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Abstract
The insistence on using the word illegitimate relationship on behaviors such as sending photos, videos or text between men and women in cyberspace, has led to misunderstanding the behavior and the criminate or incriminate of this behavior under sec. 637 of Islamic Penal Code Act 2013, while the actus reus of such behavior is different. A correct perception of the actus reus is always a behavior that leads us to the mens rea and whether or not it is a crime. The mere use of the word illegitimate relationship to send text, video and photos between a man and a woman cannot be a reason to impose a tough religious penalty with a tougher penalty on a mere virtual behavior. This misconduct can affect other audiences as well. In fact, the actus reus of such behavior is out of sec. 637 and it is subject to sec. 14 of the Computer Crimes Act.
   This research has been formed by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, with the aim of examining the nature and material element of the virtual illicit relationship and correctly identifying its legal element so that heterogeneous behavior is not included among the examples of sec. 637; At the same time, the principles and rules of law, exemption and jurisdiction principles should not be violated.
 
Keywords: Actus Reus, Mens Rea, Illegitimate Relationship, Cyberspace.
 

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The growth of energy consumption in modern societies has confronted world with threatening changes along with the peril of depletion of fossil resources. Therefore, exploiting the methods of sustainable design has found a high status in international planning and policy making.The most energy consumptions are happening in the building industry, about 40%, and the major part of which is spent for cooling, heating and ventilation. Therefore, using suitable measures to reduce energy consumption has a great influence on energy balance of building. Solar energy for natural ventilation has been used for centuries. Air ventilation is necessary for removing or depleting pollution that can be supplied through solar chimney. Solar chimney is a simple idea to increase natural ventilation in surrounding spaces by using solar energy and chimney effect in an air gap. The driving force in solar chimney is buoyancy force. The solar energy absorbed by chimney causes heat up the air in the chimney so that the air flows upward because of the stack effect. That can be a driving force to enhance natural ventilation. Therefore, the breeze inside the space lets the fresh air enter the space through window. There are a lot of cases which show the use of solar energy for ventilation by some absorption effect in building. The commonest design of solar chimney for ventilation is in vertical form. In the present study, the effect of solar chimney on ventilation rate has been examined in four cities of Iran with different climates. The cities were Rasht (moderate and humid climate), Tabriz (cold climate), Isfahan (hot and dry climate), Bandar Abas (hot and humid climate). Due to the lack of access to the implemented samples, the computerized simulation was used as an alternative method for field studies, the results of which by Energy Plus software in four cities of different climates show that the most suitable city is Isfahan (hot and dry climate) and the maximum ventilation is obtained there. There are also other factors that impacts solar chimney efficiency. Three cities (Isfahan, Yazd, Shiraz) of hot and dry climate were investigated to define their impact of latitude on ventilation rate.

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Gel treatment is one of the most promising remedy methods to improve conformance in heterogeneous reservoirs for better sweep efficiency. In this paper, new enhanced preformed particle gels (PPGs) for conformance control at the Balal reservoir are introduced. In these PPGs, three species of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic sodium salt (AMPSNa), acrylamide (AM) and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) monomers have been used to synthesize via free radical crosslinking polymerization at room temperature using N,N-methylenebis (acrylamide) (MBA) as a cross linker. The swelling properties of the PPGs were enhanced by adding the Nano clay Montmorillonite Na+. A temperature stability agent was also used to make these special PPGs compatible with high temperature and salinity reservoir conditions. Then, PPGs were kept in Balal reservoir conditions in order to study their stability in harsh reservoir conditions. To this end, combination of 50 samples of the preformed particle gel has already been constructed by design of experiment using response surface method, and finally a new model for predicting the swelling ratio of the preformed particle gel based on the weight percentage of material and in different salinity is provided. The results of this research show that the crosslink has more influence on the swelling ratio, and PPG with the optimal formulation will able to guarantee the hard reservoir conditions (temperature 82˚C & salinity 260000ppm).

