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Well-being includes phenomena such as mental health, life satisfaction, positive attitude and feeling happiness. The present study deals with the relationship between language and well-being and claims that well-being factors are expressed in the words of the language. For example, the happiness factor in a language is reflected by certain words such as happy, happiness and satisfied. The theoretical framework of the present study is ecolinguistics. The method is corpus based. The data is extracted from the research of Secretariat of Emotional Intelligence of Tehran Education in 2017. In this study, the well-being status of 1095 high school students, the first and second period, girls and boys, public and private of District One of Tehran have been evaluated. The students' responses to the question about well-being criteria are the base of the present study. The corpus consists of 1161 words with a frequency of 35,455. The content words associated with the five Well-being factors of engagement (occupation and entertainment), perseverance, optimism, connectedness and happiness were extracted in the framework of the semantic map of Jiaqi Wu et al. (2017), by using top-down method. They were analyzed using Excel and SPSS soft-wares. Some examples of the words that represent the well-being factor of happiness are: “relaxation, facilities, happy, healthy, fun, health, happiness, excellent, pleasant, relaxed, happy, satisfied, faith, satisfaction, enjoyed, happiness, joy, and fun”. The research findings show 6845 words of the corpus (about35.7%) are related to well-being, and there is a significant relationship between well-being factors and produced words

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In the current research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, the phonological and morphological changes of Persian loanwords in the process of localization, as well as the influence and impact of the Persian language on the Ottoman Turkish language, have been studied. For this purpose, by referring to all the dictionaries, the dictionary of definitions and allusions, thematic dictionaries and encyclopedias that were written during the period of the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia, the data required for this research, which were about 6000 Persian loanwords, were collected and examined. In this research, using Excel software and with the help of computer, the percentage and frequency of occurrence of common processes in the field of phonology and morphology have been determined. The results of the research show that among phonetic and phonological processes including vowel harmony, phonetic over differentiation, assimilation, metathesis, insertion, omitition, lenition, and weakening; Vowel harmony, which is one of the prominent features of Turkish as an agglutinating language, has the highest frequency. In the morphological field where the processes of composition and derivation were examined, derivation has the most frequency. Despite the different typological characteristics of the Persian and Turkish languages, the relationship between these two languages ​​has been extensive and its consequences have been remarkably one-sided, the consequence of which is the existence of many Persian words in the Ottoman Turkish language.
 

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Soil stabilization techniques have traditionally relied on cement or lime, yet there remains a significant knowledge gap regarding the mechanical behavior of soil treated with innovative materials. Addressing this gap, this study delves into the mechanical properties of soil stabilized with polyurethane (PU) foam, nano-silica, and basalt fiber. Through rigorous experimentation, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and direct shear tests were conducted on reconstituted silica and calcareous samples, each treated with various combinations of these additives. A comprehensive examination of parameters such as additive content and curing time was undertaken to elucidate their effects. The results unveiled a noteworthy enhancement in UCS and shear strength parameters (cohesion and friction angle) with the incorporation of PU foam, nano-silica, or their amalgamation with fiber. Particularly striking was the superior performance observed with the combination of PU and basalt fiber, showcasing remarkable improvements in the mechanical behavior of both silica and calcareous sand, especially when considering shorter curing times. The synergistic effects of PU and basalt fiber proved instrumental in fortifying the soil's structural integrity against environmental challenges. Furthermore, it was consistently observed that calcareous samples exhibited elevated UCS, and shear strength values compared to their silica counterparts. This discrepancy underscores the inherent differences in mechanical behavior between these two types of sand, highlighting the need for tailored stabilization approaches. Moreover, the investigation delved into the failure patterns and microstructural changes within the stabilized samples, employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for detailed analysis. This microscopic examination offered valuable insights into the efficacy of the stabilizing agents and their impact on the soil's mechanical properties. For instance, SEM imaging revealed significant bonding in fiber-reinforced samples, indicating enhanced load transfer mechanisms. Similarly, the presence of clusters of nano-silica particles adhering to sand particles showcased an improved cohesion within the stabilized soil. PU-stabilized samples, on the other hand, exhibited a cohesive layer enveloping sand particle, thereby enhancing interparticle connectivity and overall stability. The superior performance of PU over nano-silica was underscored by its ability to create a more cohesive matrix and foster stronger interparticle bonds, as evidenced by the SEM analysis. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the potential of innovative stabilization materials such as PU foam, nano-silica, and basalt fiber in bolstering the mechanical properties of soil. The findings not only offer valuable insights into the efficacy of these additives but also pave the way for the development of tailored soil stabilization techniques geared towards enhancing infrastructure resilience and sustainability.
 

