statistical analysis was performed using version 18 of SPSS software and Factorial analysis of variance (general linear model) and mean comparisons were done using Duncan's multiple range test. Results: The results demonstrated that there were significant differences among different levels of drought and salinity in all measured traits (P<0.01) and a significant decrease in seed germination and seedling growth were observed with increasing levels of drought and salinity (P<0.01). The results revealed that there were significant interactions effect between ecotype and different levels of drought as well as salinity (P<0.01), so seed vigor of Zabol’ ecotype was higher than that of Saravan.
Discussion and Conclusions: This species has acceptable germination at -0.6 Mpa droughts and 50 mM salinity. These issues must be considered in its intense planting in Sistan-Baluchestan province and using of Zabol’ ecotype seed is recommended.

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A total of ten isolates of fungi with Rhizoctonia-like mycelia were obtained from infected roots and stems of Pistachio Pistacia vera grown in a commercial nursery in Rafsanjan, Iran, during the autumn of 2011. The infected seedlings showed symptoms of chlorosis that later turned to necrosis. All of the isolates were identified as binucleate Rhizoctonia on the basis of hyphal characteristics and nuclear number. They were tested for detection of the anastomosis group, optimum growth temperature, rDNA-ITS region traits and pathogenicity on pistachio seedlings in vitro and in vivo. The analysis of hyphal anastomosis reaction was carried out with the tester isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A, AG-Ba, AG-G and AG-F as well as multinucleate Rhizoctonia AG4 as already detected on pistachio seedlings. The optimum temperature for growth of binucleate Rhizoctonia sp.was 35 °C. In in vivo test, the symptoms of root rot were observed 30 days after inoculation and mortality happened two weeks thereafter. According to molecular characteristics and anastomosis test groups, all isolates showed greatest similarity to anastomosis group AG-F. This finding is the first report of anastomosis group F (AG-F) of binucleate Rhizoctonia, as causal agent of root and stem rot disease of pistachio in the world and Iran.

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Huanglongbing (HLB) also known as citrus greening, is a destructive disease of citrus and now, is considered as a new emergence and spread out threat to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) citrus production. In a survey conducted in southern Iran in 2013-2014, 77 citrus samples exhibiting symptoms of HLB were collected. Single-step and nested polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were employed to determine the presence of the phloem-limited bacterial pathogens ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’(CLas), phytoplasma and Spiroplasma citri. Both CLas and phytoplasma were detected in HLB-affected citrus trees as co-infection (7.79%) and single infection (10.38% for phytoplasma and 42.85% for CLas). According to the proposed 16S rDNA-based phytoplasma classification scheme, the HLB-associated phytoplasma from this study was a member of peanut witches’broom (16SrII) phytoplasma group. This is the first report of association of a phytoplasma with HLB in sweet lime in the world and first record of association of CLas with sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and sweet lime in Iran.

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Fusarium crown and root rot of cucumber caused by Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most important diseases in cucumber. Although various methods have been recommended to manage this disease, biological control is considered as an environmentally friendly method. In the present study, antagonistic effects of six Pseudomonas and Bacillus genera strains were investigated against F. oxysporum, where in vitro and in vivo assays were performed under drought stress. All of the strains were capable to inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum. The results of drought stress also indicated that the bacterial strains were able to tolerate different levels of drought stress. In general, Pseudomonas fluorescens VUPF5 caused the best inhibitory effect in all of the assays in vitro and under greenhouse conditions.

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The role of rhetoric and its specific status in the deep perception of the Quran as well as the correct understanding of its irreplaceable teachings is undeniable. The investigation of secondary meanings in declarative and explanative sentences is one of the essential contexts within the semantics which is considered as a branch of rhetoric. The current study uses a descriptive-analytical method. This paper overview the secondary meanings in imperative verbs of the Quran. It also investigates the techniques used by Tahereh Saffarzadeh concerning the explanation of these meanings in the translation of imperative verses of the Quran. She is one of the contemporary translators of the Quran. In the next step, we will take assistance from the interpretations of the Quran and rhetoric books to achieve an exact secondary meaning of these sentences. We will also compare the translation of the intended translator with four other translations to somehow privilege the error derived from arbitration to some extent. The results indicate that Saffarzadeh has chosen three different techniques to translate the imperative sentences with secondary meanings: (1) The replacement of imperative verb with an analogy equivalent to secondary meaning in the target language; (2) According to the expressive text of the verse concerning the secondary meaning, the perception of secondary meanings is entrusted to the reader; and (3) Failure to use an analogy despite the absence of transparency in the text of the verse concerning the expression of secondary meaning. The investigation of the translating techniques of Saffarzadeh indicates her precision and adherence to the transfer of secondary meanings within the imperative verbs. In the cases where she just translates the words instead of analogy to express the secondary meaning, the transfer of secondary meaning is completely correct and this meaning can be understood by the reader.
 

