---

Using of language skills has long been among the most conspicuous weak points of learners of Arabic language as a foreign language. By interviewing some professors and experts of Arabic language teaching, a number of topics were recognized as worthy to be investigated further as sources of weakness. These topics include “sources of boredom and tiredness of students in learning Arabic language”, “the appropriateness of existing instructional materials”, the appropriateness of the teaching methods”, “the sources of students motivation”, “ the effect of teaching methods on motivating students” in general and “ the appropriateness of methods for teaching listening” in particular. A researcher made questionnaire was used to elicit the viewpoints of students and professors regarding each of the above-mentioned topics. The results indicated that learners of Arabic language are not de-motivated but bored and tired due to the overall teaching context, in which they are learning this foreign language. Among the major sources of this boredom are “inappropriate teaching methods”, inappropriate instructional materials” and “inappropriate techniques in teaching listening comprehension”.

---

Background:Estrogens play a substantial role in the proliferation, progression and treatment of breast cancer by binding with two estrogen receptors, alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ). Resistance to endocrine therapy is a major problem in the treatment of breast cancers and, in some cases, may be related to loss of ER gene expression. We have already showed that ERα methylation occurs in high frequency and may be one of the important mechanisms for ERα gene silencing in a subset of Iranian primary sporadic breast cancers. In the other hand, the CpG Island methylation status of ERβ and the relationship between clinicopathological features and the pattern of ERβ methylation in sporadic breast cancer are still unknown, especially in Iranian women. Methods: In this study, we examined the exact role of DNA methylation in the estrogen receptors, alpha and beta genes using Combined Bisulfite Restriction enzyme Analysis (COBRA) and Methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) methods in 34 tissue and 40 peripheral white blood cells in the breast cancers. Results and Conclusions: ERα promoter methylation was identified in 29(72.5%) tissue samples and 35(87.5%) peripheral blood. Among these ERα-methylated cases, the co-occurrentmethylation of ER promoter in peripheral blood and tissue samples was evident in 25 (71.4%) patient (P=0.56). Furthermore, ERβ promoter methylation was detected in 13(32.5%) tissue samples and 4(10.0%) peripheral blood specimens. Of these ERα-methylated cases, the co-ocurrent methylation of ERβ promoter in the peripheral blood and tissue samples was evident in 1(7.7%) patient (P= 0.11). Based on COBRA analysis the percentage of DNA methylation at methylation-sensitive BstUI restriction site of the ERα promoter A ranged from 1% to 91%. The percentages at promoters A region showed a borderline associations with lymph node involvement (P=0.079, r=0.55) and a significant correlation with the grade of tumors (p= 0.27, r=0.65). No significant relation was found between ERα promoter and ERβ promoter methylation (Odds ratio =2.82, 95%, CI =0.28–28.5, P=0.36). The methylation of promoter ON was observed in only a subset of tumors without ER by IHC. In addition, we did not find any significant correlationbetween the prognostic factors such as grade, tumor size, lymph node involvement, and methylation status of this promoter. Our results indicate that methylation of ERβ promoter ON is not responsible for the loss of gene expression in of all breast tumors.

---

The gill Structure and localization of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase were examined through branchial arches of the Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus larvae (25 days-post-hatched, 417.3 mg). Studies were conducted through light microscopy (H&E Staining) and immunofluorescence for Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase. Results showed each gill consisted of four complete holobranches and opercular hemibranch. Each filament carried rows of lamellae consisting of a network of interconnecting blood lacunae, which were lined by pillar cell flanges. Pavement cells covered the outermost layer of the lamella and blood cells were found in lacunae. High density of ionocytes (529.73 per mm² of the gill tissue) was found at the base of the lamella, in the interlamellar regions, on the filaments and the septums. Ionocytes possessed large size and round basal nuclei. Ionocytes possessed strong immunofleurescence in their cytoplasm, especially in the basolateral sides because of high concentration of the enzyme. The results showed that the main structures of the gill has already been formed at this developmental stage of the Persian sturgeon, and along with its respiratory and excretory roles, it also plays an important role in osmoregulation.