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Problem statement: In fact, urban streets as the most important part of the urban landscape structure, reflect the values ​​and socio-cultural relations of citizens and can well facilitate or influence the possibility of living in the city and social interactions. Therefore, moving towards vibrant urban spaces is even more necessary in cities, despite the dynamic and human-centered public spaces that provide the ground for the active presence of human beings in the environment. Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of humanistic urban landscape in the vitality of Tabriz city streets from the perspective of citizens.
Methods: The research is descriptive-analytical with an applied purpose. Snowball method was used to determine the sample size. SPSS software and ANP method were used to analyze the data. Results: The results obtained from the final analysis of selected research spaces based on humanistic landscape components and quality of life show that the range of Shariati to Ghonga intersection with a normal weight of 0.498 is more consistent with the extracted qualities.
Conclusion: The final results of the weights showed that the highest average goes back to the criterion of biological urban elements and the views of the streets of Tabriz affect the perception of citizens and their interpretation and reading of the environment. Also, the results obtained from the final analysis of the selected spaces of the research based on the components of humanistic perspective and quality of vitality, are more in line with the extracted qualities.
 

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In this paper we propose and simulate a new Heterostructure MESFET, Called δ-doped LDD HMESFET. To improve carrier velocity in vicinity of the source in channel of GaAs MESFET, one can replace source with AlxGa 1-x As. By increasing Al content, discontinuity of hetero-interface could be increased. Therefore, the velocity increases in the low field. However, increasing Al mole fraction in excess of some value forces the current to reduce, due to DX centers. To avoid this reduction, we suggest taking the advantage of ?-doped the source-channel hetero-interface. This increase discontinuity of hetero-interface, which is equivalent to increasing Al content. In this paper, we simulate the proposed transistor structure and compare it with the one proposed in [1], ignoring DX centers. In this comparison, we show that the average electron velocity in both transistors is identical.

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In this paper, we examine the effect of the energy difference between the L- and the -valleys in compound semiconductor materials, carrier effective mass, and the scattering processes on the electron transport characteristics in MESFETs. To do this, we use the Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate the superiority of the InGaAs MESFET, made on a semi-insulating InP substrate, over both InP and GaAs MESFETs. Furthermore, we study the effects of device structure on the electron transport characteristics. For the first time we study electron transport characteristics in the channel of a LDD InGaAs MESFET with an InP source. This structure demonstrates to have the highest average electron velocity through out its channel among the other MESFETs