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Background:Accumulative research is in progress to clarify clinical aspects of GBV-C. The possibility of interaction between HCV and GBV-C as well as its consequence on development of liver diseases is the most important clinical aspect which encourages researchers to develop a rapid and cost effective technique for simultaneous detection of both viruses. Methods: In this study, a SYBR Green real time multiplex RT-PCR technique as a new economical and sensitive method was designed and validated for simultaneous detection of HCV/GBV-C in HCV positive plasma samples. SYBR green real time RT-PCR technique optimization was performed separately for each virus. Multiplex PCR was established next. Standard sera with known concentrations of HCV RNA and dual HCV/GBV-C positive control samples along with negative control samples were used to validate the assay. Results and Conclusions:  Fifty six non cirrhotic HCV positive plasma samples [29 of genotype 3a and 27 of genotype 1a] were collected from patients before receiving treatment. 20.6% of genotype 3a and 18.7% of genotype 1a showed HCV/GBV-C co-infection. As a result, 19.6% of 56 samples had HCV/GBV-C co-infection that was compatible with other results from all over the world. SYBR Green real time multiplex RT-PCR technique can be used to detect HCV/GBV-C co-infection in plasma samples. Furthermore, with application of this method more time and cost could be saved in clinical-research settings.

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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of disability and pain intensity among two groups of governmental employees and sellers who suffering from chronic low back pain.
Material and Methods: This descriptive–analytic study was performed from Dec 2015 to Mar 2016among employed staff members of education ministry (N = 50) and 40 sellers with chronic low back pain who were selected through non-random sampling method. The research tool was Oswetry inventory to inspect the pain intensity and level of disability of the participants. Statistical descriptive/analytic method was used to analyze data through SPSS V16.
Results: Totally, 90 participants included 50 employees with an average age of 45.14 ± .85 years and 40 sellers with an average age of 45.42 ± 0.98 years took part in this study. The variables as age, weight, height were the same in the two groups (P > 0.05). There were significant difference between the two groups in terms of BMI2.01 (3.42-.59), pain: 0.55 (0.18-0.92), lifting disability: 0.77 (0.28 to 1.25), walking 1.03 (0.56 to 1.49), sleeping-0.26 (-0.51 -0.002), sexuality 2.07 (1.32 to 2.82), social life. 0.43 (-0.82 -. 03), mean total score of functional disability in performing activities 4.35 (1.93 to 6.77) which were better in the employed group rather than the other group.
Conclusion: This study showed the functional disability and related effective factors were different between employees and sellers. Therefore, categorizing individuals who suffering from back pain into homogeneous groups and investigating the effective factors of disability in each group of people are recommended.

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Abstract
Child sexual abuse is one of the social problems that has devastating effects on various aspects of children's personality. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the psychological consequences of sexual harassment in related to children. The main purpose of this study is to identify the psychological, behavioral, cognitive and emotional consequences of sexual victimization of children under 15 years of age among those referred to four social emergency centers located in Tehran province.
     In this research - which is quantitative in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method - First, different indicators were selected as the effective factors of sexual victimization and each of the selected data was entered into the statistical tables using the available sampling method and using the researcher questionnaire. Then, the relationship between the variables was measured using statistical tests and the correlations were analyzed.
     The results of the analysis of child sexual abuse cases referred to the social emergency confirm that there is a significant relationship between child sexual abuse and subsequent mental disorders. Hypothesis testing suggests that sexual abuse has psychological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional consequences for children's personality. Due to the need to identify these factors in order to prevent the occurrence of psycho-behavioral disorders afterwards and increase ways to eliminate or reduce it, early detection of child abuse, intervention, treatment and prevention of horrific complications of child abuse seems necessary.
 
Keywords: Mental Disorder, Mental Health, Mental Consequences, Sexual Victimization, Social Emergency

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Background: Sport and exercise therapy can be used for low back pain's prevention. This research was aimed to evaluate the level of functional disability, pain intensity difference between the two groups of patients with chronic low back pain.
Methods: this study was a cross-sectional-applied research conducted from December 2015 to March 2016 on the employed (N = 50) and nonemployee people (N = 40) suffering from chronic low back. Physical activity level and demographic properties in all subjects were measured by Baecke physical activity questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.
Results: Totally, two groups employees (N = 50) with an average age of 45.14 ± 0.85 years old and the non-employee (N = 40) people with an average age of 45.42 ± 0.98 years old took part in the study. No significant differences was observed between both groups on such variables as age, weight, height (P > .05). Significant difference was observed between the mean body mass indexes between two groups so that among the employed group was more than the non-employed (p < .05). Significant difference was observed about the physical activity (p < .05) and exercise (p < .05) between two mentioned groups in free time.
Conclusion: This study revealed the different groups of people who have different jobs may be different due to physical activity.

