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Showing 18 results for Samimi
Volume 4, Issue 2 (Spring 2019)
Abstract
Aberrant subclavian artery is a rare anomaly among all anomalies related to aortic arch. In some cases kind of aneurysm named Kommerell diverticulum, originated from right subclavian artery and left aortic arch and the opposite, left subclavian artery association with right aortic arch [1]. Right Aortic Arch(RAA) is a rare congenital anomaly with 0.5 to 1% of normal population. Almost half of the Cases associated with left aberrant subclavian artery and in some, aneurysmal changes in the origin of the artery is inevitable [2]. RAA is categorized in three groups : 1.RAA with left aberrant Subclavian artery2.RAA in mirror type.2.RAA with isolated LSA, which RAA with ILSA is a most rare by 0.8 % prevalence [3]. Left aberrant subclavian artery (LASA) is an anatomical variant of right aortic arch which is actually dispart from the RAA as a last branch and usually pass behind esophagus to the left upper limb. However, RASA associated with LAA is more common (0.5_2% of population) the LASA originated from RAA(0.05_0.1) [4]. Kommerells diverticulum or KD, is defined as a aneurysmal form of ASA or descending aorta in proximal part [5] .KD is a rare condition usually accompany RASA more than LASA [6, 7]. Up to now, few cases has reported. Burckhard F Kommerell was the first one who introduced kommerell in 1936 [8]. Anomalies of aortic arch not necessary influence health condition in childhood and some become symptomatic in adolescence [9]. These aneurysms could be strong threatening for some circumstances like dissection, rupture, emboli to distal parts, compression to adjacent or organs [1].
Volume 7, Issue 1 (2-2000)
Abstract
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Volume 8, Issue 4 (1-2001)
Abstract
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Volume 9, Issue 3 (Summer 2021)
Abstract
Aims: Nowadays, the importance of morning reports for discussing clinical cases and making the best-informed decision for a therapeutic process is undeniable. Therefore, this study aimed to improve clinical morning reports' information adequacy by developing a structured reporting model.
Participants & Methods: This qualitative research was conducted in three phases at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of three educational hospitals in northeastern Iran in 2018. After investigating the current status of MR sessions, the content of 120 reports was included and extracted. The items were assigned subject groups for primary structuring while their validation was getting confirmation using a two-round Delphi technique involving ten specialists. Then, the structured model of clinical MRs was developed in two formats: structured paper-based form and structured electronic format. The final evaluation was conducted comparing three practices of structured paper-based, structured electronic format, and conventional formats. Excel 2010 software was used for the analysis of the results.
Findings: All studied MR samples were found unstructured in content. From 120 collected samples, 58 items were extracted and categorized into four categories. During the first Delphi round, all existing information was preserved with varying weights. Nevertheless, the participating experts also suggested six additional items to be included. In the second round, 11 items with the lowest scores were removed. Results of the comparative evaluation showed that the SPF format scored highest on the preference of use, ease of archiving and retrieval, application in future research, and ease of reporting. The SEF format scored highest on the clear understanding of patient status and readability.
Conclusion: Using a standardized structured morning report based on the preference of local experts improves the quality of morning reports in various matters, including efficiency, adequacy, and ease.
Participants & Methods: This qualitative research was conducted in three phases at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of three educational hospitals in northeastern Iran in 2018. After investigating the current status of MR sessions, the content of 120 reports was included and extracted. The items were assigned subject groups for primary structuring while their validation was getting confirmation using a two-round Delphi technique involving ten specialists. Then, the structured model of clinical MRs was developed in two formats: structured paper-based form and structured electronic format. The final evaluation was conducted comparing three practices of structured paper-based, structured electronic format, and conventional formats. Excel 2010 software was used for the analysis of the results.
Findings: All studied MR samples were found unstructured in content. From 120 collected samples, 58 items were extracted and categorized into four categories. During the first Delphi round, all existing information was preserved with varying weights. Nevertheless, the participating experts also suggested six additional items to be included. In the second round, 11 items with the lowest scores were removed. Results of the comparative evaluation showed that the SPF format scored highest on the preference of use, ease of archiving and retrieval, application in future research, and ease of reporting. The SEF format scored highest on the clear understanding of patient status and readability.
Conclusion: Using a standardized structured morning report based on the preference of local experts improves the quality of morning reports in various matters, including efficiency, adequacy, and ease.
