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Rhetorical questions are those that, according to time and local condition, have a function, beyond rhe gaining awareness and information. In addition to having an interrogative structure, these sentences imply another meaning as the secondary meaning. But in some cases, according to a special textual context, the existence of one or more weak implicit meaning or meanings between the semantic superstructure in rhetorical questions and main implicit meaning, can be proved and caught. These weak implicit meanings can neither be ignored nor be considered as the main secondary meaning. Based upon that, the problem which is stated in this research is that, with regarding to the possibility of catching such implicit meaning(s) from rhetorical questions , what is the nature and statuse of these additional implicit questions? And assuming acceptance of their existence, whether the production of meaning in rhetorical questions is still instantly? or according to the proposed theory in this research, the production meaning approach in rhetorical questions includes some processes and levels?
The approach of this research is analytic-applied approach and case study in some poems of prominant persian poets that there is a positinal stop in the structure of these poems. The results of this research reveals that , based on the author's prediction, the production of meaning in rhetorical questions has a process approach with three levels, in which, a second meaning layer is produced between superstructure and main implicit meaning (third semantic layer), that can be named as mediator semantic layer.

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Cet article examine l'approche de la mise en œuvre des compétences de compréhension de l'écrit dans les cours de langue française en Iran. Les données étudiées dans cette recherche ont été recueillies par le biais de questionnaires, d'entretiens et d'observations en classe. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de comprendre les perspectives et les opinions des apprenants et des enseignants concernant les compétences de compréhension de l'écrit, d'examiner les approches pédagogiques utilisées et d'identifier les obstacles existants dans ce domaine. En conséquence, des suggestions spécifiques pour améliorer l'approche pédagogique de la compréhension de l'écrit sont fournies. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que les apprenants ont des compréhensions différentes de divers éléments liés à la compréhension de l'écrit, y compris la nécessité de lire rapidement pour accomplir les exercices, de passer du temps pour une compréhension approfondie des textes, etc. De plus, les réponses des enseignants soulignent l'importance de la flexibilité, de l'utilisation de ressources diversifiées et de l'implication active des apprenants. Les résultats obtenus de ces conclusions sont discutés pour l'enseignement de la langue française, mettant en évidence la nécessité de sensibiliser les apprenants et les enseignants à l'importance de la mise en œuvre de stratégies efficaces de compréhension de l'écrit.
 

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The main concern in fish transportation is minimizing stress during transportation. In this study, the effect of zeolite and clove essence in terms of transportation on survival and stress rainbow trout was investigated. 4 treatments (each treatment included 3 replicate) including control treatment, clove essence (25 mg/l), zeolite (14g/l) and clove essence (25mg/l) + (14g/l) were considered. 156 fish (with average weight 80 ± 4.4 g) were randomly distributed with a 130 kg/m3 density. At time zero, 6, 12 and 18 hours after starting transportation, survival rates, cortisol and glucose levels (as indicators of stress) were measured and analyzed. In the end, results showed a significant difference in the survival rates that control treatment had the lowest survival rates (P

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The adsorption of polymeric systems onto reservoir rock through altering the wettability of rock surface improves oil recovery and reduces the unwanted water production. . In this study, the adsorption behavior of dilute polymeric systems based on sulfonated polyacrylamide  on the glass particles surfaces (representative of sandstone reservoirs) was investigated and the effect of this phenomenon on changing their surface properties was examined. Results show that crosslinked polymeric samples have lower adsorption on glassy surface comparing with uncrosslinked sulfonated polyacrylamide solution. Furthermore, the contact angle tests results showed that crosslinked samples change the surface property of glass particle less than sulfonated polyacrylamide solution. In addition the Langmuir isotherm model fitted the isotherm data better than the Freundlich model for these dilute polymeric systems. Furthermore, study of the thermodynamic of adsorption showed that their adsorption behavior on glassy surfaces is a spontaneous and exothermic process. 