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In spite of emphasis on role of organizational resource and human resources in particular, on entrepreneurship in literature of management, has not been presented an integrated pattern for Iranian organizations that measures influence of hr subsystems on entrepreneurship. By concentration of key role of human resources on entrepreneurship, present research is seeking to consider influence of different practices of human resource management on promoting of entrepreneurship in oil industry of Iran. Research methodology includes both descriptive and correlation analysis based on structural equation modeling. Data was collected by means of questionnaire that was distributed among top and middle manager of Contracting company in oil industry. Research result Indicates that human resource subsystems including human resource Acquisition, work design, development, labor relation and compensation, have influence on organizational entrepreneurship. And only training has not any impact on entrepreneurship. Furthermore, research indicates that the most impact of human resource management on entrepreneurship is indirectly and through creating supportive environment of innovation.

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Background: Clindamycin inducible resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) isolates can cause failure in treatment with this antibiotic. Biofilm production via polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) contributes in the colonization of S. aureus, resulting in the initiation of different diseases. The aim of this study was to detect icaADBC genes among isolates of S.aureus with inducible resistance to clindamycin. Materials and Methods: A total of 209 clinical S.aureus isolates werecollected and identified by conventional phenotypic tests. Isolates with inducible resistance to clindamycin were detected by double disk diffusion test (D-Test) using clindamycin (2 μg) and erythromycin (15 μg). Oxacillin was used to detect Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the icaADBC genes. Results: The rate of clindamycin inducible resistance was 4% (n=8). All the isolates were susceptible to methicillin. Four isolates (50%) contained the whole icaADBC genes. The prevalence of icaA, icaB, icaC and icaD genes were 5 (62.5%), 4 (50%), 6 (75%) and 5 (62.5%), respectively. Conclusion: The results indicate that the prevalence of  icaADBC genes among clindamycin inducible resistant strains was low, and also these strains were susceptible to methicillin.

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Vitamin D is one of the essential metabolic and physiological processes in the human body. Generally all people need 200-600 IU daily (Koutkia, Chen & Holick 2001). Production of vitamin D in the skin depends on some factors such as age, skin pigmentation and the amount of ultraviolet B (UVB)) available. The amount of UVB radiation is affected by geographic location, season, time and level of atmospheric pollution. The highest amount of vitamin D is provided to sunlight exposure (Gartner & Greer 2003) as well as obtaining from oily fish, fortified foods and supplement. The recommended vitamin D receiving depends on age, gender and deficiency treatment (Dobnig et al 2008).
Despite excessive oral vitamin D intake cause toxicity (Koutkia, Chen & Holick 2001), excessive sunlight exposure cannot cause vitamin D toxicity because UVB converts excess vitamin D3 to biologically inert isomers (Holick 2007).
Different factors like physical inactivity, chronic acidosis, malnutrition, delayed puberty and mal-absorption effect on bone mineralized (De Schepper 1990).
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) compensate for reduced serum calcium with calcium absorption from the bones, causing bone deformities and that this action has been done through activating osteoclasts inhabit. Excessive activate osteoclasts inhabit can lead to osteoporosis and increased PTH and serum calcium or metastatic calcification (Holick 2007).
Severe vitamin D deficiency with corresponding elevations of PTH were reported in 88% of women who presented with muscle pains and weakness. Myalgia is generally the first manifestation of vitamin D deficiency(Glerup et al 2000). Vitamin D deficiency affects in all parts of the body (Gartner & Greer 2003).
The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with unspecified origin musculoskeletal pain was observed in the existed evidence (Gartner & Greer 2003). These studies represent there is significant relationship between unspecific pain and vitamin D deficiency that this relationship is independent of age group (Gartner & Greer 2003).
There is a strong relationship between vitamin D deficiency and persistent non-specific musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, the patients who suffering from unknown origin pain may be required to control their serum levels of vitamin D consequent to vitamin D therapy (Mascarenhas & Mobarhan 2004).
Studies have also shown that vitamin D therapy could improves extensive clinical complains regarding their bone pain and muscle weakness of women who referred to different clinics (Torrente de La Jara, Pecoud & Favrat 2004).

