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Abstract
Today, in the era of the domination of the virtual world over the real world, with the expansion of the Internet and social networks, social communication and subsequent elements of individual identity has undergone extensive quantitative and qualitative changes. Women, as the majority of social media users, are more exposed to threats and psychological harm than ever due to their physical and psychological characteristics. One of the types of harms that can be explained in the context of the knowledge of social psychology is "self-objectification".
     The present study is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation. The statistical population of the study is 271 high school girls in Kashan. By distributing a standard questionnaire with closed-ended questions, the necessary information was collected. In the process of objectification, women under the influence of media advertisements, draw ideals for themselves and in the same direction, they constantly evaluate and review themselves, and if they see their appearance closer to current patterns at the media, they gain self-confidence; otherwise, they become involved in physical shame. As a result, their self-confidence appears to be conditioned by the fact that it puts their mental health at risk, and this type of risky behavior based on criminological theories such as the lifestyle theory of Gottfredson and Hindelang is likely Increases victimization; Because the more recreational activities and leisure a person has, and the more she interacts with criminals or in criminal or dangerous environments, the more likely she is to become a victim.
 
Key words: Women Victimization, Social Networks, Self- objectification, Social Prevention

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Background: Grazing intensity has a major effect on soil and biomass organic carbon storage (C). Various plants and ecosytems with deiffernt charactristices have their unique responses to the grazing. Recognizing the effects of grazing intensity on C in various envrionments dominated by Halocnemum strobilaceum, such as Incheboron salt land of Golestan province, helps plannig the grazing startegies.
Materials and Methods: Three grazing sites, viz. heavy grazing (in vicinity of resting point), moderate grazing (at a distance of 650 meters from resting point) and light grazing (at a distance of 2050 meters from resting point) were selceted. Sampling of soil and H. strobilaceum species was carried out with systematic-random method in Nov. 2012. In this regard, fifteen plants along the five 100 meters transects (with distance of 30m) were randomly selected and underground and abovegrond organs were extracted. The amount of biomass C was determined by combustion method. Also, soil sampling with five repetation was carried out in two depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) and the amount of stored C was determined by Walkly and Black method.
Results: The sum of underground and aboveground biomass C in light grazing site was more than the heavy and moderate grazing sites, which were about 1.17, 1.07 and 0.567 ton/hectare respectively. The amount of soil C for the mentioned sites were 162.56, 137,39 and 80.76 ton/hectare, respectively. Besides, the depth 0-20 cm in all sites had a higher C. The soil C comprised more than 99 percent of ecosystem total stored C (biomas and soil C) in each site. In terms of total ecosystem C, the heavy and moderate grazing site had about 84.37 and 32.20 ton/hectare less C compred to light grazing site.
Conclusions: From a management perspective, it is concluded that light grazing intesity in saltalnd region can lead to maintenance of C in high level and grazing systems should avoid high stocking rates because it may adversely affect soil C. Heavy grazing has more negative effects on C compared to moderate grazing. Both soil and biomass respond similarly to different grazing intensities. The soil, especially first depth as the main resourcse of C, should be protected from detrioration to prevent C decling. In view point of C sequestration, it is suggested to plan grazing intesity in light level and protect the soil of rangelands.the five 100 meters transects (with distance of 30m) were selected and underground and abovegrond organs were extracted. The amount of biomass C was determined by combustion method. Also, soil sampling with five repetation was carried out on two depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) and the amount of stored C was determined by Walkly and Black method. The results showed that the sum of underground and aboveground biomass C in light grazing site is more than the heavy and moderate grazing sites. This value is about 1.17, 1.07 and 0.567 ton/hectare for light, moderate and heavy grazing, respectively. The amount of soil C for the
and soil C) in each of sites.

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Aims: In recent years, global warming has increased the importance of carbon sequestration. The present study was conducted to survey the effect of banqueting and fire on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in Atbatan rangelands of Bostanabad District.
Materials & Methods: For this purpose, using systematic-random strategy, composite soil samples were taken from fire happened 2 years ago (in 2 aspects of east and west), banqueting constructed 25 years ago (in 2 aspects of north and south), and control sites. The SOC was measured and results were analyzed, using two-way ANOVA.
Findings: On the contrary of interaction effect, the main effects of aspect and fire were significant on SOC. The SOC of the control site with 28.9 t/ha was higher than the fire site with 21.76 t/ha. The average SOC in the eastern aspect was higher than the western aspect as such the average amount of SOC in western and eastern aspects were 28.94 t/ha and 21.72 t/ha, respectively. Banqueting had an increasing significant effect on SOC, as such SOC of the treatment site was 34.47 t/ha compared to the control site with 22.21 t/ha. The SOC in the northern and southern aspects was not significantly different, and the SOC of southern and northern aspects equaled 28.45 t/ha and 28.23 t/ha, respectively.
Conclusion: In conclusion, according to the results of the study, the occurrence of fire in rangelands can reduce the amount of SOC. The rangeland banqueting increases the amount of SOC in both aspects.
 