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In order to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions, we are supposed to find some ways to diminish our reliance on fossil fuel .Generally, energy use in residential, commercial and public buildings account for %36 of total global final energy consumption in Iran.(Secretariat of Energy and Electricity، 44 :2013) In this regard, renewable energy resources have become vital for heating and cooling. Using solar systems is an appropriate measure towards reduction of fossil fuel consumption and mitigation of adverse environmental impacts. According to the huge potential of solar radiation in Iran, integration of heating and cooling systems in the building envelope is a necessity if the systems are to be economically feasible. The integration is possible only if the design of the passive technology is included in the early stages of the design process. Space heating is the most important building energy use in regions with cold climate and one of the passive solar technologies which is used in mentioned regions is Trombe-wall. Classic Trombe-wall is a passive solar system made up of a south-facing massive wall painted in black on the external surface, an air layer and glazing on the exterior. The wall is equipped with vents at the top and at the bottom for the air thermo-circulation in the air gap. The Trombe-wall systems function by absorbing solar rays and converting their energy. A Trombe-wall stores energy during the sunshine and supplies energy when a building’s occupants require it. It has been widely studied regarding winter behavior, but in summer the system can cause undesired heat gains and overheating phenomena, especially in well insulated buildings. Only few studies focus on their summer behavior. Overshadowing on Trombe-wall’s glazing in summer is an action recommended by several authors. “Modular building envelope panel with heating and cooling capability” is inspired from Trombe-wall in heating scenario and looking forward to improving its summer behavior by the use of evaporative cooling system. In the current study, water was used instead of conventional masonry material, according to its thermal capacity, transparency and fluidity. In summer, the water is discharged and cooling loads are reduced using evaporative cooling. This strategy results in overall building efficiency improvement. (Abolhasani, 2014:21) We attempted to design a modular system for the façade. Modularity offers many advantages and solves some parts of the problems in using conventional built in-situ solar walls. It facilities industrial mass production with high quality and ease of installation, repairing and maintenance. Fully modular products could allow components to be replaced without affecting other elements and reduces the total cost of the entire product. Modular design facilitates design standardization by identifying the component’s performance clearly and minimizing the incidental interactions between a component and the rest of the product. We assessed energy performance of proposed panel using EnergyPlus 8.1 simulation software and investigated influence of it on heating and cooling loads. In order to do that, a series of hour-by-hour simulations carried out on two different models that are made of some thermal zones. The first one is a single room with the dimensions 3m*4m*3m which its south facing side is a double glazed curtain wall. The other model is a room with proposed panel which consists of two zones – a room with the same dimension as that of the first model, named “Room zone” and a zone dimensioned 0.1m*4m*3m, named Trombe zone. These two zones must have an inlet and an outlet “node” to link them in an air loop within the simulation. Air Loop is formed by defining nodes and components. We defined different components in different seasons. We used a supply plenum exposed to sun, for winter and evaporative cooler component, for summer. For winter simulation we made use of water as collector and storage material and supposed air loop between trombe zone and room zone. For summer behavior, water is supposed to be discharged to activate evaporative cooler component in the air loop. Comparing the output of simulations showed that designed panel decreases heating and cooling loads in our assumed model. We iterated the simulation in room with proposed panel to optimize different parameters and characteristics of constitutive elements. We optimized thickness of water layer as a thermal mass. The results showed that in thicknesses under 125mm, increasing the thickness decreases heating load significantly, however over 125mm, the decreasing rate slows down. The thickness of 125mm reduces 65 percent of heating load in working hours. In order to select the best exterior glazing material, a series of simulations carried out on 6 types of glazing. The effect of glazing type was investigated using net heat gain. Low emission coating showed the best performance. Using low emission glazing instead of single glazing for a Tromb-wall system not only reduced heat losses in winter but also enhanced passive cooling in summer. Results also proved that natural ventilation cannot reduce cooling demand in cold climate condition. It can be alleviated by evaporating cooling and reduction of sensible heat and have a positive impact on summer performance. To improve energy efficiency in designed panel, a forced air circulator was used. In evaporative cooling scenario water consumption and airflow rate was optimized by simulations. The results showed the best performance in an air flow rate ranging from 0.10 up to 0.15 m3/s (equivalent to 300-200 cfm). Finally, the optimized values were used to redesign details of the panel. Proposed panel consists of polycarbonate plenum, low emission glazing on exterior side, dampers, ultrasonic evaporative cooler, movable shading, centrifugal fan and horizontal stud- in order to increase resistance of plenum against static pressure of water. Evaluation of suggested system in the sample model proved its effectiveness in reduction of annual energy demand -heating and cooling loads. The results of this research is based on the weather data of Tabriz, Iran, and the specific sample, so these values cannot be applied to the other climate regions and building conditions. Independent studies should take place for various climate conditions. Also, it would be better to do some experimental surveys to validate the results of the research.