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  Background: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) varies tremendously in different parts of the world. This study reviews the percentage and molecular diagnosis of Hepatitis C in the persons from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan that visited to a particular laboratory.   Methods : The method includes the diagnostic procedure steps by Real Time PCR. A Total numbers of 1050 Persons were screened during four months i.e. January-April, 2014. The collected data was evaluated for prevalence rate, age wise prevalence, gender wise prevalence and comparison of RT-PCR and ICT. Results : Overall percentage was 64.85 which is an overestimation of a true prevalence because of the specific sampling method applied to current study. Middle age persons were more affected. The percentage was higher in male (56.9) as compared to female (43.02). The RT-PCR diagnostic test was found to be more sensitive for the detection of HCV comparative to ICT. Conclusion : It is recommended that government should establish such laboratories equipped with RT-PCR for timely and accurate detection of HCV. Moreover, awareness programs are required to decrease the burden of HCV in the Pakistani population.

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Due to increasing global pressure on the environment caused by human interventions, the studies on interaction of traditional building and their components with nature has been increased. These studies attempt to identify natural building design and determine how to use them in the climatic design of today's architectural design. Building performance simulation enables the examination of the effectiveness of innovative energy efficiency measures and control strategies. Daylighting is an effective approach to allow architectural design and construction practice to have a more flexible design of building facade, and to enhance a more energy-efficient and greener building development. Energy savings resulting from daylighting not only would mean low electric-lighting and reduced-peak electrical demands, but also it means reduced cooling loads and the potential for smaller heating, ventilating and air-conditioning. The absorbed solar radiation acts to raise the surface temperatures and consequently the temperature of the adjacent air layers. This has a significant effect on the generated thermal conditions, which is, in turn, reflected on the thermal behavior of the surrounding habitable spaces. In tropical areas, especially in warm humid areas, the need for shade and air ventilation are most important factors used for the provision of thermal comfort. In climatical and morphological studies of dezful historical context, great appliance of shade and ventilation can be seen. Among the hundreds of ways to do this, one of them is using khavoon (brick work) that creates shadow on the inner and outer walls and increase visual richness of the environment. This paper attempts to understand patterns of the brick khavoon in the way they were used; and to evaluate their shadows. These patterns became 3D using schetchup software and their shadow have been prepared at different hours of day and different directions. The amount of shadow has been calculated and analyzed by the image processing, IMAGEJ software. It seems that such patterns, in different orientation, increase amount of shadow (2.5 - 4.5 times). Given the size of the hourly solar radiation on the walls in each direction, the best direction of using this patterns can be identified.

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In recent years, with the advancement of nanoscience, many scientists have used nano materials to solve existing problems in various sectors of oil industry. Nanofluids made with these materials can facilitate the separation of oil and gas in a reservoir and increase oil recovery factor compared to current methods. Therefore, in this work, the effect of clay nanoparticles on oil recovery factor was investigated. For this purpose, two different base fluids, water and ethanol, were used to disperse the nanoparticles. The effect of adding clay nanoparticles on viscosity changes and interfacial surface tension was determined. Also, in order to investigate the effect of nanoparticle concentration in the base fluid on the ultimate oil recovery factor, nanofluids with 3 and 5 wt% were prepared. Results show that oil recovery factor increases significantly in these conditions by adding them into the base fluid, though nanofluids included clay nanoparticles have less stability. Also, the effect of these nanoparticles dispersed in water is greater than in ethanol. For example, at 5 wt%, oil recovery factor for water based nanofluid was 49.7% and for ethanol based nanofluid was 46%.

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The attitude or behavior, which is not based on logical actions- and cause and effect relations, has irrational origins;  it happens due to a person's fear, threat, habits, and the unknown factors which he she believes to prevent the unbecoming events, called “superstition”. An increase in the literacy level and the popular culture in the society leads to a decrease in superstitious beliefs. It must be acknowledged that even modern people cannot reject superstitions, or get rid of them actually. This study has examined the causes of these prevalent beliefs and the way people apply them, via content analysis. Although the prevalence of superstition origins is established on irrational bases, people have applied them to gain benefit by impelling and propagating the folklore, preventing harm by inhibition, alleviation, turning the evil (scapegoat), and empathy.