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Aims: Recognizing the environmental factors affecting plants structural trials and biomass is important to conserve plants as well as their ecosystem function, and services. Onobrychis aurea is a valuable forage that is distributed in the marl lands and is considered as an endangered plant species in Iran. In the present study, the ecological characteristics (plant traits) of this species has been investigated in detail.
Materials & Methods: For this purpose, structural traits and biomass of O. aurea were investigated in 12 ecological units with different topographical and soil conditions. Three soil samples were taken to 15cm depth, (0-15cm) in each ecological unit. The relationship between structural traits and species biomass with environmental factors was tested by redundancy analysis (RDA) method in 2016.
Findings: The results indicated that the soil characteristics including clay, lime and silt content play a more important role in the structural and biomass traits of O. aurea evidence show. Spatial and topographical factors, especially elevation and geographical aspects, had a smaller contribution in structural traits and species biomass in comparison with soil factors. Higher structural values were recorded in heavy textured alkaline soils. The slope percentages also have no significant effect on plant characteristics.
Conclusion: The present study indicated that the soil and topographic factors are very important for management of O. aurea. In general, it should also be emphasized that having good knowledge related to plant ecology as well as environmental condition could help managers to conserve and rehabilitate endangered plants.

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Aims: Awareness about the effects of banqueting and fire on the vegetation in rangeland ecosystems is necessary for appropriate management. Regarding the importance of sustainable rangelands management and the lack of studies about fire and banqueting, the aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of rangeland restoration practices (banqueting with seeding) and also fire on plant functional groups in semi-arid region of Atbatan Rangelands, Bostanabad.
Materials & Methods: For this purpose, after choosing the treatments and control sites, via random-systematic method in each site, thirty 1-m² plots were established along three 30-meter transects (there were 30 plots for each area and 240 plots in total). The canopy cover of plant species was recorded within the plots and categorized based on plant functional groups.
Findings: The results of statistical data analysis showed that the percentage of total cover in the north and south aspects of banqueting with 69.17% and 62.03% was significantly higher than the control sites with 52.53% and 48.03%, respectively. Fire in west aspect has reduced the percentage of vegetation (53.6%) compared to the control site (72.93%) whereas it did not have a significant effect in east aspect.
Conclusion: Generally, it can be stated that banqueting in the north aspect has more and increasing effect on plant functional groups but fire has a more complicated behavior in different topographic conditions (aspect) in relation to the banqueting and in west control site in term of the most studied parameters it has significantly more values than the other sites.

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ABSTRACT The effective rainfall amounts (ER) as a part of the irrigation requirement were estimated for the premature and serotinous varieties of rice in the Mazandaran Plain , using different methods. Finally the “Dependable Rain” method were selected for the estimation.Comparison of the maps, reveals that the ER amounts are more in the western part of the plain than the eastern part ; Consequently , the net irrigation requirement is low in the western part. Because knowing the minimum and maximum values of the ER with specific confidence, helps the planners in different decisions, the ER amounts were estimated at 90 , 95 and 99 percent confidence intervals. The related maps show that the confidence for ER amounts is low for both premature and serotinous varieties in the eastern part; Meanwhile the ER amounts are almost 50 milimeters more for serotinous variety than premature variety at different confidence intervals in the whole region. Also, The maps of return periods, show that the ER amounts are higher in the western and central parts than the eastern part and that the accessibility of ER, varies from lower than 80 to more than 420 milimeters in the growing season in terms of various return periods and different parts of the region.

