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Problem: Factors such as the change in the emotional connection of humans with the urban space, events and places, have led to the reduction of place attachment and the aggravation of its consequences in Tehran. 
Target: In this research, analysis of key criteria affecting the use of color palettes as an important factor in the identification and improvement of the spatial attachment of urban spaces in Tehran has been considered.
 authors try to redefine the importance and significance of the urban public arts event in urban spaces, identify the feasibility of performing street music in social environments. The green corridor of Shahrchai and the Khayyam Jonubi sidewalk of Urmia city have been studied.
Method: Interpretive Phenomenological Approach (IPA) is used as a qualitative approach, which aims to provide detailed reviews of the personal life experience of the color perception of the city, and the key criteria affecting the use of the palette. Color schemes are presented in spatial correlation in the framework of causal layered analysis (CLA). Due to the limitation of available samples, a targeted non-random sample was used to identify eleven people with conditions to identify and analyze the approaches and criteria.
Result: The findings of the research showed that the criteria of color preferences, spatial context, citizens' participation, mental image, color perception in the decision-making and urban management system are among the most important criteria affecting the subject of the research. The importance of using color in promoting attachment is influenced by the environmental context, which can lead to the observance of principles such as the presence of citizens in the context of participation. In order to improve the situation of spatial attachment in connection with the color palettes of Tehran metropolis, strategies have been presented in the fields of urban management and design, citizens' participation, and creativity and innovation.

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Backgrounds: Metallo-β-Lactamase (MBL) enzymes-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections and are very difficult to treat, leading to high mortality rate. Therefore, control of these cases is very important, especially in burns. This study aimed to systematically review published data on MBL genes prevalence among P. aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients.
Materials & Methods: ISI Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched using appropriate key terms as follows: P. aeruginosa, metallo-β-lactamase, burn patients, imipenem resistant, and Iran. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods according to the CLSI guidelines. The MBL producers was evaluated by the combination disk diffusion test (CDDT), and detection of genes such as blaIMP, blaVIM, blaSPM and blaNDM was performed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this review statistical analyses were performed using STATA statistical software Ver.13.
Results: Out of 410 retrieved articles, 18 articles were eligible to be included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. These studies were carried out in Tehran, Shiraz, Yazd, Zahedan, and other locations. Pooled estimation of all P. aeruginosa strains included in 18 studies showed that the prevalence of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa strains in Iranian population was about 49% (95% CI: 33-65). The present study findings also revealed that in Iranian population, the most prevalent MBL genes were blaIMP with 17% (95% CI) and blaVIM with 13% (95% CI), respectively.
Conclusion: Detection of these bacterial resistance genes should be performed nationally, and strict control measures should be put on the agenda to reduce the incidence of these cases.

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Backgrounds: A common problem among diabetic patients is foot ulcers and infections, impacting up to 15% of diabetic patients over their lifetime. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of bacterial agents and their antimicrobial resistance pattern in patients with diabetic foot infection in Namazi and Shahid Faghihi hospitals in Shiraz.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Namazi and Shahid Faghihi hospitals in Shiraz. The collected samples were transferred to the laboratory for culture and biochemical tests. After accurate identification of bacterial agents, antibiotic susceptibility of all isolated bacteria was evaluated by disk diffusion method based on CLSI guidelines. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (Version 19).
Findings: In this study, 166 patients with diabetic foot ulcers were evaluated. The mean age of patients was 55.8± 13.2 years, and 109 (66.4%) cases were male. Also, 62% of patients had an underlying disease, while most of them had hypertension (27%). The most prevalent isolated bacterium was Staphylococcus epidermidis. The most effective antibiotics against isolated Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were vancomycin and amikacin, respectively.
Conclusion: In this study, it was concluded that the frequency of Gram-negative bacteria in diabetic foot ulcer infections was higher than that of Gram-positive bacteria.

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Here we showed that aqueous extract of alligator plant, Bryophyllum daigremontianum L., is able to inhibit systemic and local infection of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV: family Virgaviridae) in broad bean, Vicia faba L., nettle-leaved goosefoot, Chenopodium murale L., and tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum var. Turkish, N. tabacum var. Xanthi and N. glutinosa L., hosts. Antiviral activity of the extract was retained for a period of 8 days on treated broad bean and tobacco leaves. This activity was negatively correlated with the extract concentration, and it was completely lost by washing the treated leaves of tobacco plants 2 h post application, and was ineffective when applied 24 h post inoculation. No inhibitory effect was found against agro-inoculated strain of Beet curly top virus (BCTV: family Geminiviridae) on sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris L., seedlings. To determine the antiviral agent, Bryophyllum bulk protein designated BBP was isolated from the extract. BBP exhibited RNase activity against total RNA of TMV-infected tobacco tissues and genomic RNA of TMV while it failed to degrade genomic DNA of BCTV. Additionally, BBP completely inhibited TMV on N. glutinosa leaves at concentration of 40 μg/ml. These results suggest that a ribonuclease is mainly responsible for antiviral activity of alligator plant extract. To our knowledge, this is the first report on inhibitory effect of alligator plant extract on a plant virus. This plant species can be considered as a promising source for antiviral proteins in order to develop plant-derived compounds for effective control of plant mosaic diseases caused by TMV.