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Background: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is an essential nutrient in the body. It is present in both D2 and D3. Vitamin D deficiency as a major public health problem is known over the world. Considering the importance of vitamin D in the body, especially in middle-aged women.
Methods and Materials: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in 240 middle-aged women (40-60 years old) in late April 2017 in Karaj. Sampling was done randomly from Blood tests were performed among the patients.
Results: The results showed that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 95-90%, and the incidence was more pronounced between the ages of 30 and 30 years. The mean serum level of vitamin D showed a positive significant difference in different decades of age (P < 0.0001). The relationship between mean serum level with the type of house was not significant (P = 0.142), but there was negative and significant (P < 0.001) relationship with the house direction. The relationship of mean serum level with the number of pregnancies and the number of children was not significant (P = 0.159). The correlation of the mean serum level of vitamin D with Body Mass Index (BMI) was not significant (P = 0.567).
Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in studied population, especially among youth comparing to elderly participants. Due to this research, enrichment and fortified dairy and some food with vitamin D is recommended.

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Analysis of the spatial and temporal trends of precipitation and temperature are pertinent for future development and sustainable management of water resources in a given region. In this paper, we present a study concerning the climatic behavior of two principal observables Variables, viz. monthly temperature (maximum and minimum) and mean precipitations obtained from the measurements carried out in 60 Iranian meteorological stations for 40 years from 1969 to 2008. The Mann-Kendall test was used to detect the significant trends.Results showed that during summer and autumn, the precipitation had a negative trend (at 5% significant level) in the south-eastern parts of Iran and this trend is less during spring, but no special trend was observed in winter. The minimum and the maximum temperatures did not have any particular trend in winter. Spring was accompanied by an increase in positive trend in the maximum temperatures in the south-west and north-east, while the minimum temperature only limited in the south-west parts. Positive and negative trends of the minimum temperature were very dispersed during the summer. The maximum temperatures had a negative trend in the north-west and no positive trend was observed at 5% significant level. During autumn, the temperatures indices had positive and negative trends with a wide range of dispersion.

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To identify arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) associated with Crataegus pontica C. Koch, 54 soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of this plant in Ilam Province, western Iran. Isolation of mycorrhizal spores was conducted by wet sieving followed by centrifuge. AMF were identified based on morphological characteristics of spores. In this study, 13 species of AMF belonging to five genera (i.e. Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Glomus, Funneliformis and Claroideo glomus) were identified. The result showed that Acaulospora was the most dominant (30.77%) isolated from the rhizosphere of C. pontica. The Glomus caesaris andClaroideoglomus etunicatum had the highest (17%) and G. pansihalos had the lowest (3.7%) frequency in this study. Results indicated that AMF spores had high variation in the rhizosphere of C. pontica.

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Aim: Recently, prevention of osteoporosis has become the goal of many health professionals. Behavior change is one of the most powerful strategies for osteoporosis prevention. This study aimed to determine calcium intake in order to identify osteoporosis preventive behavior in women aged 30-50 years in Khorramabad city, Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 269 women aged 30-50 years who were selected from all the health centers of Khorramabad city according to the inclusion criteria of the study and by cluster and systematic sampling. The tools for data collection were valid and reliable questionnaires of demographic information, stages of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and calcium intake. Chi-square test and logistic regression were applied to analyze the data. Findings: The mean age of the subjects was 38.72±7.003, and the mean total calcium weekly intake was 3191.03±3869.24. The results also showed that self-efficacy among the constructs of the Trans-theoretical Model (TTM) was a significant predictive of dietary calcium intake for the behavior. Conclusion: The results showed that the weekly intake calcium in women was low. Self-efficacy among the constructs of the TTM was the only significant predictive for osteoporosis prevention behavior. Therefore, the findings of this study can be considered when designing educational interventions for prevention of osteoporosis by health authorities.

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Background: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and is essential nutrient for metabolic and physiological processes in the human body. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of educational program regarding vitamin D deficiency preventive behaviors and vitamin D supplement amongmiddle-aged women living in Karaj, Iran.
Methods and Materials: Two hundred forty middle-aged women (30-60 years old) with vitamin D deficiency were randomly selected from referrers to comprehensive health centers after blood test. The selected individuals were randomly divided into three equal interventional groups of preventive behaviors education, supplemental consumption, combination of preventive behavior education and supplemental vitamin D consumption, and one control group with sample size of 60 individuals in each group. Six months after intervention, the level of vitamin D in serum of all subjects was measured and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was used to determine the subjects' general health.
Results: The results showed that the group which were educated to improve preventive behaviors and also were prescribed supplemental vitamin D was significantly better than the other groups regarding vitamin D deficiency improvement and general health score (P < 0.05). Combination of complementary and education was more effective than the other methods and significantly improved the general health (PV < 0.0001)
Conclusion: This study showed the simultaneous supplementary prescription and preventive behavior education was the most effective to prevent vitamin D deficiency.