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2010)
Abstract
Economic liberalization policy has been among the major concern of the governments during the last few decades. However, its impact on economic growth is still a controversial issue. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of trade liberalization and financial development on economic growth in Iran using annual observations over the period 1973-2007. The current study would use ARDL technique to estimate the empirical model. The findings of this paper indicate that there is a long run positive and significant relationship between trade liberalization and financial development and economic growth in Iran over the period of the study. The error correction coefficient is around 0.32 showing that the adjustment towards the long run equilibrium takes place within almost three years. The Granger causality test indicates that causality runs from trade liberalization and financial development to GDP.
Volume 10, Issue 3 (Summer 2019)
Abstract
Aims: Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems are important because simulating the physiological microenvironment and representing more similarity to “in vivo” conditions for anticancer drug screening. Taking the advantages of 3D cell culture in the cancer therapy field, we have developed the 3D in vitro anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) model for determining the cytotoxic dose of "BI-847325" chemotherapy agent in ATC cell lines with different genetic background.
Materials and Methods: C643 and SW1736 ATC cell lines were grown in alginate scaffold. Beads were incubated in medium for one week. Cells were treated with different doses (1-64μM) of BI-847325 for 24h. The cytotoxic effect of BI-847325 on 3D cultured cell lines was studied by MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The survival rate of alginate-encapsulated cells was analyzed by CFSE (5, 6-Carboxyfluorescein N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester) staining in effective doses for each of the cell lines.
Findings: Cytotoxic effect of BI-847325 anticancer drug was different for two ATC cell lines. Effective doses of BI-847325 for C643 and SW1736 cell lines were at 25μM and 43μM, respectively. CFSE staining analysis confirmed these data.
Conclusion: Overall, the results of the present study showed that the cytotoxic effect of BI-847325 chemotherapy agent was different for two ATC cell lines. The importance of this subject in regard to the 3D cell culture methods can be useful for researchers in the design of the complementary experience in order to achieve the most appropriate chemotherapy drug with the most effective dose.
Materials and Methods: C643 and SW1736 ATC cell lines were grown in alginate scaffold. Beads were incubated in medium for one week. Cells were treated with different doses (1-64μM) of BI-847325 for 24h. The cytotoxic effect of BI-847325 on 3D cultured cell lines was studied by MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The survival rate of alginate-encapsulated cells was analyzed by CFSE (5, 6-Carboxyfluorescein N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester) staining in effective doses for each of the cell lines.
Findings: Cytotoxic effect of BI-847325 anticancer drug was different for two ATC cell lines. Effective doses of BI-847325 for C643 and SW1736 cell lines were at 25μM and 43μM, respectively. CFSE staining analysis confirmed these data.
Conclusion: Overall, the results of the present study showed that the cytotoxic effect of BI-847325 chemotherapy agent was different for two ATC cell lines. The importance of this subject in regard to the 3D cell culture methods can be useful for researchers in the design of the complementary experience in order to achieve the most appropriate chemotherapy drug with the most effective dose.
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2011)
Abstract
Objective: Evaluation of the effects of different doses of antioxidant Taurine on oxidative stress and human sperm parameters following cryopreservation. Materials and Methods: The semen of 20 fertile men were divided to 5 aliquot, one part considered as a fresh after analysis of standard semen parameters (Motility, Abnormal Morphology, Viability) and Protamine deficiency, DNA damage and measurement of ROS and RNS. The other part was loaded on to a 80% and 40% Allgrad gradient and centrifuged. The pellet was washed and divided into 4 separate fractions for control (non-frozen) and cryopreservation groups in absence or presence of 0.25 and 50 mM Taurine. The frozen specimen were thawed and then examined. Sperm Motility evaluated using a CASA software. The Viability of spermatozoa was assessed by the Trypan-Blue stain method. Levels of ROS determined by spectroflorometry assay using DCFH-DA. DNA fragmentation examined by SCD test and Protamine deficiency examined by CMA3+ staining. At the end results were analyzed using ANOVA test. Result: Cryopreservation procedure increased the amount of ROS and adding 25 mM of Taurine improved post-thaw motility, progressive motility and sperm protamine deficiency. However, different doses of Taurine (25 and 50 mM) had no significant effects in total abnormalities, viability, DNA fragmentation and ROS reduction. Conclusion: Antioxidant Taurine has no significant effects on ROS production following human sperm cryopreservation. But with dose of 25mM could improve the quality of spermatozoa due to the assessment of motility and protamine deficiency.