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Five fungicides, with active ingredients azoxystrobin, imazalil, thiabendazole, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole and fludioxonil + difenoconazole, were tested against two isolates of Fusarium solani and two isolates of F. oxysporum, causing potato dry rot in Mashhad region. PDA media amended with the fungicides significantly inhibited the mycelia growth of all Fusarium isolates incubated at 25 °C for 7 days; however only Imazalil and Thiabendazole completely stopped the mycelia growth of all fungal isolates even at their lower concentration (40 and 5ppm respectively). The mean penetration of F. solani FPO-67 and F. oxysporum FPO-39, the more virulent of the four isolates, after 21 days of incubation at 25-27 °C indicated that imazalil and thiabendazole at concentrations of 1.5 and 2/1000, completely inhibited the penetration of F. oxysporum FPO-39 into potato tubers, but in the case of F. solani FPO-67 all treatments (1, 1.5 and 2/1000) significantly reduced the development of dry rot compared to untreated control. In natural condition, tuber treatment with Imazalil and Thiabendazole (2/1000), prior storage, reduced F. solani FPO-67 development by 68 and 71.69% respectively. According to the results, these fungicides could play a role in integrated pest management against tuber-borne fungal pathogens.
 
 

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Ajaib-Nname is written document from the fifth to twelfth centuries. This study hypothesizes that there is a relationship between Ajaib-nameh and mythological views. To text it, eight texts of this genre were described and analyzed. Using Foucault's theory of genealogy, it was revealed that collective imagination in Ajaib-nameh has a relationship with the quasi-mythological motifs, despite the former's methods and objectives. The evolution of these texts has been explained in three distinct eras, including the geography-based era, the narrative era, and time-based era. The intensity and weakness of imagination in these texts are highlighted in three colors: yellow, orange and dark red.
 
 

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One critical environmental stress that limits plant production and development is salinity stress. Recently it has been shown that application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can alleviate the deleterious effects of environmental stresses. Present study aimed to evaluate the effects of some bacterial strains on proline, sugar, total phenolic compounds (TPC), Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant activities (guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase) of cucumber plants under salinity stress. A completely randomized design was applied with a factorial arrangement of two factors: salinity at three levels (0, 50 and 100 mM) and Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis strains, with three replications. The results showed that cucumber plants that were inoculated with Pseudomonas and Bacillus strains possessed noticeable variations in proline, sugar, TPC, PAL and enzymes activity compared to un-inoculated control. These results suggest that use of these bacterial strains overcame harmful effect of salinity by accumulation of proline, TPC, sugar, PAL activity and enzymes activity that can be considered as a suitable method to manage salinity stress.

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Aims: Parkinsonia aculeata is a valuable medicinal plant in traditional medicine that is more adapted to tropical and subtropical arid regions and planted as an ornamental plant. Since, seed germination of P. aculeata does not occur easily, the current research was performed to test different dormancy breaking treatments on germination characteristics of P. aculeata.
Materials and methods: The studied treatments included scarification with sandpaper, H₂SO₄ (98%), KNO₃ (0.2%), soaking the seeds in 90 °C hot water for 15 minutes, Gibberellic acid (250, 500 and 100 ppm), leaching (placing the seeds in running water for 48 hours), combination of leaching treatment with KNO₃, and combination of leaching treatment with Gibberellic acid (250, 500 and 100 ppm). To compare the results, distilled water was considered as control treatment. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was made with 13 treatments and 4 replications.
Results: Results showed that there were significant differences between treatments on germination percent, germination speed, length of root, length of shoot and length of seedling and index of seed vigor (p<0.01). The seeds had more than 85% dormancy and applying leaching (germination percent, 75%) and scarification treatments (70%) as well as boiling water (57.5%) had the highest effect on releasing the seed dormancy compared to control (15%).
Conclusion: Since, one of the establishment problems of this plant is the seed dormancy period, using leaching for 48 hours will help in germination improvement of P. aculeata.