---

Among the most important lessons, as the most striking aspect of literature in any language and by which the main objectives of this field are met, are the courses related to the poetic texts. A great deal of Arabic language and literature is devoted to literary texts, among which much is devoted to the poetic texts. But for many years, the poetic texts are taught with traditional methods in this field and many of the teachers do not use new strategies in teaching of these texts. This has led the poetic texts not to be successful in reaching their main goals, meaning the improvement of literary talents of students and strengthening their desire and motivation to their field. This study tries to deal with the appropriate strategy performances in teaching Arabic poetic texts in Arabic language and literature useing survey and questionnaire methods. The population of this study includes the fourth and higher semester undergraduate students and Arabic language and literature field professors in the Universities of Tehran, Allame Tabatabaei, Beheshti and Tarbiat Moallem. The findings demonstrated that in many students’ and professors’ point of view, new strategies of teaching of poetic texts (i.e. semantic perception of poetry, aesthetic expression of verses and stylistic analysis) are performed less than the traditional strategies pertaining to correct reading of texts and expression of grammatical points.

---

Background: Rapid test and conventional ELISA are common immunological assays used for the detection of HIV infection. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence rate of   HIV infection by rapid test used for screening HIV infection and then confirmed the positive cases with ELISA and western blot tests.
Materials and Methods: In this analytical descriptive study, 1964 out of 6923 patients who were referred to the Consult Center of Behavior Diseases, West Health Center (Valfajr Clinic), Iran University of Medical Sciences were subjected to rapid test for screening HIV infection from July 2012 to September 2014.
Results: Thirty seven out of 1964(1.88%) cases were confirmed as positive by rapid HIV test. All of the positive cases confirmed by rapid test were also confirmed as positive by ELISA and western blot tests. According to the data analysis of this study, among people diagnosed as HIV positive using rapid test, 12(32.4%) cases had unsafe heterosexual contact, followed by 10 (27%) cases of IDUs with a history of prison, shared injection, and unsafe heterosexual contact.
Conclusion:  The use of rapid test as a screening test for diagnosing HIV infection and the confirmation of all the positive and suspected negative cases by the ELISA test or western blot is recommended. 

---

The aim of the present study is practical contrastive analysis of differences and similarities between the system of imperative mood of verb in Persian and its correspondence, imperative category, in Arabic considering structure, meaning, and usage. This study is accomplished based on the moderate theory of linguistics and using a descriptive-analytic method, it predicts difficulties and errors of Persian speaking students of Arabic in learning the imperative category in Arabic which in turn leads to the improvement of learning process. The results reveal that the imperative mood of Arabic is more varied than Persian in structure, meaning, and usage. Also, the deontic modality category in Arabic imperative is evident in imperative verbal noun, infinitive substituting for imperative, and an imperative verb which has an emphatic “n ”. whereas, Persian does not have this feature and uses adverb to show the deontic modality. In Arabic imperative, unlike Persian, the scope of imperator’s request is defined. Therefore, language learner will be confused in using such imperative categories.

---

In all languages, grammar instruction is one of the most important concerns of language teaching connoisseurs. In Arabian language, due to its specific structural and instructional properties, grammar and its teaching procedure have been investigated by teachers and connoisseurs for decades. Similarly in Iran, Arabic grammar instruction has been one of the most important components of teaching this language forever; so many of famous connoisseurs and book authors in Arabic grammar are Iranian. However, nowadays, one of the most challenging fields in teaching Arabic in Iran is grammar instruction. Despite of instructing 20 units in B.A. Arabic language and literature, it seems that students are facing with paramount deficiencies in applying Arabic grammar since it is for long years that grammar is instructed with old methods and many professors are not using modern and proper. strategies. The present study attempts to study instructional methods and the rate of implementing proper strategies by a survey and questionnaires. The research findings showed that traditional deductive method is more frequently used in grammar instruction, and new strategies, namely technology and contributive application and strategy, are implemented less than traditional methods in providing feedback information.

---

---

Study of the experience of women and its difference with that of men has caused to the formation of different approaches about the connection between language and gender. Women and men have different tendencies in the use of some language features (especially vocal). This issue distinguishs their language from each other. Linguistic differences are not so clear and the speakers have not much sensitivity and awareness of them, but by examining the works of women, one can achieve the mentioned features. Among the type of poetries, literary gender has deep ties with poets feeling. Therefore, it provides reflection on the poets’ mind and thoughts. Finally, it has the capacity of analyzing the linguistic gender reflection. Technique of whimper poem is inspired of disaster, and stimulates the poets’ feelings in order to utter his/her grieving poems and affect on the audience. The main subject of this study, using the votes of language sociologists is discussion on the Sa′d Sabbah’s poems at three levels: lexical, syntactic and rhetorical in order to illustrate the connection between language and gender. The results showed that a close relationship exists between sentiment whimper and gender of the poet. And situation of grief has a direct impact on the poems of Sa′d Sabbah. Descriptive and analytical methods were used to explain the subject of this research