Volume 14, Issue 2 (summer 2014 2014)
Abstract
This paper examines the short run, long run and causal relationship among economic growth, carbon emissions, energy consumption and employment ratio in Iran over the period 1977–2010. Using autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach of cointegration; the results support a long-run relationship among the variables. Also, the estimated income elasticity of carbon emissions per capita in short- and long- run are 0.03 and 0.07, respectively; and the income elasticity of employment ratio in short run and long run are 0.85 and 3.25, respectively. Regarding the causality test, our findings indicate that, there is a unidirectional causality from GDP per capita to both energy consumption and carbon emissions per capita; also, employment ratio causes economic growth in both short run and long run. The overall results show that energy conservation policies, such as rationing energy consumption and controlling carbon dioxide emissions, have not likely adverse impacts on economic growth in Iran. In addition, the paper shows that establishment of labor-intensive industries is of considerable positive impact on the long run economic growth in Iran.
Volume 15, Issue 2 (May & June 2024)
Abstract
Bilingualism affects many cognitive and emotional processes, and studies have shown emotional arousal statements influence language, specifically language selection. The present quasi-experimental research was accomplished with the aim of surveying the language selection of Turkish-Persian bilinguals at the time of processing happiness. For this purpose, using targeted sampling, we selected 20 Turkish-Persian sequential bilinguals (with an average age of 26) among university students of Tehran. Participants were first asked to fill language history, General Health, Handedness, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule questionnaires; then they responded to a computerized task designed to induce happiness and determined the meaningfulness of Turkish and Persian words and non-words. By examining the performance of the participants in the test through repeated measures analysis of variance, it was revealed that individuals significantly spent more time on determining the meaningfulness of words in happiness inducing condition comparing to the normal one. Also, regarding the comparison of two languages in both conditions separately, paired comparison results demonstrated that participants’ reaction time to Turkish words in happiness inducing condition was significantly longer (Ps<0/05). As a result, it can be proposed that Turkish-Persian bilinguals are more involved with their first language in emotional states, especially happy state, and that Turkish has more and deeper emotional associations for them, and their emotional involvement is stronger for their native language than for their second language.
1. Introduction
Language is part of human behavior and possibly one of the most complex cognitive skills. Using language is crucial for our social and cultural lives. Emotion is also a major aspect of the way we interact with the world around us. Many researchers have remarked a close bi-directional link between language and emotions, language evokes emotions and affects emotional perception, and emotions affect language processing and use. Bilingual studies also have demonstrated that thinking in different languages fundamentally affects cognitive, emotional, and psychological aspects of our lives, and it is assumed that bilingual speakers experience different levels of emotionality in their two languages. Generally speaking, at intense emotional states, either positive or negative, one of the bilinguals’ languages becomes dominant. A wide range of literature points to the fact that emotion concepts and the linguistic means by which emotions are expressed might, to a great amount, differ across languages and cultures. Thereby, building on past research which has suggested that there is stronger emotionality in first compared to second language, the main goal of the present study was to investigate Turkish-Persian bilinguals’ language selection at the time of happiness as a positive emotion.
Research Question(s)
The primary question addressed in this study can be stated as follows:
Which language is more involved at the time of processing happiness in Turlish-Persian bilinguals, first language (L1) or second language (L2)?
2. Literature Review
Emotions are different from culture to culture and from one speech community to another which may be a result of the flexible nature of emotional experiences and concepts in various linguistic contexts. Following learning a language, emotional concepts are acquired. These concepts are largely associated with emotional words and expressions that may not exist in other languages (Alqarni & Dewaele, 2020). Specifically, in the process of learning L1, emotions are essential elements of the communicative situation and play a fundamental role in establishing semantic representations through first language processing (Sianipar et al., 2015). In bilingual studies, sequential bilinguals who acquired their L2 after their L1, have commonly reported stronger emotionality in their first compared to their second language, though they are proficient in both languages and understand the emotional meaning of the L2 words thoroughly (Ferré et al., 2013; Grosjean, 2008; Harris, 2004; Aneta Pavlenko, 2006; Aneta Pavlenko, 2012; Yuan, 2009). The present study follows the notion of different emotionality experiences in bilinguals’ first and second language.
