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In this paper, we propose a novel method for tracking multiple objects in video sequences. this approach can track objects in crowded scenes with occlusions and random change directions of object movements, efficiently. this method is an extension to particle filter tracking approach that we named it 3-D particle filter. in the proposed method, the features of objects that cannot be used in the process of posterior probability estimation in particle filter, are used for as third dimension and improve the estimation of 2-d particle filter in each frame. we test our method and compare it with 3 other particle filter methods on the famous data sets such as PETS09. The results show the improvement of accuracy and a reduction of error in tracking, about 12%

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In this study, the accuracy of steady and unsteady methods in predicting the required length of air-earth heat exchangers have been compared for cooling application. Also, the impact of different conditions for inlet air temperature (constant, periodic and actual temperature) on unsteady methods have been studied. Results indicated that, steady model cannot provide correct estimation for the required length of channel. In addition, using unsteady method with constant inlet air temperature overestimates the required length of the channel, which can lead to economic and implementation challenges for project. However, using unsteady method with periodic inlet air temperature the required length of the channel can be estimated with acceptable accuracy compared with real situation (unsteady model with actual inlet air temperature).Results showed that after a month of the launch of the system, its thermal behavior reaches to steady state level. During this period effectiveness of the system drops significantly (nearly 50%). Nearly half of the total performance drop of the system occurs during the first working day. It means that the long-term behavior of the system can be determined by monitoring of its behavior in the first day of operation. Results also demonstrated that using common methods of designing usually brings a significant error.

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This article was carried out to investigate and compare fin-tube and plate-fin intercooler at different conditions (non-uniformity of velocity and non-uniformity of temperature of car inlet air with radiator effects) to optimize intercooler layout in cooling system. A tow-dimensional code for fin-tube heat exchangers (fin-tube intercooler and radiator) and a three-dimensional code for plate-fin intercooler were developed by ε-NTU method. Fin-tube model was validated with experimental tunnel test data and plate fin was validated by available data at literature. Results showed that plate-fin performance at least 6.25% better than fin-tube intercooler. Doubling the aspect ratio caused 1.5% and 5% increase of plate-fin and fin-tube intercooler heat transfer respectively. When non-uniformity of velocity increases to 0.8, heat transfer decreases 13.8% and 19.6% for fin-tube and plate-fin intercooler respectively. This reduction in performance is the maximum value that is produced in planting intercooler along the wheels and above the engine. Applying radiator in system and planting block result in approximately 4.5% and 2.4% impairing performance of fin-tube and plate-fin intercooler respectively while changing position of block dose not effect on intercooler performance. The presence of shields and other obstacles in front of the car will create such an impact on the intercooler. Pressure drop of fin-tube intercooler 37.5% lower than plate-fin intercooler.