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Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and Lasioderma serricorne F. are destructive pre-harvest and post-harvest pests of many plants in the family Solanaceae, and stored foodstuffs and non-food items, respectively. In this study, some biochemical characteristics of cellulase in the larval digestive tract of these pests were studied. Endo-β-1, 4-glucanase activity was measured against the substrate carboxyl methyl cellulose. Maximum activity of the enzyme in L. decemlineata and L. serricorne occurred at pH 7.0 and pH 6.0, respectively. The enzymes from L. decemlineata and L. serricorne were maximally stable at pH 7.0 and pH 5-6, respectively. However, the enzyme extracted from L. serricorne is more stable than that of L. decemlineata. Cellulase activity was in the highest level at 50 °C in both species. EDTA and SDS reduced cellulase activity, while the Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ ions had a significant increasing effect on cellulase activity. K⁺ did not have any significant effect on the enzyme activity. The values of Km and Vmax were 0.608 % and 0.0187 µmol min^-1 mg^-1 protein in L. decemlineata, and 0.99 %, and 0.0035 µmol min^-1 mg^-1 protein in L. serricorne, respectively. Zymogram studies revealed two bands of cellulase activity in the digestive tract of both species.  

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Mnemiopsis leidyi population activities first were recorded during the coastal observations in 2001 in which its population considerably increased afterward and now sustained the southern Caspian Sea. Maximum summer-autumn M. leidyi abundance was recorded in euphotic layer in 2002 (851±85 ind.m^-3) and maximum biomass was in 2001 with 48.1±14.4 g.m^-3) while minimum were in aphotic layer. In years 2003 to 2011, M. leidyi abundance and biomass sharply declined to 1-843 ind.m^-3 and 0.07-37.7 g.m^-3, respectively. The length-frequency distribution of Mnemiopsis showed larval, juveniles and transitional stages that made up 98.6% of the total population. In the southern Caspian Sea, Acartia tonsa was the highest number of mesozooplankton species (36 species) which decreased tenfold after Mnemiopsis invasion during 2001-2010. Fecundity experiments of Mnemiopsis showed the average of 8 eggs. day^-1, with a maximum of 35 eggs.day^-1which increased with increasing body length. The main food was larger amounts of zooplankton prey such as copepodites and adult of A. tonsa. It seems the sharp decreased of Mnemiopsis abundance could be related the decreasing of ova reproduction; and food ability is the main reasons of M. leidyi sustained in the southern Caspian Sea. The objective of present study was to provide information about parameters influencingthe M. leidyi decreased after initial bloom invasion in the southern Caspian Sea.

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The wedding and its rituals have always been regarded as a matter of concern to the people of this land and humans. Wooden Horse is one of the ancient ritual plays that was performed in some parts of the central plateau, especially in Khorasan during the wedding ceremony and celebration. But Sabzevar is one of the main centers of its implementation. This ritual has a symbolic aspect. In this study, various aspects of this ritual are examined. What is the significance of the wedding ceremony and the presence of a horse in this ritual? In this analytic-descriptive study, firstly, the ways and means of holding this ritual, the method of making this doll and its components are discussed, and then, in terms of the drama of this ritual and the presence of the horse in rituals and myths, and the ritual of the wedding in the myth The remainder of this research explores its background and origin. The registration of this ritual and the fact that the ceremony is gradually forgotten and lost is a necessity for this research. This ceremony has now been revived in the Khorasan region and the village of Hossein Abad. It is hoped that in the present study, we will introduce these ritual ceremonies to the art of friends and make everyone familiar with these customs.
 
 

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Comparative literature is a kind of interdisciplinary research study and it is a branch of history of literature which considers historical and literal relations between two or among several national literatures. This study comparatively considers the objectification of female characters in Suvashun written by Simin Daneshvar and a change of heart ( la modification) by Michel Butor.
The main character of Suvashun is Zari, which is a woman of family And this dependence makes her timid and obedient and takes the subjectivity away from her. From the beginning of the story she is in fluctuation between fear and bravery until the moment when her husband is assassinated and then she decided to be brave and remove her objectification.
In Change of heart, Cecile and Henriette are the two women who suffer from the imposed objectification in the mind of the main character mr Leon Delmon and until the end of the story this objectification lasts. Leon Delmon wants his wife as a lady who manages his house affairs and his beloved as a lady to promenade with her in Rome.
The results of the present study showed that female characters of these two novels  suffer from objectification. In change of heart there is no way for them to be free from objectification while in Suvashun there exist a possibility for the female character to be free from objectification and her subjectivity is developed at the end.
 