3. Methodology
Participants of this study were 20 (10 females and 10 males) Turkish-Persian sequential bilinguals. They were students of Tehran universities between the ages of 22 and 32 years, selected using targeted sampling. To examine the effects of bilingualism on processing happiness and response latencies in L1 vs. L2, a lexical decision task was designed. The stimuli consisted of 20 pictures for inducing happiness and 20 neutral pictures. To collect the targets of the task, 206 Persian neutral words were obtained from the NRC Word-Emotion Association Lexicon database, translated into Turkish by native Turkish speakers, and rated by 50 individuals from the target population based on the emotion they induced (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and no emotion at all), and the extent to which that emotion was induced (very little to very much). Finally, words with the lowest ratings of emotion inducement (such as tray, spoon, cotton, etc.) were selected. The experiment was divided into two blocks with a break between them. In each block, 20 pictures were presented three times on a random basis followed by a Turkish or Persian word or a non-word. The first block contained happiness-inducing pictures as primes and in the second block, the neutral pictures were demonstrated. Each trial started with a fixation cross of 1-second duration, followed by a picture for 500 milliseconds. Then, a Turkish or Persian word or a non-word was presented in randomized order and they judged if it was a meaningful word (either Turkish or Persian) or a non-word as quickly and accurately as possible using the right and left shift keys respectively while their reaction time was recorded. Each word was presented for a maximum duration of 3 seconds or disappeared immediately after the response. The experiment was run using DMDX version 5.1.3.4, and the entire experimental session lasted approximately 20 minutes.
4. Results
According to the analysis of GHQ-28, none of the participants had scores above 22 which approved their general health. Also, according to the results of PANAS, none of them had high ratings of any mood and their general mood did not intervene in inducing happiness in the task.
To evaluate the study hypotheses, the data was analyzed using SPSS repeated-measures ANOVA. The results demonstrated that the block effect was significant; the reaction time to the meaningfulness of words in both languages in block 1 (presenting happiness inducing pictures) was significantly more compared to block 2 (presenting neutral pictures), and it was more for those followed by Turkish words compared to the ones followed by Persian words. On the basis of these reaction times, we can deduce which language was selected, in other words, was more involved encountering the positive stimuli. In both Turkish and Persian languages, the mean reaction time to words following neutral stimuli was less than mean reaction time to words following happiness-inducing stimuli. The reason is that neutral stimuli did not cause any particular emotional state for subjects and were processed as usual everyday conditions, thus, processing them and following words was faster. However, happiness-inducing stimuli, due to the emotional content they had, captured subjects’ attention and had an influence on their reaction which resulted in more processing time and slower response.
Also, to make a comparison between two languages, the differences of reaction times to happiness-inducing and neutral stimuli in each language were obtained, and it was revealed that the degree of difference of reaction times in Turkish was more than Persian showing that participants responded faster to words in L2 than in L1. The pattern of results showed that Turkish-Persian bilinguals think deeper in Turkish which is quite obvious as they have acquired Turkish at home and in the context of family, but Persian has been learned at school as their second language. Consequently, the context of learning, home vs. school, has a crucial impact on their language and emotional processing. These findings are in similar line with many studies in this domain proposing that bilinguals’ second language is somehow emotionally distant comparing to their mother tongue.
1. Introduction
Language is part of human behavior and possibly one of the most complex cognitive skills. Using language is crucial for our social and cultural lives. Emotion is also a major aspect of the way we interact with the world around us. Many researchers have remarked a close bi-directional link between language and emotions, language evokes emotions and affects emotional perception, and emotions affect language processing and use. Bilingual studies also have demonstrated that thinking in different languages fundamentally affects cognitive, emotional, and psychological aspects of our lives, and it is assumed that bilingual speakers experience different levels of emotionality in their two languages. Generally speaking, at intense emotional states, either positive or negative, one of the bilinguals’ languages becomes dominant. A wide range of literature points to the fact that emotion concepts and the linguistic means by which emotions are expressed might, to a great amount, differ across languages and cultures. Thereby, building on past research which has suggested that there is stronger emotionality in first compared to second language, the main goal of the present study was to investigate Turkish-Persian bilinguals’ language selection at the time of happiness as a positive emotion.
Research Question(s)
The primary question addressed in this study can be stated as follows:
Which language is more involved at the time of processing happiness in Turlish-Persian bilinguals, first language (L1) or second language (L2)?