---

Teaching every language has got its own special hindrances and features. Undoubtedly, teaching Arabic Language in Iranian schools is not excluded from this fact. Some of the hindrances of learning Arabic language are refered to the content order of the school books. Especially teaching Arabic high language in grade one seems to be a difficult job for some reasons such as the students' enterance to a new stage. If the different components of the books' content get realized and catagorized, the understanding and explication would be easier. Thus analizing the content of Arabic high school book in grade one can be an important step towards identification of its weaknesses. This article aims to evaluate the Arabaic high school book in grade one on the basis of content analysis patterns and arrangement criteria relying on Content Analysis Approach, which is a resaerch method for objective, quantitative and organized discription of superficial contents in communications. The research was descriptive-analytic. The results showed that considering These patterns and criteria, this school book has been highly successful in accurately performing the principles of edunation planning and content arrangement.  

---

The aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from aerial parts of Berberis thunbergii L. and Alhagi maurorum Fisch. were tested against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), for antifeedant activity, which was measured by nutritional indices parameters such as relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and feeding deterrence index (FDI). Treatments were evaluated by the method of flour disc bioassay in the dark, at 27 ± 1 °C and 60 ± 5% RH. Aliquots of 10 µl of several concentrations from each extract (0.25-2.0%) and controls (solvents) were spread evenly on the flour discs. After evaporation of the solvent, 10 adult insects were introduced into each treatment. After 72 h, nutritional indices were calculated. Results indicated that nutritional indices varied significantly as extract concentrations increased. The difference between extracts and treatments was significant (P < 0.05). In this study, A. maurorum decreased RGR, RCR and ECI significantly more than those of B. thunbergii extract. In addition, hydroalcoholic extracts decreased RGR, RCR and ECI significantly more than those of aqueous extracts. Both plant extracts increased FDI as the extract concentrations were increased, showing high feeding deterrence activity against T. castaneum. Generally, antifeedant activity of A. maurorum was greater than that of B. thunbergii and hydroalcoholic extract was more effective than aqueous extract.

---

The purpose of this research was to study the efficiency of general Arabic language teaching program in Kerman high schools based on the students’ and teachers’ viewpoints. This study is an applied quantitative method research. The research instruments are two researcher-made questionnaires for measuring the teachers’ and students’ viewpoints. The population involves all male and female Arabic teachers of Kerman city, as well as male and female Mathematics and Science junior high school students of all public high schools of Kerman city. The research sample was selected through stratified random sampling method, and amounted to 30 female Arabic teachers, 30 male Arabic teachers and 236 students. The findings revealed that  Arabic language teaching goal is not consistent with the learners’ and society’s needs; Arabic textbooks’ content does not meet the content selection standards set in curriculum planning; Arabic teachers are not well prepared for Arabic language teaching; Arabic curriculum goals are not met; students’ proficiency in Arabic language skills is disappointing; students’ interest in Arabic language and learning, is moderately low; and finally, students’ acquaintance with Arabic language learning strategies is low. Accordingly, we can conclude that the increase in Arabic language teaching efficiency in schools needs more efforts to prepare the society with positive attitude towards Arabic language and Arab people, and also to change the educational approach to Arabic language teaching/learning in our school system.

---

Need analysis (NA) is one the important elements of the curriculum that tries to detect lacks, wants, necessities and the gap between the existing curriculum and developed curriculum. NA is a powerful tool that helps clarify and validate true needs. It enables educators and practitioners to shape the curriculum development that bases the content of language courses on the communication needs. This work analyzes the language lacks of the Arabic language and literature students of Iranian universities. The method of study is survey, and the research tool is questionnaire. The study sample is consisted of two groups of students and teachers. The method of data analysis is quantitative. The main question of this study is: “To what extend do students have problems in language skills” and “To what competence does problems belong?” The results showed that the students' language skills are above the average difficulty, and they have linguistic problems arising from the lack of communicative competence.