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Teachers perform a substantial role in students’ learning (Tikly& Barret, 2013). Their relationship with students coupled with the range of emotional factors at play in their behavior can stimulate the development of students’ affective learning (Woolfolk Hoy & Weinstein, 2006). Their status as a prominent figure in the classroom lowers once the students perceive a sense of injustice. Hence, it is well worth looking at instances of injustice in teachers’ behaviors toward students. Regarding the leading role of fairness in teachers’ behaviors toward students and the effect of their fair treatment on students’ learning, the present study aims to qualitatively scrutinize TPP, a unique example of unfairness in educational contexts (Babad, 2009), in the context of higher education in Iran.
To this end, thirty graduate and undergraduate students of both genders were interviewed. They were all majoring in English Translation, English Literature, and English Language Teachingat different universities and institutes of higher education in Mashhad, Tehran, Shiraz, and Ahvaz (e.g., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Alzahra, Shiraz, Shahid Chamran, Imam Reza, and Tabarn Universities). They answered five questions which were related to their feelings about a pet and an instructor who has a pet, the characteristics of a pet, the terms they use to call a pet, and the reasons for which a teacher-pet relationship ends. Then, the collected data were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.
The results showed that the students had negative feelings towards the instructor and his/her pet, and their negative feelings triggered negative and hostile reactions against the instructor and his/her pet. It was also revealed that they tended to use offensive terms to call pets. Moreover, they mostly described pets negatively, and most of them believed that pets are incompetent students who become pets to compensate for their insufficient knowledge of the field of study. The participants also asserted that the teacher-pet relationship can be broken off if both the instructor and his/her pet cannot take advantage of each other. Finally, the reasons underlying the findings were discussed.
 

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Vacuolar H⁺-translocation pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) and Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter (V-Na⁺/H⁺) are important transporters in plant cells and have essential roles against abiotic stresses. In this study, the effects of salt stress were surveyed on the transcription of V-PPase pump and Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter genes at early times of NaCl treatment in roots of halophytic grass Leptochloa fusca through the Real Time PCR. The first results showed that L. fusca has high ability for accumulating Na⁺ under saline conditions. Real-Time PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression level of V-PPase and V-Na⁺/H⁺ increased in response to different levels of NaCl treatment, but the transcriptional increase of V-Na⁺/H⁺ gene was higher than that of the V-PPase gene, indicating that V-Na⁺/H⁺ had a crucial role in salt tolerance in this plant. These results indicated that coordinate up-regulations of V-PPase expression and Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter expression were correlated with Na⁺ sequestering into vacuoles of L. fusca. It was also shown that increase e in the expression level of V-Na⁺/H⁺ and V-PPase was correlated with the accumulation of sodium in roots, suggesting a physiological role for these antiporters and pump in Na⁺ compartmentation during adaptation to high salinity.

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In this paper, free convection heat transfer of Al2O3/water nanofluid within an enclosed cavity is studied by adopting the Lattice Boltzmann Model. The left and right side walls of the cavity have a complex-wavy surface and the left wall is heated by a sinusoidal temperature distribution higher than the right cold wall. The top and the bottom horizontal walls are smooth and insulated against heat and mass. In this study, the variation of density is slight thus by using the Boussinesq approximation would be influencing the Hydrodynamics field of the thermal field. The density and energy distribution are both solved by D2Q9 model. The influence of pertinent parameters such as solid volume fraction of nanoparticles, Rayleigh numbers, complex-wavy-wall geometry parameters, phase deviation and amplitude of the sinusoidal temperature function on flow and heat transfer fields are investigated. Results show for Rayleigh numbers in the range of Ra=103 -105, with increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles, Nusselt number increases. In addition, it is shown that for a fixed Rayleigh number, the heat transfer performance depends on tuning the wavy-surface geometry parameters. The greatest effects of nanoparticles are observed for different values of the phase deviation with increasing of Rayleigh number. This study can, provide a useful insight for enhancing the convection heat transfer performance within enclosed cavities with complex-wavy-wall surfaces and sinusoidal temperature distribution.