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Horizontal development of the cities has resulted in much destruction environmentally and economically. The building’s façade acts as a barrier between exterior and interior climatic conditions. There are various methods for improving the energy performance of the building. One of these solutions is the ventilated facades. Open joint ventilated façade (OJVF) is a group of ventilated facades in which the exterior coating material (metallic, ceramic, stone or composite) is arranged in slabs separated by open joints that enable exterior air to enter and leave the cavity all along the wall. This ventilation leads to decreasing moisture and problems of condensation and ensure the health of the wall. In addition to aesthetic and constructive reasons, the main interest in open joint ventilated facades is their ability to reduce cooling thermal loads. This is achieved by the buoyancy effect induced by solar radiation inside the ventilated cavity, where the air can enter or leave freely through the joints. The OJVF is usually classified among the “light weight” or “Advanced Integrated Facades”. They are replacing the conventional facade in many new buildings and particularly in the refurbishment of old ones.
In light weight facades, the exterior light coating material is hanged over the interior wall (insulation, perforated brick or concrete, finish) by means of a metallic-frame structure or metallic bindings, leaving an air gap. The air chamber height can be the whole building height. The main difference between the OJVF and other advanced facades is that, as a rule, the ventilated air chamber is only open to the exterior at the top and at the bottom while, in the OJVF, the exterior coating is placed in an arrangement of tiles or slabs and a series of thin gaps (joints) shaped from slab to slab.
The improved thermal performance of the OJVF under radiation conditions relies on buoyancy: The slabs of the exterior coating are heated up and produce an ascending mass flow of air (by natural convection) that enters and leaves the cavity through the joints. This flow removes part of the heat loads. This phenomenon takes also place if the openings are only at the bottom and top of the facade, but the efficiency is not as high due to the reduced flow and the higher temperatures attained at the upper section of the air gap.
The main question is the effect of the open joints on the thermal performance of the façade in the various times of the year. The main objective of this work is to investigate the thermal and fluid dynamic phenomena taking place in a typical OJVF under solar radiation, and to appoint a methodology to quantify the energy savings produced by an OJVF in contrast to a conventional facade.
The determination of the linked thermal and fluid dynamic behaviour of the flow in the open joint air gap is quite a challenge, compared to the sealed cavity or even the top and bottom ventilated facades. The inlet and outlet flow through the joints all along the facade faces the analytical methods, making compulsory the use of CFD tools to obtain a detailed model. To achieve this aim, both of the open joint and the sealed facade have been simulated in the “Fluent” software.
Two series of tests have been carried out for both OJVF and sealed cavity facade. The first ones are steady state simulations directed to understand the phenomena involved, and the second ones are quasi-steady (unsteady or transient) state simulations to compare the energy performance of both systems. For the first group, two temperature conditions were selected, representing summer (T_room=24℃, T_ext = 30℃) and winter (T_room=24℃, T_ext = 8℃) weather. The (absorbed) solar radiation ranges from 0 to 800 W/m2. The radiation values above 400 W/m2 are high for summer, but not for winter, because the sun inclination is lower. The second group comprises two sets of simulations with the exterior temperature and the solar radiation varying hourly: one for a typical day of summer and another for a typical day of winter. The data used for simulations is produced by the Energyplus software.
Due to the extent of the subject, the study has been developed over a particular set of comparable geometries, and with specific climatic conditions; however, special care has been taken to avoid assumptions limiting its application.The OJVF simulated geometry comprises of four cement board tiles and five joints. Each slab is 70 cm that are separated by joints of 8 mm. The exterior coating layer is separated 0.05 m from the massive wall by the ventilated air cavity. The massive wall is composed of gypsum, a brick layer and exterior insulation with a total thickness of 21 cm. To study the heat transfer problem in the case of a conventional wall, a 3D model with the same dimensions has been created to simulate the convective loop inside the sealed air cavity. The only difference with respect to the OJVF model relies in the exterior coating which is continuous (without joints between slabs).
The CFD model developed to simulate a typical OJVF has enabled a better understanding of the ventilation effect induced by the solar radiation in the air gap of the facade. Velocity profiles, together with temperature and heat flux distributions have been compared with those obtained in a conventional sealed cavity facade.
Velocity profiles show that the air flow in the OJVF is ascending in the whole width and does not form a convective loop as in the sealed cavity facade. Moreover, the profiles show much higher velocity values in the case of OJVF. These two characteristics favour the heat removal from the cavity walls, which is one of the most claimed advantages of OJVF under radiation conditions. The air temperature in the cavity remains lower than in the conventional wall, and the heat transferred to the room is therefore lower.
The model has been also used to compare the thermal performance of both facades for the specific climatic conditions of Tehran and Yazd. The results of the simulations conclude that open-joint ventilated façade _in Tehran and Yazd city which are selected with respect to their solar radiation- can help to achieve substantial energy saving. Therefore using the OJVF in the south facade of the building in the aforementioned climates, considering their simple technology, is more suitable than conventional sealed facades.
The comparison of the energy performance of the specific OJVF and conventional façade analysed in this article shows that the open joint façade results in %20.5 energy saving for Tehran and %12 for Yazd through the south facade
At this point, it is not possible to give a definite criterion, because it is still necessary to evaluate the overall year performance of the specific OJVF geometry for each climate conditions, taking into account building costs and the price of the energy used for heating and cooling. Nevertheless, the data found in this study show that the OJVF could be a more energy efficient system than the conventional sealed facade, and help to reduce the cooling needs, mainly for south orientations in places with hot summers and mild winters.