---

Antifeedant activity of the aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves of Descurainia sophia L. and Thuja orientalis L. were tested against adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).The experiment was designed to measure the nutritional indices such as relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and feeding deterrence index (FDI). Treatments were evaluated by the method of flour disc bioassay under dark condition, at 27 ± 1 °C and 60 ± 5% RH. Ten microliter portions of each extract at concentrations (0.25-2.0%) was spread evenly on the flour discs. Results indicated that nutritional indices were significantly affected as extract concentrations increased. In this study extracts from T. orientalis decreased RGR, RCR and ECI significantly more than that of D. sophia. In addition, hydroalcoholic extracts decreased RGR, RCR and ECI significantly more than those by aqueous extracts. Both of plant extracts increased FDI as the extract concentrations were increased, showing high feeding deterrence activity against T. castaneum. Generally, antifeedant activity of T. orientalis was greater than D. sophia and hydroalcoholic extracts were more effective than aqueous extracts.

---

---

We present two new distribution records which add information about the presence of Pseudotorymus ispirlii Doğanlar and P. pulchellus Masi (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) in the northwest of Iran. Based on present records, both species were found for second times after type localities.

---

One of the important issues in the field of media is the impact of ideological issues on the translation of this type of texts. The Current paper seeks to examine this type of influential effects and discourse affecting the translation process and changes in target language. Therefore, based on Julian House’s translation quality evaluation pattern which is characterized by high accuracy to highlight the function of ideological issues on the text, a news text was selected from Aljazeera media network and its translation was evaluated in Fars News agency. The results showed that the translator of the above mentioned news text has been strongly affected by media policies and discourse ruling on the target language and in this way, he had to apply some changes in the original text. In the studied case, the same process has been observed and translator of Fars news agency has translated the Aljazeera news in a way acceptable to his own media discourse and had no attention to the original text and its main role.
 

---

Reading skills is one of the most important language skills. The Success in learning a second language depends on this skill. But it is noted that the final semester students of the Arabic language and literature department who are ready to be graduated and even many graduates of this field are not able to read the Arabic texts correctly and fluently. Therefore, the authors of the present study intend to use the descriptive-analytical method and survey method to evaluate the reading skill of Arabic of undergraduate students to identify their weaknesses on reading and offer some suggestions for developing them. It should be noted that different studies have been conducted on reading skill in Iran and Arabic countries, but none of these studies investigate the weaknesses of Arabic language and literature students of Iran state universities in reading skill. So the present study is completely different from previous studies. The main question of the study is: how weak are Arabic language and literature students in reading skill and what are the reasons of these weaknesses? The statistical sample of the present study has been formed by124 undergraduate students in the Arabic language and literature department in 12 Iranian state universities, 41 of them are male and 83 are female. The tool used in the study is a researcher-made test, which has been designed for the first time for reading skill in Arabic language and literature and the existing models in the Arabic countries have been used to design the test. The results reflected the weakness of students and their lack of mastery in this skill. Although the students who are ready to be graduated, faces weakness in all levels of reading. There is a kind of consensus amongst the experts of Arabic language on this issue. The most important reason of this problem is that there is no special lesson for reading skill in the syllabus.
 

---

Aim Land use change (LUC) not only affects the plant and soil functional properties, but also influences soil nutrients efficiency. This research was carried out to examine the effect of grassland conversion to dry farming on the efficiency of bio-mineral nutrients in semi-arid loamy soils of northwestern Iran.
Materials & methods Animal manure (AM: 100 and 200 g. Kg^-1), useful micro-organisms (UMOs: 1 and 2%), superabsorbent polymers (SAP: 10 and 30 g. Kg^-1) and potassium nano-silicate (PNS: 500 and 1000 mg. Kg^-1) were used for grass Festuca ovina L. cultivated in grassland and dry farming soil at a completely randomized factorial design.
Findings Based on the results, LUC strongly affected the efficiency of soil nutrients especially PNS (P ≤0.01) where the highest and lowest effects of different nutrients were observed under dry farming and grassland, respectively. A maximum difference of 24.0%, 45.0% and 24.0% were observed in plant biomass, chlorophyll, moisture content, respectively, using 200 g. Kg^-1 AM and 30 g. Kg^-1 SAP in soil of grassland and dry farming. Also, maximum difference of 71.0% and 67.0% occurred at soil phosphorus and organic matter, respectively between grassland and dry farming.
Conclusion depending on the type and amount of fertilizer, convert the grasslands to rainfed areas significantly influence plant performance and soil improvement. Overall, due to the undisturbed soil, grasslands show a better performance than rainfed areas under any rehabilitation program.

