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This paper deals with the object agreement phenomenon in the transcriptions written in Middle Persian language. This study is a descriptive study and is classified as a library research. The collected data from transcriptions in Middle Persian language namely as Ardā-Virāf-nāmeh, Bundahishn, Dānāk u Mainyo-ī Khard, Dēnkard Book 5, Rivāyat ī Ādurfarrōbay i Farrōkhzādān, and Vizidagiha-ye Zadesparam have been analyzed based on the theoretical background of  Dalrymple and Nikolaeva (2011). The analysis of the collected data showed that in the Middle Persian Language in some cases the verb instead of the subject, agrees with the object of the sentence in number and person features. This phenomenon happens only when the sentence has the transitive verb in the past tense and there is no object agreement for transitive verbs inflected for other tenses. Moreover, the object agreement in the Middle Persian has no relation with the animacy and definiteness characteristics of the object. A comparison between the results of this research and the findings of the Dalrymple and Nikolaeva (2011) shows that object agreement is the Middle Persian is a syntactic phenomenon based on the tenses of the sentence that just occurred when the transitive verb was in the past tense. This phenomenon can show the diachronic changes of the Persian Language for the emergence of the ergative system in the Persian Language.
 

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The purpose of this research is to determine the average perceptual strength of the five senses in the Persian language based on average perceptual strength hierarchy by Lynott and Connell (2009). To achieve this goal, (100) commonly used Persian sensory adjectives and (25) native Persian-speaking subjects were used to express their level of sensory perception of each adjective based on the 5-point Likert Scale. Also, (20) other subjects were asked to choose names for the given adjectives. These tests were carried out to answer these questions: what percentage of adjectives are exclusively attributed to one of the five senses, how much was the total score of each sense on the 5-point Likert Scale, and as overall which sense has the highest average perceptual strength؟ Also is the rate of collocations of names and adjectives of the same domain more than the collocations of nouns and adjectives of different domains, as Lynott and Connell believe? The results showed the average perceptual strength of the senses in Persian data is different from the findings of Lynott and Connell (2009) only in the position of the sense of hearing, also according to their findings, the sense of vision has the highest and the sense of smell has the lowest average perceptual strength among the five senses. In terms of collocation of names and adjectives, it was found that with a little consideration, Lynott and Connell’s idea about the larger number of the same-domain sensory  name- adjective collocations can be accepted.

 

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For decades, both researchers and EFL learners have been interested in native-like pronunciation. While extensive research has delved into a variety of pedagogical approaches and the complexity of English phonology, an unanswered question is how high-proficiency EFL learners achieve the elusive goal of native-like pronunciation in spoken English. To this end, this multiple-case study aimed to explore the multifaceted strategies employed by 15 high-proficiency EFL learners who had mastery in pronunciation and were selected using the maximum variation sampling method. Data was gathered through the use of diaries and in-depth semi-structured interviews. The data was analyzed with NVivo software version 10, and two main themes were extracted: teacher-directed (TD) and self-directed (SD) pronunciation learning strategies. Regarding the TD strategies, some participants (46%) acknowledged actively engaging with structured tasks and assignments facilitated by teachers. They highlighted the role of in-class (36%) and out-of-class (64%) activities in their journey to master pronunciation. The SD strategies were reported by about half of the participants (54%) in their quest for pronunciation mastery, which included self-talk (48%), podcast listening (29%), shadowing (12%), and reading aloud (11%). This study contributes valuable insights into relevant literature and offers evidence of the interconnectedness of TD and SD strategies in pronunciation improvement. The findings have several implications for further research or practice about pronunciation mastery.

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Background:Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening microvascular complication of diabetes in which the vascular endothelium is damaged due to oxidative stress and inflammation, and vitreous VEGF concentration becomes elevated. The aim of the present study was to assess the association of DR with genetic variations of the MnSOD, a major antioxidant enzyme, and VEGF, an important mediator of neovascularisation, in northern Iran. Methods: 70 patients with DR and 70 healthy control subjects matched for age and sex was recruited for this study. PCR-based RFLP assay was used to determine the genotypes of MnSODA16V and VEGF+405 C/G polymorphisms. Results and Conclusions:A higher frequency of the AV genotype (71.43%) of the MnSODA16V polymorphism was found in the patients compared with controls which had a 8.33-fold increase in risk of DR (OR= 8.33, 95% CI= 2.56-27.13, P= 0.0004). The frequency of GG, GC, and CC genotypes of VEGF +405 C/G polymorphism in controls were 42.86%, 45.71% and 11.43%, respectively, while in DR patients were 18.57%, 48.57%, and 32.86%, respectively.The +405C allele was considered as a high risk factor of DR (OR= 2.55, 95% CI= 1.57-4.14, P= 0.0001). In conclusion, It is suggested that the MnSODA16V and the VEGF+405 C/G polymorphisms may be associated with the risk of DR in northern Iran.