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The present study, as a research in the field of language and gender, aimed at investigating the Persian spoken by women in Kermanshah city based on Lakoff’s dominance approach. Research in the field of language and gender began by Robin Lakoff (1973, 1975). She postulated that the language of women is different from men. According to her, women have a tendency to use the linguistic features that reflect and reinforce a subordinate role in society’s power structure. These linguistic features include "hedges", "indirect requests", "tag questions", "fillers", "and empty adjectives “and” up talk". She further suggested that women use "super polite forms" and have a "poorer sense of humor" than men. The purpose of this study was to investigate, describe and categorize the specific features in women’s speech. It further analyzed the impact of age on the frequency of using these speech features. The data of the present study were collected using questionnaires and interviews from 90 urban middle-class Persian-speaking women of Kermanshah in three different age groups with diploma or no academic degree. The authors of this study, in addition to examining the language of Kermanshahi women in line with Lakoff’s approach and explaining them based on "Freud's defense mechanism theory", succeeded to add several other features based on the science of psychology. These new and innovative speech features which were pointed out in the present study are: "childlike speech and tone", "stretched sounds", "histrionic language", "avoidant language", and "animism". The research findings were analyzed quantitatively using chi-square test, and qualitatively adopting the framework of Freud's defense mechanisms theory. The findings of the study demonstrate that age creates a significant difference in the frequency of using most of these speech features. Save for the two features of "rising tone in statements" and "tag questions", all the other features of Lakoff's approach and the features discovered by the researchers exist in women's speech, with different frequencies though, and can be generalizable to the population at large.
The table below presents both group of features of women’s language by Lakoff and the authors:
 
Features of the Persian language spoken women (Kermanshahi)

Features included in Lakoff's approach	Features Discovered by Researchers
Hedging	Childlike speech and tone
Color terms	Stretched sound
Empty adjectives	Avoidant language
Super polite forms	Histrionic of choice
Weak quantifiers	Animism
Expletives
Empathic stress

 
 

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The aims, questions, hypotheses and research methods
In this research, we try to emphasize the differences between the oral narration of the people of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and the original story of Kaykhosrow in Shahnameh. While rereading the epic foundations and myths of this story, we investigated the holy image-myths of Kaykhosrow in the popular literature of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad.
In this article, we seek to answer the following questions: How is Kaykhosrow's image in popular culture and literature of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad? Which epic and mythical themes from the story of Kaykhosrow are reflected in the narrative of the people in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad?
The hypothesis of this research is that according to the heroic spirit of the people of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and their familiarity with rough and war-torn mountains, the narrative of Kaykhosrow's story has changed among residents of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad in order to strengthen the epic themes.
The research method, in terms of basic aim and data collection, followed library-field studies, and the data analysis was done through qualitative content analysis and structured interviews.

The main discussion
Although Kaykhosrow is a multifaceted character and all the epic and heroic features, along with his spiritual functions, are evident in his character, the last parts of his life and his glorious journey are the reason for his pious personality, and such a journey is not very prone to the emergence of epic themes.
However, the people of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, in their oral narrations of this story, have introduced the themes of war and militancy in different dimensions of the story, in such a way that we think the story has remained the same.
The changes that the people of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad have made in the original story of Kaykhosrow, besides linking this national- heroism story and its characters with the geography of the region, show that they are very interested in the national epics and heroic stories, revealing the region's special talent for attracting epic themes.
On the other hand, many ancient foundations related to the Zoroastrian religion have remained in this region and have represented themselves in the popular narrative of the story of Kaykhosrow; therefore, the image of Kaykhosrow in the culture of the people of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad has two epic and mythical aspects that have found a sacred position.
Conclusion
So far as epic is concerned, the changes in Kaykhosrow's story have taken place with the emphasis on the elements of heroism, heroic ritual, war and military campaign, and epic actions and beliefs. Evidence indicates that reading Shahnameh, the familiarity of the people of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad with Shahnameh, and the special epic feelings that these stories have created among the people of this region, have a direct relationship with their brave and stubborn nature.
On the other hand, in the beliefs of the people of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad about Kaykhosrow, the delivery of the Gitinems Cup to the king in the spring water, Hatef's inspiration to Kaykhosrow (Kaykhosrow's eternal life), his horse and dog in a cave where the source of life and plants were in a spell, the sanctity of the plants, among others, there are themes that are rooted in the ancient customs and myths. This shows that the culture of ancient Iran is still alive in this area and continues to live in other forms.