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A B S T R A C T
Aim This study was conducted to compare the effects of three types of light, medium and heavy grazing intensity on the plant functional groups across the Sahand summer rangeland.
Materials & Methods First, three areas with different grazing intensities were selected according to the field observations and collected information from herders. Then, the random systematic approach was applied to plant sampling across the selected sites. Afterwards, six transects were randomly established in the selected sites separately where ten plots were then localized on the compounding transects. 
Findings The results of Duncan test indicate a significant difference in the average production, canopy cover percentage and litter percentage across the studied sites under different grazing intensities. The average characteristics of all plant functional groups in sites with different grazing intensities have significant difference at the level of 1%. In this regard, the highest averages with 487.8 kg. ha-1, 62.7% and 12.5% are related to the site with light grazing, respectively. Results revealed that the properties of perennial grasses and forbs in the region under light grazing intensity is higher than two other studied regions which were under medium and heavy grazing.
ConclusionThe finding of this research implied that the livestock grazing intensity can significantly affect the palatability classes and growth form of plants. Therefore, changes in grazing intensity is recommended as a management tool in rangeland improvement to improve vegetation characteristics and move vegetation towards equilibrium.

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Aim Plant functional groups are categories of species that exhibit similar responses to environmental parameters. The current research was carried out to evaluate factors that describe the distribution of plant functional groups in mountainous rangelands of Chaharbagh, Golestan.
Methods Three transects of 300 meters were considered in the representative area of each plant type. Along each transect, 10 plots were considered in dimensions of 2 x 2 meters. The names of species, the percentage of vegetation, and the number of species were determined. Six soil samples were collected for each plant type. The biological form of each plant species was determined. Plants were classified based on edibility, vegetative form, biological form, and life span. To evaluate the relationship between environmental factors and plant functional groups, Redundancy Detrended Analysis (RDA) was applied.
Findings The results showed that the occurrence of phanerophytes was affected by electrical conductivity and lime. With an increase in potassium, the frequency of camophytes increased. Palatability values of the first class were affected by direction, saturated moisture content, and organic carbon. Values of tree-type growth were affected by electrical conductivity and lime. Forb vegetation increased in correlation with clay percentage. Grass and pseudo-grass vegetative forms were affected by direction factors, soil saturated moisture content, and organic carbon.
Conclusion Overall, a precise study of differences in plant functional groups can be an important approach for monitoring changes in rangeland under management strategies which require further attention in future research.
 

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Aim Urmia Lake Restoration Headquarters has carried out actions since its establishment until now, and there are disagreements between supporters and opponents about its outputs. For this purpose, in the year 2021, this research was conducted to evaluate the environmental effectiveness of the actions of rehabilitation headquarters from the point of view of local communities. Materials & Methods an applied and fundamental research was done to reach the study golds. . In terms of method, regarding to the nature of the subject and research objectives, the descriptive-analytical and survey method (survey of local communities) has been used. The tool for collecting information and data was a researcher-made questionnaire that was randomly filled through interviews with residents. Findings The results showed that different actions have significant differences in terms of respondents' satisfaction, so the highest level of satisfaction, with a value of 2.89, is related to the non-living windbreak, and the lowest level is related to the Poly -Shrub Planting with the value of 1.67. Conclusion In general, despite the relative success of the actions of the rehabilitation headquarters, these actions have not been full effective in the proper management of surface and subsurface water resources, the modification of the cultivation pattern, and the prevention of the spread of soil salinity in agricultural lands. Therefore, to prevent the environmental disaster and its destructive consequences, it is suggested to take urgent action to save Urmia Lake by using all local and international capacities.

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Aims: Datura stramonium L. is a medicinal plant known for its alkaloid compounds. Limited research has explored the impact of fertilizers like solopotas and fulvic acid on its growth and structural traits. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of these fertilizers on the growth rate and biomass of D. stramonium.
Materials & Methods: Solopotas and fulvic acid were applied as foliar sprays at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%, with five applications at 5-day intervals. Growth parameters such as plant height, leaf length, stem length, root length, leaf number, flower and fruit counts, and shoot weight were measured at maturity and compared with control plants treated with distilled water.
Findings: The fertilizer treatments significantly affected leaf traits, flower and fruit numbers, plant height, and shoot weight (p<0.05), but not root length. The 2% fulvic acid treatment resulted in the tallest plants (45.75 cm), compared to 31.25 cm in the control. The 4% fulvic acid treatment had the most leaves (39.5), while the control had the lowest (19). The 2% solopotas treatment produced the longest leaves (14.15 cm), while the 8% solopotas had the shortest (8.17 cm). The 2% fulvic acid also resulted in the heaviest shoots (13.5 g), compared to 3.5 g in the control.
Conclusion: Application of 2% fulvic acid and 2% solopotas significantly improved growth and biomass of D. stramonium, particularly in plant height, leaf number, and leaf length. These findings suggest these fertilizers can enhance the commercial potential of D. stramonium.