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In this study the syntactic movement of wh-words and the existence of question particle in the wh-questions and yes-no questions of the middle Persian are studied based on the Cheng's (1991,1997) "Clausal Typing Hypothesis" and Baker's (1970) works. Based on the Clausal Typing Hypothesis of the Cheng (1991, 1997), only languages that have question particle in the clause-initial position of the yes-no questions allow the wh-word to have syntactic movement and the languages that lacks initial yes-no question particles have no syntactic wh-movement. In this study, the wh-words in the middle Persian are introduced and their distributions in different sentences are studied. This paper is done based on two questions: How is the quality of wh-movement in the middle Persian sentences based on the Cheng's (1991,1997) "Clausal Typing Hypothesis” and the  second one is about the existence and distribution of wh-words and question particles in the middle Persian sentences. Considering these questions and the works of Cheng's (1991,1997), the results of this study are in line with the "Clausal Typing Hypothesis" and show that the middle Persian have no initial yes-no particle and there is no wh-word syntactic movement in the interrogative sentences.
 

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In this paper, the movement of constituents of sentences in the old and middle Persian is studied based on the theoretical foundations of the Minimalist Programme (Chomsky 1995). According to the Copy Theory of Movement, the moved element leaves a copy and moves to the new location in the sentence and the moved element and its copy form a chain. The formed chain has only one element to be pronounced in the PF. The deletion of all elements in the formed chain except the head of chain based on the Chain Reduction Principle proposed by Nunes (1995) prepares the appropriate condition for realization of Linearization Principle. The selection of elements for deletion is done by the Economy Principle. By considering the fact that in the formed chain, the head of the chain has less formal features compared to the other elements (copies), so the deletion of the copies is more economical. The main purpose of doing this diachronic research is to study the feasibility of applying the principles of the Copy Theory of Movement and the Chain Reduction Principle for explaining the movement of the constituents in the Old and Middle Persian sentences. Studying of the word order and the moved constituents and also their pronunciations in the sentences of the Old and Middle Persian by considering the foundation of the Minimalist programme (Chomsky 1995 and Nunes 1995) shows that these notions are capable to explain the movement of constituents. The Persian language has free word order and the constituents can move to other locations in the sentences based on topicalization or focus movement. Having uninterpretable features of [uTpoic] or [uFocus], the moved elements can have their features checked and deleted under sisterhood by moving to the topic or focus phrase in the sentence but the remained copies have their [uTpoic] or [uFocus] features unchecked. According to the Economy Principle in Language derivation and the Chain Reduction Principlesuggested by Nunes (1995), the remained copy of the moved constituent in the sentencethe Old and Middle Persian should be deleted in the PF since it has more features than the moved element. The results of this study show that the explanations provided by the Linear Axiom Principle, Copy Theory of Movement, and the notion of Chain Reduction Principle help us to explain the syntactic phenomenon of movement and linearization and phonetic realization of constituents in the sentences of Old and Middle Persian appropriately.
 

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 To consider significant variation of dialects of Gilaki Language and different approaches on the classification of clitics and different usage of this element in the Iranian dialects and languages, writer purposes to determine variation of clitics in Gilaki language, various features of clitics and their position in this language. There are two questions here: 1-how is typological verity of clitic and its feature in Gilaki language? 2- where is the position of clitic in the sentences of this language? it seems that there is same varity of clitic in three dialect divisions of Gilaki and clitic occupy second position into the sentences of this language. linguistic data of Gilaki has been investigated on the basis of a questionnaire of Max Plank written on typological investigations of clitics on which It has been analyzed in 5 separable parts including general features of the language, categories, specific features, place of clitics in the phrases and its movement. Collected data from three branches including west, east and Galeshi has been analyzed on basis of descriptive- analytical- comparative method. The results will express that there is sameness of clitics among three mentioned branches of Gilaki. Generally we can observe pronoun pre-clitics connected to objective symbol, Objective symbol post-clitics /ǝ/, emphasis clitics and post- clitics of the symbol of conjunction /O/ in Gilaki language.There aren’t Post-clitics of personal pronouns connected to nouns, verbs, adverb and adjectives in this language. It isn't possible to move clitics to the prior position. Indeed considering the investigations, Wackernagel’s law about second position is verifiable for Gilaki language.