Key words: Suvashon, Daneshvar,change of heart,Butor,obectification, subjectivity

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Knowing customer behavior patterns, clustering and assigning them is one of the most important purpose for banks. In this research, the five criteria of each customer, including Recency, Frequency, Monetary, Loan and Deferred, were extracted from the bank database during one year, and then clustered using the customer's K-Means algorithm. Then, the multi-objective model of bank service allocation was designed for each of the clusters. The purpose of the designed model was to increase customer satisfaction, reduce costs, and reduce the risk of allocating services. Given the fact that the problem does not have an optimal solution, and each client feature has a probability distribution function, simulation was used to solve it. In order to determine the neighbor optimal solution of the Simulated Anneling algorithm, neighboring solutions were used and a simulation model was implemented. The results showed a significant improvement over the current situation. In this research, we used Weka and R-Studio software for data mining and Arena for simulation for optimization. The results of this research were used to develop Business Intelligence software for customers in one of the private banks of Iran.

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The impact of geographical phenomena is plentiful on human and his life. These impacts are seen at least on attraction and distribution of human specise and kind and form of habitations and settlement sites, the movement of settlement sites, exploitation rate of natural resourses, population, and etc. In this article it is tried to verify the role of geography and especially hydrology on formation and collapse of various civilizations of Sistan and Zahak domain based on archaeologic surveys. The most important objectives of this research are the foundation of settlement history, period of abandonment of sites and all its causes in each of the regions under study. Investigation method was field and systematic surveys during which distinctive cultural samples (pottery) were compiled and then they were studied from archaeological view point. The determination of settlement patterns of the region provided the essential device for reconstructing past geographic environments in different periods (prehistoric, historic period and Islamic period), based on the findings of the project.

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Absurdity is an important concept that has been proposed in the works of many modern scholars. Albert Camus is one of the authors who has paid attention to this concept in his works and has dealt with many other concepts such as rebellion, repetition, and death. The Stranger is one of the main works of Albert Camus in which the concept of absurdity in the heart of modern life is considered. On the other hand, there is a concept called objectification that has important and fundamental differences from the concept of absurdity. In this study, the concept of absurdity and objectification is considered comparatively in Stranger by Albert Camus and Bouf-e-koor by Sadegh Hedayat. In this study, we finally conclude that although Sadegh Hedayat's novel the Bouf-e-koor is remarkably considered as an absurdist work in Iran, it can be further analyzed as a work in the state of objectification. Albert Camus' Stranger, however, can be considered a perfect example of an absurdist work. Readers and even critics often seem to misunderstand the concept of absurdity and objectification. As much as absurdity is a positive concept with active action and clear insight in dialogue with other works and thoughts, objectification is radical, negative, and lacks clear insight and interaction with other thoughts and topics.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the students' learning styles and their influence on performance in various question types of IELTS examination and also in gaining higher band scores. In order to find answers to research questions, the researcher first used Kolb's questionnaire to recognize individual learning styles of candidates which were accordingly categorized into four classes as activists, theorists, pragmatists and reflectors. According to the results of the ANOVA, in listening comprehension section only some of the mean differences between groups were statistically significant in different question types. In note completion, multiple choice, and matching question types researchers faced a statistically significant difference. The results of the comparison between performances of the four groups in the IELTS reading test revealed that the mean score of the theorist group was higher in matching tasks and multiple choice questions and reflectors out-performed the others in task completion questions while activists had better performance in yes, no, not given tasks and pragmatics were better performers of short answer questions. So, researchers were on the safe side to say that variation due to belonging to different learning style groups causes variation of performance in different question types.
 