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Nonlinear relationship between education and e The main objective of this study is to investigate the role of human capital on economic growth in different economies. For this purpose, we consider a model in which the growth rate of total factor productivity (GRTFP) depends on human capital stock levels, and human capital affects GRTFP through innovation and technology adoption from abroad. Using a cross-country panel approach for 104 countries, including 79 developing countries and 25 OECD countries, in five-year intervals during the 1980-2005, we found the relationship between human capital and economic growth is nonlinear. In addition, the development of domestic technology is more effective factor on economic growth in developing countries than catch-up factor, while human capital accumulation through technology adoption from abroad is more effective factor on economic growth in developed countries. conomic growth (Barro and Lee's approach in measuring human capital) The goal of this study was to investigate the role of human capital on economic growth in different economies. For this purpose, we examine the relation between growth rate and human capital by econometric models. In this paper, using the panel approach to Iran and 103 other countries, and considering the five-year moving average during 2005-1980. we realized that the relationship between levels of human capital and economic growth is nonlinear and development of domestic technology, operating more important role in economic growth in developing countries. The main result of this paper denote that there are different between growth pattern among developed and developing countries.

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In current research, surface reaction phenomena in several packed bed reactors have been considered. Flow field through several fractal Sierpinski carpet porous media have been simulated by LBM. The endothermic Isopropanol dehydrogenization reaction has been considered as basic reaction mechanism and two major parameters of non-homogeneity and specific area in catalytic surface reaction have been investigated. To validate our numerical method, the obtained results have been compared to a recent benchmark study and adopted very well. Also, in both cases the porosity factor retained constant (ε=0.79). The results shown that, by three times increase in specific area, the reactant conversion rate is increased significantly (approximately one order of magnitude), and the pressure drop increased (nearly 5 times), too. Also, to consider non-homogeneity arrangement, the particle arrangements from small to large and large to small have been considered. In both, the pressure drop is approximately the same. At low Re, reactant conversion of both arrangement are the same but by increasing of Re, the packed bed reactor with large to small arrangement has a little more reactant conversion.

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Today, forecasting of economic and commercial variables as an important scientific field is developing, and forecasting of macroeconomic variables is of special importance for planners, policy makers and economic enterprises. The agricultural sector, as a producer of strategic products and provider of food for the growing population, has a great influence on economic, social and political decisions. Considering the importance of the agricultural sector in Iran as well as the existence of different and uncontrollable influential factors, the researchers who focus on agricultural sector’ growth, try to use methods of forecasting in order to get results close to reality, reduce the prediction errors, and design policies and plans to improve the place of this sector. In this paper, the mixed frequency data-sampling model (MIDAS) has been used to predict the growth of agricultural sector’ value added. Comparison of the model predictions with actual data indicates the predictive power of the model. This model has predicted the growth rate of agricultural sector's value added over the period 2017-2021 by 3.215%, 2.53%, 2.92%, 5.29%, and 5.99%, respectively.
 

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One of the major obstacles to agricultural development in Jordan is the weakness of extension programming which is still traditional and based on personal judgement. The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes, adoption barriers and in-service training needs of Public Extension Agents (PEAs) towards the adoption of Needs-Based Extension (NBE). An instrument to assess attitudes, barriers and training needs was designed and used to collect data from 73 PEAs in Jordan. Face and content validity were confirmed by a panel of experts, and internal consistency of the study scales were demonstrated by alpha coefficients ranging from 0.75 to 0.90. Parametric and nonparametric methods were used to analyze the data. The results showed that most PEAs had positive attitudes towards adopting NBE services, but adoption was constrained by internal and external barriers; supporting culture to NBE, finance and skills to undertake surveys and need analysis. The involvement of public extension staff in the survey contributed to in-service training and the application of NBE programs. Priority areas for training were determined using weighted discrepancy scores, with the most important being information technologies, agribusiness management and conducting needs assessment respectively. Study tours and professional training were perceived as the most important training methods. There were few significant differences among the PEAs with respect to the attitude and competence scales. These results indicate the need to undertake needs assessments of PEAs to improve extension programming in Jordan.