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As regards to daily developments in technology, applications of carbon nano tubes (CNTs) in manufacturing of many devices and equipment are widely promoted. Many sensors, nanomachines, and enhancement of oil, petrochemical and aerospace technologies are some of CNTs applications. With regard to importance and a wide range of these applications, recognition and investigation of CNTs behavior is extremely significant. CNTs have a little curvature naturally, hence they are predominantly subjected to different transverse loads. In this research, based on nonlocal elasticity theory, possibility of snap_through and bifurcation behaviors of arch shaped CNTs due to sinusoidal load distribution and on elastic foundation, are investigated and corresponding graphs are plotted. To obtain buckling critical loads, essential stability equations are derived. Finally the results of classic theory are compared with the results of nonlocal theory and it is indicated that the dimensionless scale parameter(λ), has a key effect on possibility of happening of the buckling and its type. According to the results and plotted graphs, in most cases, increase in dimensionless scale parameter(λ) has leaded to increase the possibility of bifurcation phenomena and some other cases, helped to transition from snap_through to bifurcation, meaning that the possibility of happening of the snap_through phenomena has been declined.

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In the present paper, natural convection heat transfer of CuO-water nanofluid subjected to a uniform magnetic field within an enclosed cavity considering of Brownian motion is studied by adopting the lattice Boltzmann Model. The left wavy wall is heated sinusoidal, while the right flat wall is maintained at the constant temperature of Tc. The top and the bottom horizontal walls are smooth and insulated against heat and mass. The variation of density is slight thus hydrodynamics and thermal fields equation are coupled using the Boussinesq approximation. The density and energy distribution are both solved by D2Q9 model. In this paper, the influence of pertinent parameters such as solid volume fraction of nanoparticles, Rayleigh number, Hartmann number and wavy-wall geometry parameters on flow and heat transfer fields are investigated. Results show that the heat transfer increases with the increment of Rayleigh number and nanoparticles volume fraction, but it decreases by the increment of the Hartmann number. The enhancement of magnetic field augments or plummets the effect produced by the presence of nanoparticles at different Rayleigh numbers. In addition, it is shown that for a fixed Rayleigh number and Hartmann number, the heat transfer performance depends on tuning the wavy-surface geometry parameters. The greatest effect of nanoparticles is observed by considering the role of Brownian motion. This study can, provide useful insight for enhancing the convection heat transfer performance within enclosed cavities with wavy-wall surfaces and sinusoidal temperature distribution under influence of magnetic field.

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In the present paper, heat transfer and entropy generation in Rayleigh-Bَenard convection of nanofluids subjected to a magnetic field within an enclosed cavity is studied by adopting the lattice Boltzmann Model. The left and the right walls are smooth and insulated against heat and mass. The bottom wavy wall is heated, while the top flat wall is maintained at the cold temperature. The variation of density is slight thus; hydrodynamics and thermal fields equations are coupled using the Boussinesq approximation. The density and energy distribution are both solved by D2Q9 model. The study have been carried out for Rayleigh number 103, 104 and 105, Hartmann number 0, 30, 60 and 90 and volume fractions of 0 up to 0.04 for Cu, CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles in base pure water fluid. Results show that the Nusselt number and entropy generation increase with the increment of Rayleigh number and nanoparticles volume fraction, but those decrease by the increment of the Hartmann number. The enhancement of magnetic field augments or plummets the effect produced by the presence of nanoparticles on heat transfer and entropy generation at different Rayleigh numbers. In addition, it is shown the greatest effect of nanoparticles on heat transfer and entropy generation is observed by addition of Cu nanoparticles and the least is function of Ra number. This study can, provide useful insight for enhancing the convection heat transfer performance by considering of energy losses within enclosed cavities with Rayleigh–Bَenard convection nanofluid under influence of magnetic field.

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In this paper, the effect of nozzle divergent section geometry on fluid flow and heat transfer within the convergent-divergent nozzle numerically and experimentally is investigated. Axisymmetric supersonic flow simulation for the converging-diverging nozzle is conducted. The flow field is a steady turbulent two-dimensional flow. The working fluid is a combustion product and is considered as a compressible ideal gas. The flow field is simulated using the commercial code FLUENT. The equations are discretized implicitly with the second order of accuracy. In this study, two convergent-divergent nozzles have been analyzed that the divergent part of one is a cone-shaped and the other is bell-shaped. The calculated parameters in the simulation have been compared with the experimental results. Based on the simulation results and the values obtained in the experimental test, the error is less than 4% that is acceptable and appropriate. According to the results, flow simulation accuracy is appropriate.
 