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Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular disease and remains the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction is an important factor in the progression of atherosclerotic disease. Increased expression of cell adhesion index genes and decreased cell-binding proteins lead to abnormal endothelial function. These molecular changes are one of the most important indicators of endothelial cell dysfunction and the progression of atherosclerosis. CXCR3 is a G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor expressed by endothelial cells. The role of the receptor CXCR3 and its ligands in endothelial cells and heart disease is not yet fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the effect of CXCR3 downregulation on the expression level of adhesion (I-CAM-1, V-CAM-1), tight junction (TJP1), related to endothelial dysfunction.
In order to reduce the expression of the CXCR3 gene, the RNA-cleaving DNAzyme was used against the mRNA of the CXCR3 gene. DNAzyme was transfused into HUVEC cells by TurboFect^TM. After confirmation of decreased CXCR3 gene expression, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed and then the expression of markers was evaluated by RT-qPCR technique.
Our result was showed the expression level of I-CAM-1 and V-CAM-1 were showed significant up-regulation in transfected cells compared with control cells, while the TJP1 gene was not showed significant change. It seems that reducing the CXCR3 gene expression could induce endothelial dysfunction through the change of adhesion markers genes expression. Therefore, this receptor can be considered as a potential molecular target for a better understanding of the mechanism of atherosclerosis.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of nutritional programming on growth and hematological indices of sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) during the larval stage by partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (S). Sterlet sturgeon with initial mean weight of 0.32 ± 0.01 g were randomly distributed into twelve circular concrete tanks (260 fish per each tank) and fed four experimental diets with substitution levels of 0 (control/FM), 15% (S15), 30% (S30) and 45% (S45) of fish meal with soybean meal during three phases in three replicates. In phase 1 (programming), fish were fed four different diets for 28 days. All the groups were then fed with FM during phases 2 (intermediate) and S45 at phase 3 (challenge) for 28 days. At the end of each phase, growth indices were measured. Hematological indices including red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were assessed at the end of the challenge phase. The growth performance was not significantly different in either phases 1 or 2 (P > 0.05); however, final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and average daily growth were significantly higher in S45 than FM during phase 3 (P < 0.05). Moreover, no significant difference was indicated among the groups in hematological indices (P > 0.05). According to the obtained results, early nutritional programming could effectively enhance the adaptation of sterlet sturgeon to plant-based protein later in life.
 

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The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of students' learning styles on their performance in various question types of the listening section of IELTS examination as well as their strategy selection. To this aim, 90 Iranian IELTS candidates from IELTS courses of an English language institute in Tehran, took part in the study as the sampling method was based on availability. The participants of the study comprised of 35 males and 55 females, and they mostly aged between 20 to 27 years old. The researcher first used Kolb's questionnaire to recognize the individual learning styles of candidates, which were accordingly categorized into four classes as activists, theorists, pragmatists, and reflectors. The results obtained from the one-way ANOVA showed that the dissimilarity of the style groups causes different performance in some question types of the listening test. In the note completion, multiple choice, and matching question types, the findings indicated a statistically significant difference. Therefore, it could generally be argued that in these three types of questions in the listening comprehension module of the IELTS examination, variation in different learning styles groups causes variation of performance in different question types.  The results of the present study also reveal that the style preferences affect the individual differences in selecting the learning strategies

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Pragmatic competence is the ability to use language properly in the social context. In order to gain this competence, the learner must align his / her linguistic and social knowledge with different forms and pragmatic strategies of the language and be able to use all the components of his / her communication skills in an integrated situation. In this article, the position of developing Pragmatic competence in the field of French language teaching in Iran is investigated. The purpose of this study, in addition to defining the pragmatic competence in the field of language teaching, is to investigate the use and development of this skill by Iranian French teachers. For this purpose, a questionnaire was prepared to collect information and distributed among fifty Iranian teachers. Random sampling method was used to select the sample size. The research method is descriptive-survey and the research tool includes a questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated to be 0.90 using Cronbach's alpha test. Data analysis using sample t-test, correlation test and independent t-test shows that although the development of this skill increases with age and experience of teachers, the use of activities related to its development has little place in the French language class and this Contrary to the positive opinion of teachers to cultivate this aspect of language communication skills. Therefore, it is suggested that in future research, solutions be introduced to Iranian teachers of French so that they can adapt their teaching performance to the needs of language learners and make their language learners skilled in what is called semantic skills