2. Literature Review
Emotions are different from culture to culture and from one speech community to another which may be a result of the flexible nature of emotional experiences and concepts in various linguistic contexts. Following learning a language, emotional concepts are acquired. These concepts are largely associated with emotional words and expressions that may not exist in other languages (Alqarni & Dewaele, 2020). Specifically, in the process of learning L1, emotions are essential elements of the communicative situation and play a fundamental role in establishing semantic representations through first language processing (Sianipar et al., 2015). In bilingual studies, sequential bilinguals who acquired their L2 after their L1, have commonly reported stronger emotionality in their first compared to their second language, though they are proficient in both languages and understand the emotional meaning of the L2 words thoroughly (Ferré et al., 2013; Grosjean, 2008; Harris, 2004; Aneta Pavlenko, 2006; Aneta Pavlenko, 2012; Yuan, 2009). The present study follows the notion of different emotionality experiences in bilinguals’ first and second language.
3. Methodology
Participants of this study were 20 (10 females and 10 males) Turkish-Persian sequential bilinguals. They were students of Tehran universities between the ages of 22 and 32 years, selected using targeted sampling. To examine the effects of bilingualism on processing happiness and response latencies in L1 vs. L2, a lexical decision task was designed. The stimuli consisted of 20 pictures for inducing happiness and 20 neutral pictures. To collect the targets of the task, 206 Persian neutral words were obtained from the NRC Word-Emotion Association Lexicon database, translated into Turkish by native Turkish speakers, and rated by 50 individuals from the target population based on the emotion they induced (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and no emotion at all), and the extent to which that emotion was induced (very little to very much). Finally, words with the lowest ratings of emotion inducement (such as tray, spoon, cotton, etc.) were selected. The experiment was divided into two blocks with a break between them. In each block, 20 pictures were presented three times on a random basis followed by a Turkish or Persian word or a non-word. The first block contained happiness-inducing pictures as primes and in the second block, the neutral pictures were demonstrated. Each trial started with a fixation cross of 1-second duration, followed by a picture for 500 milliseconds. Then, a Turkish or Persian word or a non-word was presented in randomized order and they judged if it was a meaningful word (either Turkish or Persian) or a non-word as quickly and accurately as possible using the right and left shift keys respectively while their reaction time was recorded. Each word was presented for a maximum duration of 3 seconds or disappeared immediately after the response. The experiment was run using DMDX version 5.1.3.4, and the entire experimental session lasted approximately 20 minutes.
4. Results
According to the analysis of GHQ-28, none of the participants had scores above 22 which approved their general health. Also, according to the results of PANAS, none of them had high ratings of any mood and their general mood did not intervene in inducing happiness in the task.
To evaluate the study hypotheses, the data was analyzed using SPSS repeated-measures ANOVA. The results demonstrated that the block effect was significant; the reaction time to the meaningfulness of words in both languages in block 1 (presenting happiness inducing pictures) was significantly more compared to block 2 (presenting neutral pictures), and it was more for those followed by Turkish words compared to the ones followed by Persian words. On the basis of these reaction times, we can deduce which language was selected, in other words, was more involved encountering the positive stimuli. In both Turkish and Persian languages, the mean reaction time to words following neutral stimuli was less than mean reaction time to words following happiness-inducing stimuli. The reason is that neutral stimuli did not cause any particular emotional state for subjects and were processed as usual everyday conditions, thus, processing them and following words was faster. However, happiness-inducing stimuli, due to the emotional content they had, captured subjects’ attention and had an influence on their reaction which resulted in more processing time and slower response.
Also, to make a comparison between two languages, the differences of reaction times to happiness-inducing and neutral stimuli in each language were obtained, and it was revealed that the degree of difference of reaction times in Turkish was more than Persian showing that participants responded faster to words in L2 than in L1. The pattern of results showed that Turkish-Persian bilinguals think deeper in Turkish which is quite obvious as they have acquired Turkish at home and in the context of family, but Persian has been learned at school as their second language. Consequently, the context of learning, home vs. school, has a crucial impact on their language and emotional processing. These findings are in similar line with many studies in this domain proposing that bilinguals’ second language is somehow emotionally distant comparing to their mother tongue.