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Tabriz has special restrictions in its physical development. From the view point of geomorphology view, the city is faced with hazards for developing, such as: earthquakes, mass movements and floods. Geomorphologic hazards of the city have been reviewed in this paper. The aim of this study is classification of stable and unstable regions of Tabriz. For attaining this aim, Geographic Information System (GIS), Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) have been used. Landsat satellites images (type TM) have been used for increasing the accuracy of needed data. Mixing all data in GIS environment generated the maps of limitations for city development and of hazardous areas of the city. Maps can be classified in two groups: a) The map of ruggedness of the city and its suburbs, b) The maps of geomorphologic hazardous areas of the city for developing such as: the map of hydrological hazards, land-cover limitations, instabilities of lithological conditions and faults distribution in the city and its suburbs. The maps are applicable in the development planning of the city. The results showed that banks of Mehraneh Roud, and also Baghmisheh and Valiasr areas are considered hazardous area in Tabriz. However, earthquakes hazards are equal in the city and suburbs because of sub-faults distributed in all area of the city.

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Runoff estimation is one of the main challenges encountered in water and watershed management. Spatial and temporal changes of factors which influence runoff due to het-erogeneity of the basins explain the complicacy of relations. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is one of the intelligence techniques which is flexible and doesn’t call for any much physically complex processes. These networks can recognize the relation between input and output. In this study ANN model was employed for runoff estimation in Plaszjan Riv-er basin in the central part of Iran. The models used are Multiple Perceptron (MLP) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). Inputs include data obtained from 5 rain gauges as well as from 2 temperature recording gauges, the output of the model being the monthly flow in Eskandari Hydrometric Station. Preprocessing of the data as well as the sensitivity analysis of the model were carried out. Different topologies of Neural Networks were cre-ated with change in input layers, nodes as well as in the hidden layer. The best architec-ture was found as 7.4.1. Recurrent Neural Network led to better results than Multilayer Perceptron Network. Also results indicated that ANN is an appropriate technique for monthly runoff estimation in the selected basin with these networks being also of the ca-pability to show basin response to rainfall events.

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This paper analyzes the stability or changes of the Persian Language Speakers' views towards Bravery, as one of the concepts of the target domain of Morality from Kövecses's (1393: 43) point of view. The main question of this study is weather the concept of Bravery has changed from 8^th to 10^th  lunar century compaired to the contemporary period. Moreover we aim to find a pattern to represent these changes. To achieve this goal, the authors studied the conceptual change or stability, through comparing the conceptual metaphors of Bravery. The results of this study show changes in some cultural components of this concept in Persian language speaker's society. It should be noted that the comparison of historical and contemporary evidences show that the general source domain of objects in both cases have been remained unchanging but the special source domains of objects have changed. The high frequency source domains of conceptualizing Bravery in Persian language are as follows: Power, Path, War, Material. The theoretical framework of the present research is the theory of conceptual metaphors proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the Trim's pattern for the conceptual networking of metaphors (2007).