1. Introduction
Language and culture are two inseparable entities. and the language makes dialogue between cultures possible. If it is possible to acquire a certain cultural competence without resorting to the language of a people, it is impossible to learn a language independently of its culture. We can, for example, familiarize ourselves with Japanese culture by studying the art and civilization of this country, without learning the Japanese language, but we cannot communicate properly in Japanese without acquiring some cultural competence in that language.
In Iran, where there is a mixed education context and a exolingual in relation to the French language, literature is a space conducive to making learners aware of the cultural dimensions and social skills of the foreign language, which are essential for a effective communication with French-speaking interlocutors.
In this article we collected information from Iranian teachers of French as a foreign language through a questionnaire to find out how well they practice the pragmatic competence of their learners. The results showed that while the time devoted to the development of the pragmatic competence of the learners increases with the age and the experience of the teachers, the implementation of the activities to develop the pragmatic competence in the classes of FLE does not is not well integrated, despite the favorable opinion of the teachers to work on this aspect of the competence to communicate linguistically. This study provides FFL teachers in Iranian institutional settings with information that would help them adapt their lesson practices to the needs of learners and thus train competent social actors at the level of pragmatic competence.
Research Question(s)

1. To what extent is the development of semantic skills of French language learners considered in Iran?
2. How can this skill be developed among Iranian language learners?

2. Literature Review
Leach (1983) divides semantics into two parts: semantics - sociological and semantics  linguistics. After Leach, many people came up with more details about these two branches; In particular, Thomas (1983) enumerates the semantic failures resulting from each of the two branches in foreign language teaching. He says language speakers should have specific rules and conventions to allow them to understand each other's purpose in communication at certain times.
In Iran, researchers in the field of language teaching have shown interest in studying this issue. Hashemian (2012) in an article examining the intercultural differences of semantic rules in performing the verbal act of rejecting the request between Persian-speakers and English-speakers and has come to the conclusion that unlike Persian speakers who were ahead of English-speakers in the use of indirect solutions , English speakers mostly use strategies that are related to direct rejection.
In order to better understand the role of semantics in the field of language teaching, which is referred to semantic skills, it is necessary to review the important theories that have been proposed over time to define semantics in order to understand the place of semantics and semantic skills in a common framework. It should be noted that this article is a description of the same principles presented in the common European framework of semantic skills.

2.1. Index pragmatic: from situation to speech
The index pragmatic studies the role of all the elements that exist in the production situation of the utterance, and it is not enough to suffice only with the linguistic meaning and structure of the sentence or utterance.

2.2. From speech to situation: pragmatic integrated with the theory of utterances (spoken verbs)
The effect or result of an action indirectly affects the situation and the situation is completely dependent on it. The third component affects speakers and forces them to perform actions (eg, movement, fear, laughter, or sadness). Thus, the action in the third component describes the consequences of the second component.

2.3. Fundamental pragmatic
This science is based on the studies of Grace, Gozder, Levinson, Sperber and Wilson. The funfamental pragmatic hypothesis is that verbal communication is often implicit and mandatory, and therefore it is only with semantic references that the coded message of a statement can be fully interpreted.

2.4. Official position: Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
 The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages enumerates the skills of "discourse", "function" and "schema creation" within the context of semantic skills. Semantic skill is the knowledge that the user / learner has in the following principles:
A. How to organize, construct and adapt messages to the situation (discourse ability);
B. How to use messages to perform communication functions (functional capability);
C. How to split messages according to interactive and hyperactive schemas (ability to create schemas)

3. Methodology
In the present study, in order to find the answer to the question of how much attention is paid to the development of semantic skills of language learners in Iran, based on the case study method, we developed a questionnaire addressed to French language teachers. The questionnaire has four sections, the first of which contains questions about gender, age, level of education and teaching experience, and the next three sections include questions about the three main components of semantic skills, respectively. SPSS software (version 23) was used to analyze the data and one-sample independent t-test and correlation test were used to analyze them. The reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed using Cronbach's test. In the questionnaire, for each question, a range of five options is considered to fit the scale of data for analysis with SPSS23.