Volume 15, Issue 4 (winter 2016)
Abstract
In the present study, the New Keynesian Phillips Curve is derived for Iran using an Open Economy Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model. Due to inflation persistence in Iran, a new hybrid Keynesian Phillips curve is estimated using Central Bank of Iran dataset during 1971-2011. The findings indicate that lagged inflation is more important than expected inflation in determining current period inflation. In addition, with reference to monetary shocks, the inflationary effects are greater than real effects. In other words, a monetary shock initially affects inflation more than output. Moreover, shocks on oil revenue and technology lead to increase in both output and inflation. A reduction in the nexus between monetary base and oil revenues, investment in research and development (R & D) and monetary discipline are policy recommendations of this research.
Volume 16, Issue 1 (Spring 2016 2016)
Abstract
This paper seeks to compare the model of publicsector in the economic model of I.R.I. Constitution and economies of WelfareStates. Thecomparison isbased on ideological principles and economic rules governing the public sector. We find that state role in both models properlyfollows the conventional economic literature on public sector, which focuses on naturalrole of state in the economy. Considering ideological literature and institutionalcapacity of state in both models, however, we find that I.R.I. constitution has moreinstitutional preferences compared with welfare state model. Primary source of this difference is inefficiencyof welfare state model, especially its inefficient system of economic norms (ideology) in practice which is extends far away from justice goals and wideninggaps in the economy. Normativeframework of public sector in economic model ofI.R.I. constitutionhas the capacity of securing economy from these inefficiencies. Regarding this, wepropose the state using the current fundamental capacity in the economic model of I.R.I. constitution, seeks grounding public participation towards constituted goals of the economy. As a practical approach, the state focusing on improvement and development ofeconomic culture, may achieve an efficient economic system through implementing economicjustice and revising the property movement pattern.
M.h. Ghezelayagh, M.a. Samimi, Jamal Zamani,
Volume 19, Issue 5 (May 2019)
Volume 19, Issue 5 (May 2019)
Abstract
This paper investigates a kind of KNTU1 non-diaphragm shock tube equipped with an innovative design valve within a driven tube. The shock tube is capable of generating a flat shock wave in its driven tube with a length to diameter ratio of 41/6. The KNTU1 shock tube is -type and some limitations of this kind of shock tube such as the lack of without disassembling, the inability to adjust pressure ratio at a specified interval, and the inability to automate the shock tube caused a development on an automated shock tube. In this study, an innovative mechanism to achieve high-speed opening valve with an opening time of 8ms and 10ms is proposed. The unique feature of this automatic valve, compared with existing valves, is its opening from the center to the sides, such as the camera aperture. This is the best way to open the valve and smooth the wave and compensates for a part of the opening time of the valve. Also, the alignment of the driver and the drain prevents disturbances caused by the redirection or rotation of the gas seen in most valves. These help optimize the shock tube. Another initiative in this paper is the design and construction of an optical system to measure the speed and the moment of shock wave arrival to check the shape surface of the shock wave. This system has the ability to move in driven. This paper has been compiled to compare theoretical and experimental data of shock wave.
Volume 19, Issue 75 (4-2022)
Abstract
In this study, the character of Wahab in the novel "House of the Idrisians" has been investigated based on the theory of Jeffrey Young. The character of Wahab is analyzed based on the early maladaptive schemas and it is shown how the early maladaptive schemas affect Wahhab's perception of himself and others and how control Wahhab reaction to the environmental events. This article has tried to identify the most important causes of incompatible schemas in the character of the Wahhab and to determine which incompatibility schemas are more pronounced in Wahhab character. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the research data have been investigated using content analysis and documentary method. The results showed that the most important causes of the emergence of incompatibility schemas in Wahab are carelessness and neglect of her since his birAth, thus the most important emotional need, which includes the need for security, stability, love and acceptance, has not been satisfied in him. Among the five main schematic domains divided by Young, the second aspect" autonomy and impaired functioning" is more significant in the character of Wahhab and this aspect has emerged in the character of Wahab in the form of" dependency and undeveloped self, entangled and defeated".