The speeches of a generation are never exactly the same as their fathers or even their children. Although the speech differnces between successive generations may be insignificant and not much attention be paid to it, at intervals of several hundred years or more, the changes will be revealed. Arlotto suggests that variations can be considered as the equipments for historical linguistic discussions. Lakoff and Johnson believe that when a new metaphor is added to a language, it changes the conceptual system of the language as well as the way of understanding and the relative reactions of the people. Moreover they believe that language is constantly changing and adapting itself to the new conditions of the language community as people accept the new metaphorical concepts and lose the old ones. Their example to prove their claim is the changes in the cultures around the world due to the eminence of this metaphor: TIME IS MONEY.
Accordingly, we are going to vrify common conceptual metaphors of Bravery in Persian Language to achieve  the stability or changes of the Persian Language Speakers' views towards Bravery, as one of the concepts of the target domain of Morality from Kövecses's (1393: 43) point of view. The main question of this study is weather the concept of Bravery has changed from 8^th to 10^th  lunar century compaired to the contemporary period. Moreover we aim to find a pattern to represent these changes. To achieve this goal, the authors studied the conceptual change or stability, through comparing the conceptual metaphors of Bravery.
The main hypothesis of this research is as follows: The comparison of the metaphorical mappings of Bravery between the extracted metaphors from the historical and contemporary corpus of the Persian Linguistic Database shows that the source domain of conceptualizing Bravery has changed over time in Persian Language. In order to verify the hypothesis, the authors have used a descriptive deductive method applying the corpus based analysis method  proposed by Anatol Stefanovich.
The results of this study show changes in some cultural components of this concept in Persian language speaker's society. It should be noted that the comparison of historical and contemporary evidences show that the general source domain of objects in both cases have been remained unchanging but the special source domains of objects have changed. The high frequency source domains of conceptualizing Bravery in Persian language are as follows: Power, Path, War, Material. The theoretical framework of the present research is the theory of conceptual metaphors proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the Trim's pattern for the conceptual networking of metaphors (2007).
Verifying the conceptual metaphors of Bravery as the active and inactive mappings in time intervals and its presentation through a diachronic network of metaphorical changes can be considered as the innovation of this research

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This paper attempts to investigate the conceptualization of conceptual metaphors of Bravery in the contemporary Persian and English Prose. The main question of this study is: "How the concept of  bravery which is one of the target domain of Morality from Kovecses's point of  view (2010: 23) is constructed and understood in the minds of Persian and English speakers. To achieve this goal, the authors prepared a corpus of 400 Persian sentences containing the word of شجاعت and its synonyms and also 400 English sentences containing the word of Bravery and its synonyms from the two Bases of Persian Language database (PLDB) and contemporary British national (BNC) prose , and examined them through cognitive analysis of the extracted conceptual metaphors. A statistical study of the two figures showed that as a prototype, Persian speakers consider Bravery as an "object" and English speakers as a  "property". There are also  many common source domains shared by the two bodies: "property", "object", "physical force", "upward direction", "action", "matter" and "human behavior". Although the Persian and English languages have many common conceptual metaphors for conceptualization of Bravery, there are some differences between them including the different source domains between the two languages which are as follows: the source domain of "path" which is belonged to Persian and the source domain of "show" which is belonged to English. The  theoretical Framework of the present research is based on the conceptual metaphor theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Kovecses's (2015). 

1. Introduction
Universality and variation in metaphors of languages have become the main concern of many researchers to uncover the conceptual system of language speakers and consequently to discover the similarities and differences between the languages. lakoff and Johnson (1980, p.3) mention that the way we think, what we experience, and what we do every day is very much a matter of metaphor. The present study also attempts to investigate the conceptual metaphors of Bravery in Persian and English prose to find the similarities and the differences of the two languages.

2. Research question
The main question of this study is: "How the concept of bravery which is one of the target domain of Morality from Kovecses's point of view (2010: 23) is constructed and understood in the minds of Persian and English speakers?

3. Hypothesis
The comparison of metaphorical expressions of Bravery in Persian and English prose show some similarities in the expansion of using the specific source domains.