4. Results
According to the analysis of the research findings, it seems that the development of pragmatic skills in French language classes in Iran is not focused as it should be. However, the instructors participating in this study stated that developing this skill, which is one of the components of language communication skills, is very important, and learning and nurturing it in any group of language learners with high and low language skills is very important, and the ability improves the learner in understanding and producing various speech actions. However, in practice, participants were reluctant to use methods to develop this skill. This may be the result of teachers' unfamiliarity with how to develop semantic skills. One of the findings of the research is that giving importance to the development of's cognitive skills of language learners has no significant relationship with the gender and level of education of the teacher; However, the older the teacher's teaching profession, the more he / she pays attention to the development of learners' semantic skills, and therefore a meaningful and direct relationship between these variables prevails. The results of this study indicate a gap in the development of semantic skills; Hence, it is suggested to teachers to include the development of semantic skills in their teaching and learning programs in order to improve the semantic knowledge of learners in general and their ability related to verbal actions in particular
 

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Ces dernières années, l'importance des nouvelles technologies et leur rôle dans l'avancement des programmes éducatifs sont devenus plus clairs pour tout le monde. Avec l'épidémie de Covid-19, les activités sociales, y compris le système éducatif, ont été restreintes et même fermées. Dans une telle situation, la question de l'éducation basée sur les nouvelles technologies est devenue très forte. Par conséquent, le but de cette étude était d'analyser la mise en œuvre de l'enseignement en ligne du français en Iran dans un contexte institutionnel et d'identifier les défis et les opportunités qui en résultent. La population statistique comprenait des apprenants et des enseignants de la langue française qui étudiaient et enseignaient cette langue à l’Institut des Langues d’Iran. Les instruments d’enquête utilisés dans cette recherche sont trois questionnaires à structure de réponses fermées aussi bien que l'observation des cours en ligne de français. L'analyse des données a été réalisée à l'aide du logiciel SPSS 27. Selon les résultats, la mise en place de l'enseignement en ligne du français est modérée au sein des instituts en Iran et crée de bonnes opportunités d'apprentissage pour plusieurs personnes, mais, à la fois, les barrières économiques, techniques, éducatives, stratégiques, culturelles et juridiques sont identifiées comme les obstacles les plus importantes au développement de ce type d'enseignement. En même temps, en supprimant ces obstacles, une plate-forme pour le développement de l'éducation numérique dans notre pays peut être fournie et ses avantages peuvent être maximisés.

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The theme of animal farm story by George Orwell is political- social in which, the collaboration among main characters in the path of formation a same and unique aim (independent animal society), is clear completely. This type collaboration, in the following, leads to appear a revolution and create an independent animal society in the bounds of some obligatory paradigms. But, in the following of narration, each of the characters indicates a special marked actions towards the independent animal society which challenges the expectation for integrity in life styles and also how it is approached in this story.
The aim of this research which is an analytic- comparative research, is analyzing and considering the life style in Animal Farm story, based on the Eric Landowski’s life style pattern (French social Semioticion), while determining the integrity or differences in life style discourse in this story, also explaining how it is approached, that includes some items: stationary, dynamic, repetirion oriented and processing or non-processing.
The results of this research show that according to author’s prediction, life style discourse in this story, is shown in a different form. In between, the life style of cameleon and central group and life style of ours have the most and the least frequency, respectively ands also in the most cases, the approach of life style in this story is stationary and non- processing .

1. Introduction
Animal Farm story by  George Orwell has a political- social theme in which there are relatively abundant characters. This story narrates the history of those animals in the form “fable”, which get together for a same goal and create a revolution in a farm to form a civil society with specific and obligatory principles. But each of animals , gradually indicates meaningful actions towards this created society and because of repetition of these actions, can be considered as a life style. That’s why this research aims to recognizes and analyzes how life style is shown in this story according to Landowski’s pattern which presents the pattern of four life styles.
Research Question(s)
With regard to mentioned items, this research aims to answer the following questions:

1. according to the grouping the life styles in Landowski’s pattern, what is the approach of subjet’s life style in terms of being unique or different, in Animal Farm story?
2. Is the process of formation of life style in Animal Farm story dynamic or a kind of  repetition oriented or stationary and non- processual?
3. Is subjects’ life style different in this story and  which life style do subjects select among Landowski’s life style pattern?