Volume 19, Issue 127 (September 2022)
Abstract
One of the major challenges in application of medicinal plants is to improve the extraction efficiency of bioactive materials. Therefore, the study of factors affecting the extraction of these materials is one of the important attractive subject for researchers. Lemon verbena due to the presence of high active substances in its leaves and nutritional properties has always been noticed by researchers of medicinal and aromatic plants. In this study, the effect of solvent type, extraction temperature, extraction time and solid to solvent on the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds, flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activity of plant leaves under ultrasonic waves was investigated based on designed experiments using response surface methodology (RSM). Our result showed that the extraction temperature and solid to solvent ratio are two effective extraction variables on bioactive compounds extraction of lemon verbena leaves under ultrasonic waves. Also our results showed that aqueous- alcoholic extract has a higher efficiency for extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and trapping free radicals when compared with pure water. The antibacterial properties of aqueous-alcoholic extract showed a significant difference compared to pure aqueous extract. The susceptibility of Escherichia coli to both aqueous-alcoholic extracts and aqueous extracts was higher than that of Staphylococcus aureus.
Volume 22, Issue 2 (6-2022)
Abstract
Volume 22, Issue 4 (7-2022)
Abstract
One of the main objectives of infrastructure managers is the timely and rapid operation of airports and freeways. A goal that is challenging when utilizing concrete pavements, due to their different behavior during the initial stages of implementation. This research aims to improve the mechanical characteristics of concrete pavements and increase their durability against the combined effects of the freeze-thaw cycle and surface desalination, especially during early ages. This paper examines the use of cementitious material in combination with hydrated lime, metakaolin, and zeolite to remove the hurdles to the early operability of concrete pavements. To this end, micro-structural studies have been performed using XRD and SEM analysis and comparisons in two states of water processing and exposure to freeze-thaw cycle. During which replacing cement with zeolite and metakaolin in calcareous concrete resulted in reduced porosity and homogeneous density with the formation of CSH in the concrete structure.
Accordingly, improvements in the mechanical properties and durability of concrete pavements against the combined effects of freeze-thaw cycle and surface desalination were studied and analyzed in four mixtures of Control Concrete (CC), 15% lime (CL), 15% lime, and 15% Metakaolin (CLM) and 15% lime and 15% Zeolite (CLZ). It was noted that at age of 7 days the CLM, CL, and CLZ samples showed an increase of 20%, 32%, and 48% respectively compared to the CC sample. This increase continued throughout the study. During the freeze-thaw test and after 55 cycles the CLM and CLZ samples always exhibited lower degradation and showed a weight loss of 48.7% and 75.2% less than the CC sample. In addition, as per the results of the capillary absorption test the CLM and CLZ mixtures had at lower ages had less permeability than the CC mixture and this behavior continued with better performance at older ages.
Also, the results of flexural strength indicate the positive effect of additives in all samples over time, and at 28 days, the CL, CLM, and CLZ samples increased flexural strength by 39%, 42%, and 57% respectively in comparison to the CC sample. The positive effect of hydrated lime due to its high paste property in increasing the flexural strength of mixtures containing metakaolin and zeolite is quite evident and has increased the mechanical properties at all ages of the samples, but has weakened the durability performance compared to the control sample. This issue has been addressed in composite mixtures containing lime with metakaolin or zeolite, and the results of durability tests indicate a significant improvement in both pozzolans, especially in the zeolite. It can therefore be concluded that with improving mechanical characteristics and durability of CLM and CLZ mixtures, utilizing metakaolin and zeolite in concrete containing hydrated lime is a suitable solution to eliminate the challenges of early usage in concrete pavements.
Mona Sadat Ashrafi, Mostafa Nazari, Naserodin Sepehry, Masoud Mahdizadeh Rokhi, Parsa Samimi, Matin Attarchi,
Volume 22, Issue 8 (August 2022)
Volume 22, Issue 8 (August 2022)
Abstract
The series elastic actuators make more comfort in the use of assistive exoskeletons. In this paper, an assistive controller is designed for a series-elastic-actuator-driven knee exoskeleton to restore normative mobility of individuals with weak muscles. The main target of the proposed controller is to modify the dynamics performance of the coupled human-exoskeleton system. In other words, the proposed controller modifies the relationship between the net muscle torque exerted by the human and the resulting angular motion. There are fewer sensors in the proposed intent-independent method relative to other methods. Moreover, there are less controller coefficients to regulate where these coefficients are extracted from a type zero Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy system. The performance of the controller is evaluated by simulations and experiments. The amplitude of the EMG signals decreased in a healthy person worn the SUT-KneeExo. Moreover, the proposed algorithm has a better performance in comparison with integral admittance shaping mothed and output feedback assistive controller. In other words, the amplitude of the integral admittance is more and the phase lag is less than other methods.
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