4. Literature Review
Kövecses (2005, P. 35) explains that "it should come as no surprise that at least some conceptual metaphors can be and are found in many languages. If some kinds of conceptual metaphors are based on embodied experience that is universal, these metaphors should occur – at least potentially – in many languages and cultures around the world".
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) discussed about the conceptual metaphor  of HAPPINESS IS UP in English. Ning Yu (1995, 1998) noticed that Chinese shares with English all the basic metaphor source domains for happiness: UP, LIGHT and FLUID IN A CONTAINER, except the metaphor HAPPINESS IS FLOWERS IN THE HEART which English does not have. According to Ning Yu (1998), the application of this metaphor reflects "the more introverted character of Chinese".  

5. Methodology
The theoretical Framework of the present research is based on the conceptual metaphor theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). Lakoff and Johnson (1980, p. 6) argue that human thought processes  are largely metaphorical and the human conceptual system is metaphorically structured and defined. Kovecses (2015, p.17) discusses the construal operations that bear directly on abstract concepts including: abstraction, schematization, attention, perspective, metonymy, metaphor, conceptual integration and Differential cognitive styles.  Kovecses (2005, p. 9) also believes that metaphor is a many-sided phenomenon that involves not only language, but also the conceptual system, as well as social–cultural structure and neural and bodily activity. This paper also attempts to investigate the conceptualization of the conceptual metaphors of Bravery in the minds of Persian and English speakers verifying contemporary prose in Persian and English. To achieve the goal, the writers prepared a corpus of 800 Persian and English sentences containing the words of Bravery and their synonyms from the two Bases: Persian Language Data Base (PLDB) and Contemporary British National (BNC). Then the writers managed to identify and extract the relevant conceptual metaphors of Bravery from the corpus. The analysis of the two sets of metaphors reveals some important information: The high frequency source domains of conceptualizing Bravery in Persian and English languages show that Persian speakers consider Bravery as an "OBJECT" and English speakers consider it as " PROPERTY ".
The common source domains of Bravery shared by the two groups are as follows: "PROPERTY", " OBJECT ", "PHYSICAL FORCE", "UPWARD DIRECTION", "ACTION", "MATTER" and "HUMAN BEHAVIOR". The findings also show some differences between conceptual metaphors which reveal the specific mapping of Bravery significantly: the source domain of "PATH" which is specific to Persian and the source domain of "SHOW" which is specific to English.
  The findings of the present study support the Embodiment theory of Lakoff (1999) and Kövecses's claim (2005) that the same bodily experiences lead to the same bodily perceptions and conceptions. Thus the universal conceptual metaphors, which arise from bodily experiences, perceptions and conceptions, will be the same all around the world. Nevertheless sometimes the different surrounding environment (culture) affects and changes these similar universal conceptual metaphors. Kovecses (2005, p. 13) proposes the two large groups of causes of metaphor variations as: differential experience and the differential application of universal cognitive processes which both can create interculturally and intraculturally different metaphors.

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In this study, the radial flow turbine of a cooling turbine is investigated numerically and then compared with the experimental results at some operation conditions. Performance characteristics of the compressor are obtained experimentally by measurements of rotor speed and flow parameters. In this investigation, the turbine performance curve is obtained and three dimensional flow field in the turbine is analyzed. The rotor and casting geometry are modeled in BLADE GEN and CATIA softwares respectively. The TURBO GRID software is used for grid generation of rotor while the ANSYS MESH software is applied for grid generation of casting. Finally, 3D numerical solution of fluid flow in the turbine is solved by CFX flow solver. In this approach, compressible flow equations are solved according to the pressure based method with SST turbulence model. To ensure the numerical results, the grid independency is studied. Finally, the performance characteristics of the turbine are obtained numerically which are then compared to the experimental results. The comparison shows good agreement between numerical and experimental results.