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Usually, the produced leachate at landfills contains several types of heavy metal contaminants. These heavy metal contaminants have been applied to the soil liner of landfills in combination with each other or sequentially. Accordingly, heavy metals are in competition with each other for sorption and retention by soil liner of landfills. In general, clayey soils, such as bentonite that is commonly used to prevent contaminant transportation in landfills, have different sorption preferential, which is called selectivity. On the other hand, there is a probability of changing the pH of soil liners of landfills by acidic conditions of leachates. This change in pH, affects the retention mechanisms of heavy metals by clay soils due to the change in physical and geo-environmental properties of the soil. In spite of several researches which have been conducted on interaction mechanism of bentonite and heavy metals, there is a lack of study on selectivity of heavy metals and bentonite in single and composite systems. The main objective of this research is to study and to compare the effect of initial pH of bentonite on its selectivity order in single species and composite species of heavy metals. To achieve this objective, the pH of the bentonite samples was changed and was stabilized, at different pHs by addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid to the bentonite suspension. Then, the interaction of these bentonite samples, which had different initial pHs, with lead and zinc in single and composite systems has been studied. This interaction has been investigated from theoretical and experimental point of view. The research results show that, the selectivity of heavy metals by bentonite samples with acidic pH of 2 and 4 in single and composite systems are relatively similar. However, the selectivity percent by natural bentonite (pH:10.5) in composite system relative to the single system was increased. Furthermore, the quantity of retention of lead and zinc in bentonite sample with initial pH of 2 in comparison with retention capability of natural bentonite (initial pH of 10.5) has decreased 60 and 70 percent, respectively. The noticeable reduction in heavy metal retention by acidic bentonite provides a major challenge in acceptance of bentonite as an appropriate material for contaminant adsorption. As the pH of bentonite decreases to acidic conditions, the impact of selectivity adsorption of bentonite at the presence of lead and zinc ions decreases which means a better correspondence with double layer theory. Furthermore, the pattern of lead and zinc retention by bentonite samples with initial pH of 4 and 10.5 in conjunction with the peak intensity variations of montmorillonite in bentonite XRD pattern in those initial pHs show that the largest retention capability of bentonite for zinc retention occurs at 100 cmol/kg-soil. However, the largest retention capability of bentonite for lead retention occurs at 200 cmol/kg-soil. Finally, based on the results of this research, from microstructural point of view the lead ions due to the more interaction with clay double layer have more influence upon microstructural properties of montmorillonite. Such an interaction may affect the extent of contaminant transport in soil.

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One of the most fundamental economic issues for holding companies is capital allocation. Typically, investors in selecting investment alternatives follow conflicting preferences and goals simultaneously. Therefore, developing a model based on available information can help decision makers to identify the most important competitive factors and focus their attention on the improvement of performance. However, several techniques have been introduced to determine the most important components. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a branch of multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods, is a powerful tool for ranking a set of elements. Nevertheless, the AHP is disable to take into account the uncertainty involved in the process of decision making. On the other hand, intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFS) are capable of handling the vagueness and ambiguity by using the scale of the pairwise comparisons represented by the IFS. The IFS-AHP (a combination of the IFS and AHP method) can lead to more precise description of the problem under consideration since the IFS is robust in describing complexity and uncertainty. Therefore, the IFS-AHP technique has much more advantages in comparison with the conventional AHP or fuzzy AHP. To demonstrate the potential application of the proposed approach, a real case study on ranking the critical factors influencing the Investment Options in the Holding Companies is illustrated. The results show that criterion C6 (Risk) with value of 0.1451 is the most important factor in Holding Companies.

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The necessity of paying attention to the factor of context in current entrepreneurial research makes exploring of entrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism industry in the city of Zahedan a prominent research topic. Therefore, the present research, using a qualitative and exploratory plan, conceptualizes the entrepreneurial opportunities of the tourism industry in the aforementioned Iranian city. The statistical population of the study consists of experts in the fields of entrepreneurship and tourism. The sampling method is theoretical and the criterion for determining the sample size is theoretical saturation. Data collection was performed through several semi-structured qualitative interviews with twenty-three sample. The results of the coding, categorization and validation process led to the developing of 11 main categories (anthropological opportunity, geomorphological opportunity, dynamic opportunity, non-dynamic opportunity, placebo effect opportunity, technological opportunity, knowledge-based opportunity, abdominal opportunity, commercialization opportunity,  service opportunity,  Medical Opportunity) and 31 sub-categories as entrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism industry of the city of Zahedan. On the one hand, the research findings contain theoretical contribution to the knowledge-based domain of entrepreneurship from the perspective of the necessity of developing grounded concepts based on the dynamics and specific contextual conditions, and explain the action of entrepreneur in Iran, on the other hand. These are also appropriate for designing of relevant models, especially in the tourism industry. In this regard, and based on the research findings, some suggestions for future researches, and some practical and policy-making implications for the scientific discipline of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial actions, and policy-making in the country's field of entrepreneurship have been presented.