1. Introduction
Gilaki is one of Iranian northwest languages and a member of Caspian seaboard languages. It has many differences with Persian and many similarities to Medes, Parthian and Avestan languages (Stilo, 2001). In this article, we will present a typological analysis on clitics in three geographical divisions of Gilaki language. We intend to utilize some of typological devices from Max Planck linguistics institute to determine the varieties of clitics, its feature and the position of this element in Gilaki language. Generally, distribution and operation of clitics as a significant concept of morpho-phonemic studies are investigated in this project and our main theoretical approach is linguistic typology.
There are two questions here:
1-how about typological variety of clitics and its features in Gilaki language?
 2- where is the position of clitics in the sentences of this language?
 
2. Literature
2.1. This is level 2
Zwicky (1977) has analyzed the clitics and Sportich (1992) has focused on the structure of clitics. Condoravdi and Kiparsky (2004) in their article entitled “ Clitics and Clause structure” have investigated the clitics variety in the middle and contemporary Greek language. They believe that some of clitics in some of dialects of this language find their roots in a projection of inflectional clause and they belong to a verbal head in other dialects. Anderson (2005) expresses that pronouns are so common to be as clitics and pronominal clitics have their specific features which some of them are relevant to being clitics and some of them are not.
Moreover, there are many Iranian researches on clitics. Shaghaghi (2006) has presented a definition of clitics and its features. Rasekh Mahand (2010) believes that all of pronominl clitics in the languages all around the world are located in two positions: 1- Wackernagel’s position. It means after the first words of sentences or constitutions. 2-  before or after the verbs of sentences or constitutions located before the verbs. Sarahi and Alinejad (2014) have investigated clitics in Persian language typologically. Alinejad and Mohammadi (2015) have analyzed clitics in Surani dialects of Kurdish language and its collaboration with prepositions. Mazinani, alizade and Sharifi (2017) have shown that evolution of clitics in Persian language presents a good explanation of inconsistence of this language with Dryer’s vigesimal standards and Greenberg’s No. 20 universal. SabzAlipour and Vaezi (2019) have discovered the function of clitics in agreement system instead of verbal pronoun and lack of doubling clitics in Dorvi dialect of Tati language.
 
3. Methodology
 Throughout the current research , linguistic data of Gilaki has been gathered via field research on native speakers of some villages and towns of Guilan province. Then the data has been investigated on the basis of a questionnaire of Max Plank written on typological investigations of clitics on which it has been analyzed in 5 separable parts including general features of the language, categories, specific features, place of clitics in the phrases and its movement. Collected data from three branches including west, east and Galeshi has been analyzed on basis of descriptive- analytical- comparative method.
 
4.Results
The results will express that there is sameness of clitics among three mentioned branches of Gilaki. Generally we can observe pronominal pre-clitics connected to objective symbol, Objective symbol post-clitics /ǝ/, emphasis clitics and post- clitics of the symbol of conjunction /O/ in Gilaki language. There aren’t Post-clitics of personal pronouns connected to nouns, verbs, adverb and adjectives in this language. It isn't possible to move clitics to the prior position. Indeed considering the investigations, Wackernagel’s law about second position is verifiable for Gilaki language.
 
Table of results          
 

Linguistic Features (+/-)	B pish      B pas	Galeshi
SOV  order	+               +	+
post position and GN	+               +	+
prodrop	+               +	+
objective clitics	+               +	+
pronominal clitics of verb	-	-
pronominal clitics of  adverb	-
pronominal clitics of adjective	-                -	-
pronominal clitics of noun	-	-
pronominal clitics of preposition	+               +	+
interrogative and negative clitics	-	-
emphasis clitics	+              +	+
conjunction clitics	+               +	+
genitive specifier clitics	+               +	+
NPs order	+               +	+
enclitics and postclitics	+               +	+
first position of clitics	-
second position of clitics	+                 +	+
stress of clitics	-	-
double clitics	-	-
junction of clitics	-	-
movement to the end of phrase	+                 +	+

 
 

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In this paper, ballistic impact on sandwich panel with composite face sheet made of Glass/Epoxy and aluminum honeycomb core has been studied. The solution is derived from a wave propagation model. At first both analytical and numerical solutions were clarified and their results were compared with experimental results. Some deformation patterns, failure modes and energy absorption mechanisms were identified by observation, such as: dynamic movement of the target, stretching, bending deformation, delamination, debonding, shear fracture honeycomb, tensile fracture of Glass/Epoxy and plug and petal formation in composite facings. The solution involves a four-stage and effective masses of the face sheets and core as the shock waves travel through sandwich panel are derived using Lagrangian mechanics. The resulting non-linear differential equation of motion was solved considering the local damage effects and corresponding energy absorptions. Also numerical model, analysis of the penetration process was performed by a nonlinear explicit finite element code, LSDYNA. The results of analytical solution and numerical simulation are compared with experimental tests. Ballistic impact tests is carried out on the samples by flat-ended projectile with 8/5 gr mass and 10 mm diameter in difference velocities.