---

Currently, the major discussions in the field of Linguistics belong to Typology and Linguistic Universals. Typology is a linguistic study that analyzes the structural similarities among languages regardless of their history. This term was first applied to the categorical and comparative study of linguistic notions by a linguist named Gublentez. Typology is not merely a tool for categorizing and defining general patterns in languages. It is an approach for understanding the nature of language as well. In typological studies, attempts are made to group languages from different families in order to reach more precise studies and results. This article also consists of the same attempt. Persian is an Indo-European language, and Arabic is a Semitic one. Language Universals refer to the characteristics and features which are present in most languages worldwide. This notion is known due to the efforts of Greenberg. After analyzing 30 different languages, he proposed the notion of Language Universals. Typology and Language Universals show a strong relationship and complement each other due to the fact that typological categorization leads to the discovery of universal principles in the structure of languages. The relation between language universals and typology dates back to 1960s. From that point in history, the notion of typology is accompanied by Greenberg’s Language Universals.
Studying the order of structural elements has been one of the most important discussions in the world of Typology. That is firstly due the fact that languages have more differences in this matter and these differences are the foundation of typological studies. Secondly, according to Greenberg, between the order of fundamental parts and other structural features of language exist a typological correlation.The most important and common approach for posing a question in languages is through interrogative words. By using interrogative words various notions such as place, time, people, and causes are subject to inquiry. The existence of such words is universal, that is, it seems highly unlikely to find a language that does not carry interrogative words. In typology numerous factors are analyzed, among which is understanding the movements of interrogative words in languages. Dabirmoghadam (1393) has proposed 24 factors, and factor 22 relates to interrogative words. Topologists have identified two main types: first is that interrogative words replace the element of the notion which is put under question, and second, interrogative words are placed at the beginning of a question sentence. In this study, an attempt is made to study the movement of interrogative words in both Persian and Arabic in order to illustrate their position in the lingual typological system. In addition, the influencing factors on this movement are discussed. The method of this study is analytical-descriptive and selected pieces are from published and online materials (books, newspapers and magazines) in both languages and these pieces are from various areas ranging from social to religious, scientific, literal and so on. In the theoretical framework of the study, there are some details related to interrogative words in both languages and a table is drawn consisting of these words in Arabic and Persian respectively. Meanwhile the movement of interrogative words were defined that in this research it refers to the place of such words in sentences in comparison to the same declarative sentence. In the analysis, firstly some of the important views related to these words are represented; in Persian, views by Bateni (1392), Khanlari (1391), Vafai (1392), Gholamhossein Zade (1391) and Meshkataldini (1374), and in Arabic views by Sibooye (2004), Ebn al Saraj (1999), Hassan (1975), Jorjani (1982) and etc., afterwards, selected pieces which consist the basis of this research are analyzed.
According to the findings of this research, Persian and Arabic fall into different types of interrogative words movements. The tendency in Persian is to replace the element of question, while in Arabic interrogative words come at the beginning of a question sentence. Furthermore, these two languages are compatible to the language universals they represent. With well more than chance frequency, when question particles or affixes are specified in position by reference to the sentence as a whole, if initial, such elements are found in prepositional languages, and, if final, in postpositional. Plus, if a language has dominant order “VSO” in declarative sentences, it always puts interrogative words or phrases first in interrogative word questions; if it has dominant order “SOV” in declarative sentences, there is never such an invariant rule. This conclusion is based on the analysis of cases indictive of the fact that the movement of interrogative words to the beginning of the sentence is a strong tendency in Arabic language. As a result, Arabic language corresponds to Language Universal number 12 since this universe acknowledges the movement of interrogative words to the beginning of a sentence in “VSO” structures. Additionally, since interrogative words in Arabic are among those which question the nature of a sentence, they come at the beginning of a sentence. Language universal number 9 also acknowledges Arabic language since it carries more prepositions.
Furthermore, it is recognized that interrogative words replace the element of question in a sentence. This fact shows the tendency of this language. Therefore, Persian language with the core structure of “SOV” is in harmony with the language universal of number 12. According to this universe, the movement of interrogative words does not tend to come at the beginning of a sentence in “SOV” structures.
 The above-mentioned findings are presented in a table. Another finding of this research is that structural, semantic and processing factors have an impact on the movement of interrogative words. For instance, in Persian the interrogative word of “why” usually comes at the beginning of a sentence since it put the nature of a sentence under question. However sometimes, a conflict occurs between the word “why” and other elements such as “interjection” on the first position of the sentence and the interrogative word gives the space to interjectory words and comes in second. To propose another example, interrogative words tend to occupy the first position in a sentence in Arabic, however sometimes it is observed that the element of question has occupied the first position, while the interrogative word is in the second position. In fact, this replacement is due to the significance of the element.