2. Literature Review
This research has been carried out  based on Eric Landowski’s four life styles pattern that defines four life styles: Dandy, Snob, Cameleon, bear , in relatin to a central group. With regard to searching different scientific websites, no similar research has been done in this case.
 
3. Methodology
The methodology of this research is analytic- comparative, based on Eric Landowski’s life style pattern. This research aims to study main 14 characters in Animal Farm story in terms of their life style.

4. Results
The results of this research show that according to author’s prediction, life style discourse in this story, is shown in a different form.Among them, the life style of cameleon and central group and life style of bear have the most and the least frequency, respectively and also in the most cases, the approach of life style in this story is stationary and non- processual .     

Table 1
Frequency of lifestyle(s) of subjects in their narrative and lifestyle approach 

subject	Arrangement of life styles of subjects in narrative	The approach of life styles  of subjects
Snowball	Central group	Non-processual- stationary
Napoleon	Cameleon- Dandy	Processual- dunamic
Ship	Snob	Non-processual- stationary
Boxer	Central group	Non-processual- stationary
Molli	bear- Cameleon- bear	Processual- repetition oriented
Squealer	Cameleon- Dandy	Processual- dynamic
Benjamin	Cameleon	Non-processual- stationary
Major	Central group	Non-processual- stationary
Clover	Central group	Non-processual- stationary
Farm cat	Cameleon	Non-processual- stationary
Moses	Cameleon- Dandy- Cameleon	Processual- repetition oriented
Dogs	Snob	Non-processual- stationary
Moriel	Central group	Non-processual- stationary
Other animals	Central group	Non-processual- stationary

 

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In this paper, an explicit optimal line-of-sight guidance law for second-order binomial control systems is derived in closed-loop without acceleration limit. The problem geometry is assumed in one dimension and the final time and final position are fixed. The formulation is normalized in three forms to give more insight into the design and performance analysis of the guidance law. The computational burdun of the guidance law is reasonable for now-a-day microprocessors; however curve fitting or look-up table may be used for the implementation of the second-order optimal guidance law. The performance of the second-order optimal guidance law is compared in normalized forms with zero-lag and first-order optimal guidance laws using third-, fourth-, and sixth-order binomial control systems with/without acceleration limit. Moreover, the effect of the final time, the equivalent time constant of the vehicle control system, the vehicle-to-target line-of-sight weighting factor in cost function, and acceleration limit are investigated. Normalized miss distance analysis shows that the miss distance of the second-order guidance law is smaller than the two mentioned schemes for small total flight times, especially with large maneuvering capability.

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In this paper, an explicit formulation of optimal line-of-sight strategy is derived in closed-loop for integrated guidance and control (IGC) system without consideration of fin deflection limit. The airframe dynamics is modeled by a second-order nonminimum phase transfer function, describing short period approximation. In the derivation of our optimal control problem, the actuator is assumed to be perfect and without limitation on fin deflection, whereas fin deflection limit is applied for the performance analysis of the presented optimal IGC solution. The problem geometry is assumed in one dimension and the final position and final time are fixed. The formulation is obtained in four different normalized forms to give more insight into the design and performance analysis of the optimal IGC strategy. In addition, guidance gains are obtained analytically in explicit form for steady-state solution. In overall, the performance of IGC is better than that of IGC with steady-state gains, but have more computational burden; however, it is reasonable for now-a-day microprocessors. Curve fitting or look-up table may be used instead for an implementation of optimal IGC strategy. Moreover, parametric study of nondimensional IGC parameters is carried out, such as weighing factor, dc gain, and short period frequency. Finally, the performance of the both IGC strategies is evaluated with airframe model uncertainties.