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In the context of language socialization, second/foreign language (L2) instruction is a crucial context for secondary socialization, especially when it takes place outside the learners’ culture of origin. This study explored how Iranian EFL learners socialize through the rules of EFL classes and how gender, parents, and native language affect their language socialization during the COVID-19 pandemic. We focused on two fundamental principles of language socialization (Lee & Bucholtz, 2015): agency and identity. In this ethnographic study, we collected the data by observing two classes in a WhatsApp group, interviewing the learners four times through Skype, asking them to write down their reflections about their class procedure, and writing our reflections about teachers-students interactions. We used Direct Qualitative Content Analysis method to analyze the data. To simplify data classification and interpretation, we utilized the MAXQDA-2020 software. The findings revealed two sub-categories for learners’ agency (talent and experience) and three sub-categories for learners’ identity (gender, parents, and native language). The results also showed that language socialization is bidirectional, and learners face forms of negotiating, accepting, or rejecting their agency and identity across this socialization process. The learners’ L1 and culture influence their opinion about the English language and culture. Whether this effect is negative or positive depends on proficiency level, gender, and social context. Finally, cyberspace provided a suitable context for language socialization, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. Findings showed several pedagogical implications for EFL teachers and learners.

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In this paper, the interaction between aluminum facing and honeycomb structure in the quasi-static and the impact loading has been investigated experimentally. The structural elements used in this research were aluminum plate, aluminum 5052 honeycomb structure. The quasi-static penetration tests and ballistic impact experiments were performed on aluminum plate, honeycomb structure and sandwich panel by flat ended penetrator and flat ended projectile respectively. The failure mechanisms, the ballistic limit velocities, the absorbed energies due to penetration, the damage modes and some structural responses were studied. Also, the effect of interaction between aluminum facing and honeycomb structure in the quasi-static penetration and the ballistic impact response in this honeycomb sandwich panel was discussed and commented upon. Comparing energy absorption in these structures showed that the amount of absorbed energy by the sandwich panel with honeycomb core is more than the absorbed energy by the aluminum plate and honeycomb structure in the quasi-static penetration. These results indicated, when the honeycomb structure was used as the core of sandwich panel, resulted in increasing of the stiffness and the strength of the sandwich panel. The ballistic impact results showed that the absorbed energy and the ballistic limit velocity in the sandwich panel compared with the individual components was increased. Therefor the sandwich structure can be used as a suitable energy absorber.

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In this paper, concentrated and distributed compressive loading quasi-static tests were conducted on sandwich structures with empty and foam filled honeycomb core. The sandwich structure used in this research were formed by aluminum plate and aluminum 5052 honeycomb structure. Foam used to fill the honeycomb structure was polyurethane foam with a density of 137.13 kg / m3.Concentrated loading quasi-static tests were performed by flat ended penetrator with a diameter of 10 mm and universal machine. Also distributed loading quasi-static tests were carried out by universal machine. In distributed loading, force is applied uniformly to the entire structure surface. Displacement rate was 2 mm/min for both types of loading. The purpose of this paper was to study the filler material effect on energy absorption and destruction shape of sandwich structure, as well as comparison of the two types of loading in unfilled and foam filled honeycomb core sandwich panels. The results of quasi-static tests showed that filler material has positive effects on increasing energy absorption in both concentrated and distributed loading. Polyurethane foam as filler material of honeycomb structure used in sandwich panel core increase specific absorbed energy of sandwich panel with foam filled core proportion to empty honeycomb core sandwich panel structure in concentrated and distributed loading by 6% and 29% respectively.

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In this paper, drop weight impact tests using projectiles with different nose shapes on GLARE 3 are examined experimentally. GLARE targets are made of two aluminum sheets and six composite layers by hand lay-up method. The composite layers are constructed using unidirectional E-glass fiber and cy219 resin with adding hy5161 as a hardener. The projectiles are manufactured in flat, hemispherical and conical 90̊ nose shapes and hardened. The projectiles collide to targets with initial impact energies of 40, 55 and 70 Joule. In this study, the effects of nose shape at the maximum impact force, the penetration, the energy absorption, and damage zone are examined. The results show that conical projectile in all three impact energies and hemispherical projectile at 55 and 70 Joule fully penetrate targets. Under impacts of the flat projectile, a shear plug is formed on the upper face of targets and a plastic deformation is created on the bottom face of targets in impact energies of 40 and 55 Joule. For hemispherical projectile at 40 Joule and for flat one at 70 Joule, the tensile stresses in the aluminum sheet located at the bottom face of target result in longitudinal crack. Moreover, results show that the maximum and minimum contact force and energy absorption are occurred in the projectile with flat and conical nose shapes, respectively.