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Gears are one of the important sources of vibrations and noise in industrial rotating machinery and power transmission systems. In order to design and develop an optimal and quiet geared power transmission system, this paper presents the design of an active vibration control for gear-bearing system. A dynamic model of the geared system is presented, where some undesired parameters in the design such as manufacturing errors, teeth deformations, mounting errors as well as external excitations resulting from distributions of applied torque are included. An active control system is presents in order to control and attenuate the disturbance impress on the system vibrations. The idea behind the design of this control system is to reduce vibration transmissibility by the introduction of the excitation forces in the bearing. The controller is investigated and designed by using feedback control and based on the H-infinity control approach. It can be presented as an optimization problem. To solve this optimization problem, Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used, which is one of the optimization methods available among artificial intelligence. The simulation results are performed to investigate performance of the control system.

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The accurate evaluation and experimental investigation of the gear dynamic response have indicated some interesting nonlinear phenomena such as bifurcation and chaotic behavior on some system parameters. The chaotic motion is an unusual and unpredictable behavior and has been considered as an undesirable phenomenon in the nonlinear gear vibration systems. Therefore, in order to design and develop an optimal gear transmission system, it is important to control and eliminate these nonlinear phenomena. This paper presents the design of a gear system in order to control and suppress the chaos. A generalized nonlinear dynamics model of a spur gear pair including the backlash and the static transmission error is formulated. The idea behind the design of this control system is applying an additional control excitation force to the driver gear. The parameter spaces of the control excitation force are obtained analytically by using the Melnikov approach. The numerical simulations including the bifurcation diagram, the phase portrait, and the time history are used to confirm the analytical predictions and show effectiveness of the proposed control system for chaos suppression in nonlinear gear systems.

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The ratio of lift to drag coefficient in wind turbine blades is within the most important parameters affecting the power coefficient of wind turbines. Due to the performance of Magnus wind turbines in low speed air flow; such turbines are attractive for research centers. In the present work, a new geometry for the blades of Magnus wind turbines is defined. The defined geometry is based on the geometry of a Treadmill with a difference that the diameter of its leading circle is greater than that of its trailing one. In the present work, the body is supposed to a low speed air flow while a tangential velocity is applied to the airfoil surfaces and then, its effect on the lift and drag coefficient is studied by numerical method. The effect of generated tangential velocity on the surfaces is investigated for different air flow speed and attack angles and then, its results are compared with that for stationary surfaces. The results show that generating tangential velocity along the surfaces caucuses the lift and drag coefficients and, their ratio to be varied, greatly. By the tangential movement of the surfaces, the maximum ratio of lift to drag coefficient occurs in zero attack angle which is equal to 109. Moreover, maximum magnitude of lift to drag coefficient for attack angles 5, 10, and 15 degrees are 81, 64, and 57; respectively.

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         Most often, the healthcare services are represented as a contract between the physicians or medical centers and the patients; this contract is referred to "treatment contract". Therefore, the liability of physicians and medical centers are contractual liability; however, in some cases, there is no possibility for agreement, and inking a contract such as medical emergencies and the affairs is out ofthe parties` agreement like an unexpected happening during a surgery operation, so that the liability of physicians or medical centers is surveyed as tortious liability.       In addition, respect to the dominance of the "theory of negligence" in Iranian legal system, several problems meet the patients through proofing of service representatives` negligence. Thus, the patients need to know some information aboutthe physicians` negligence issues. On the other hand,the patients confusion increases while they refer to the medical centers; because they are in doubt to organize the negligence between the physicians, staff and medical centers. As a result, the illustration of medical centers` tortious liability remains no doubts when the medical center is negligent itself or is negligent because of its physicians or staff. Among this, taking to account some theories, we can solve the problem, like Respondeat Superior, Corporate Negligence, and Direct Liability, which are accepted in the Iranian legal system.Also, Vicarious Liability, Apparent Agency and Joint Liability that are known in the English legal system as the basis liability of medical center. So, this paper illustrates the tortious liability of physicians and medical centers respect to the mentioned theories and basis to support the patients’ rights, and to decrease the obstacles of the theory of negligence.     .
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: dr.sharifi.se@gmail.com.

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