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In this research, the finite element method have been utilized for investigation the progressive damage in composite laminates. Governing equations on progressive damage in three dimensional stress and strain filed have been expressed based on Hashin's onset of damage and Matzenmiller's progression of failure. The damage equations were coded to make a material model in LS-Dyna. This model could simulate various damage modes such as fiber breakage due to tension or compression, failure due to in-plane shear, crushing and delamination. High velocity impact on woven composite laminates have been analyzed using this material model subroutine. Damage pattern, ballistic limit velocity and growth of damage parameter in different failure modes have been investigated. Also, the occurrence of multi-mode damage at an element and degradation the elastic modulus of the composite material and its softening were studied. In addition, the effect of impact on damage growth at near filed and far filed of the impact zone as well as complete or partial damage of the composite laminate have been investigated. Based on outcomes, number of plies of composite laminate and its thickness have important role on manner of results. Also, for a damaged element, change of failure mode by growth of the damage parameters was observed.

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Elastomers are a group of polymeric materials that have unique properties, including time-dependent behavior and time-independent, the mechanical behavior of this material is affected by various factors. In this study, the effect of increasing the silica nanoparticles and strain rates in two quasi-static and dynamic states on the tensile behavior of HDPE / POE has been investigated. For this purpose, an elastomeric material was first created with 40% HDPE and 60% POE mixing ratio. Then with increasing Nano silica particles, 4 sample types including 3 samples 0.7%, 1% and 1.4%, and one sample of HDPE/POE was fabricated. The samples were loaded at strain rate of 0.04 1⁄s, 0.07 1⁄s , 0.1 1⁄s , 0.14 1⁄s , 0.17 1⁄s in a quasi-static tensile state. In dynamic mode, tensile load with a strain rate of 160 1⁄s and 100 1⁄s was applied to the specimens using a new fixture designed on the low velocity impact test machine (Drop weight impact test machine). In the dynamic loading, the behavior of the elastomeric material is extremely dependent on the strain rate, with increasing the strain rate the level of stress and forces in both quasi-static and dynamic loads will be increase. The increase in force levels in dynamic loading is much more than static. Also, the new designed mechanism provides access to dynamic tensile data at different strain rates in a low velocity impact machine. On the other hand, with increasing Nano silica percentage, the tensile strength of the samples is noticeably increased.

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Nowadays, using of virtual reality in surgical training is taken consideration due to safety, reproducibility, lower cost and other benefits. The various presented method for virtual surgery have attempt to make it more real and also make it online. This paper presents a new methodology for the deformation of soft tissue by drawing an analogy between cellular neural network (CNN) and elastic and viscoelastic equations. Viscoelastic model has been resulted from collection between Navier-Cauchi equations and Kelvin-Voigt model. Furthermore, a haptic system for viscoelastic modeling of soft tissue deformation is presented. The displacement created at a point by external force is released throughout the tissue via the cellular neural network. Because this method needs to cubic meshing, a new meshing algorithm is designed that executed offline. Indeed a collision detection algorithm is used to detect collision between tool and cells that executed inside the main algorithm and force feedback using the force model provided by the neural network and the haptic interface. This algorithm is implemented on a 3d liver model and executed online.

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This research aimed to explore the empowerment of trainees of agricultural schools for the development of their professional performance. It was a survey study. The statistical population was composed of all trainees studying in agricultural schools in Iran in the 2020-2021 educational year, amounting to 1,119 students, out of whom 169 trainees were sampled by simple randomization. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the closure of the schools, the questionnaires were sent and received by e-mail from the provinces of Tehran, Khuzestan, Fars, Qazvin, Mazandaran, and Semnan. Data were analyzed by the structural equation method using Smart PLS3. Based on the results, the educational content, educational process, management process, technical trainer development, and supply of space, equipment, and technology in agricultural schools have positive and significant effects on the empowerment of trainees in these schools. The standardized path coefficients revealed that the educational content directly accounted for 67.2% of the variance in the trainees’ empowerment. Also, 39.9, 31.1, 30.2, and 29.8% of the variance in the Iranian trainee’s empowerment were captured by the educational process, management process, technical trainer development, and the supply of space, equipment, and technology, respectively.