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The poorest segments of the world’s population are located in the rural areas of the developing countries, often with little or no agricultural land. While wage labour in the agricultural sector may provide subsistence employment, the majority of the rural poor will have to depend on non – farm employment. Rural industrialization is widely recognize as a dynamic force of development. Employment generation, income distribution, diversify the rural economy and narrow down spatial inequity in socio – economic development have traditionaly been considered as prim objectives of rural industrialization. This article is an attempt to show, can industrialization be best adapted for the development of the rural areas in developing counteries? We discuss how developing countries have faired in two last decade or so in promoting rural industrialization as a means to improve the living conditions of the people in their rural regions. We have analysed different approaches to rural industrialization and its impacts in developing countries. the consequences of research show that the rural indu-strialization as a part of rural integrated development approach could achieve the most important goals of development in rural areas. Rural industrialization has alleviated rural poverty through the employment generation.

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Literature on migration from rural to urban areas has much increased over the last few decades, sharing a wide range of concerns over various social and economic problems associated with migration. But despite this burgeoning literature, it should be pointed out that terminology in the field of rural to urban migration is not yet well standardised. The definition of rural migration depends on several aspects and charactrestics of population. The theoretical model presented in this research demonstrates that a move is a rural migration when the villager leaves one housing and labor market to relocate in another. Almost everywhere, rural migration concentrates extremely havily on villagers age 15-30. In this research we examined the role of economic and noneconomic motivation on the rural youth migration. In fact the chief objectives of this research have been to contribute to the understanding of the process of youth migration from rural to urban areas. Empirical analysis show that although economic motivations are important in rural youth migration, noneconomic factors also have direct effects on subsequent moving behavior. For example, local amenities, residential satisfaction, social welfare, standard of living, need of achivenment, better life and valued goals significantly incrased motivation for rural youth migration.

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Global experience shows that rural agro-based industries can result into rural production, productivity, access to job opportunities, promotion of intersectoral relationships and reduction of regional disparities. Howevere, success of rural agro- based industries depends heaviliy on selecting the best location for the establishment of these industrial activities. Although regional planners have used various methods for prioritising industrial location, but it seems that TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution), is one of the most practical methods for classification of places based on priority. In fact TOPSIS, known as one of the classical MCDM methods, is based on the idea that the chosen alternative should have the shortest distance from the positive ideal solution and the furthest distance from the negative ideal solution on the other side

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One of the most important stages of planning process (in all levels) is the evaluation of plans and programs. This process helps to improve plans, decision making and the possibility and reality of plans. Evolution can be accounted as an important factor in modifying the weak points in development plans and increasing the monitoring process. Rural development planning has recently encountered serious challenges such as: employment, participation of local peoples, increase of rural products, poverty alleviation, empowering individuals and trying to decrease regional disparities between the rural and urban areas. In Iran, various governmental organizations in rural areas have been active after the land reform and all of them tried to achieve their special goals. Social welfare organization is one of the most important organizations among them. This organization with its rural social welfare complex provides services to the rural residents. The present research attempted to study a rural welfare complex as a governmental organization and evaluate its role in rural development and social welfare of all villagers, specially the target groups. Therefore, the rural welfare complexes of Sojas, Karasf and Garmab in Khodabandeh suburb were studied using retrospective panel method and through measuring changes in time during T1 (before under coverage) and T2 (after under coverage). The analysis of the social- cultural and economic indicators showed that the function of these complexes are significant in the social affairs of the villagers and ensuring their basic need's compared with other factors α =%5.

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Fundamental changes have been taken place in production systems such as agriculture production systems, by industrial revolution and technology Improvement. Instead of traditional methods that are basis on subsistence economy or limited production for living or area, production systems, basis on products, have been development for production in national and world markets. However farmers use diversity cultivation as a balancing factor, in order to preventing unsustainable in costs and products markets. The diversity cultivation method results in product dispersion, reduced income and unsustainable exploitation land use. Instead of diversity cultivation method, one of the best methods for rural regions development is specialization of cultivation pattern through paying attention to every region characteristics. In this research, we studied and assessed specialization of strawberry cultivation patterns and its role in rural region development especially in Javarud region of Kurdistan. Eighty one (81) persent of the whole of Iran strawberry production is produced in Kurdistan .Then we selected 178 samples from population by Cochran formula after a survey of production methods, cultivation patterns and effective processes in improvement of strawberry cultivation pattern. We coded outcome data resulting from questionnaire and analyzed .Them through SPSS software by rank-order Wilcoxon test in two intervals, before specialization cultivation and after it. We estimated favorable indexes of hypothesizes by using these results and research field findings. Research findings show development rural regions indexes following strawberry cultivation rather than the duration of strawberry cultivation.

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In 1985-86, the European office of World Health Organization (WHO) proposed the health promotion program under the theme “Healthy Cities Projects”. With the aim of securing individual and collective welfare, the staffs of healthy city in Tehran also began their official activities at 13th Aban Street at Rey (Tehran’s 20th municipal district) along with community participation and intersectoral coordination. Since, the “Healthy Cities Projects”, emphasised on intersectoral coordination, self-awareness and community participation; the issue of the current research is whether or not there is any specific difference of opinion among people and officials regarding this project? For this purpose, people’s viewpoints on the activities was conducted through 424 samples from 13th Aban Street coincidentally with 46 officials of the “Healthy Cities Projects” and thus analytical study was carried out keeping in view level of differences between people and officials of “Healthy Cities Projects” and their viewpoints regarding community participation in the physical and mental health, individual security, environment and utmost to sports and training. The results indicate that with reference to the satisfaction level on “Healthy Cities Projects”, there isn't a significant difference between people's and officials viewpointsBut, with respect to their viewpoints about the level of community participation, there exists significant differences between people's and officials viewpoints in the fields of “Healthy Cities Projects” physical and mental health, individual and social safety, environment and utmost sportive and educational activities. The obtained results from officials, therefore, are more than those obtained from people.

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The interactions and linkages between urban centers and peripheral settlements are increasingly recognized as key factors in the process of social, economic and environmental changes in peripheral settlements. Despite this, most practices are implicitly based on a dichotomous view of population and activities in urban and peripheral area. This paper presents that how interactions between urban centers and peripheral settlements include spatial linkages (flows of goods, money, capital, people, information, production, technology and wastes) affect on peripheral changes. The interactions and linkages between the urban centers of Qazvin and 20 peripheral settlements there show that the effects of this interaction upon the peripheral settlements have included more inorganic effects. Urban and peripheral development need to be considered as complementary process rather than competing activities for the limited resources. The benefits of such an integrated approach will outweigh of the costs.

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Single point incremental forming is a new and flexible method for 3D parts production of sheet metal. In this way, a hemispherical tool forms incrementally the sheet being clamped in perimeter. Because of the nature of localized deformation in this process, the formability is higher and forming forces are lower as compared to traditional sheet metal forming process. However, in this method dimensional accuracy is somewhat low due to spring back and bending occurred in boundaries. Recently, the incremental forming process using frictional heat has been developed. In this research, the experimental effect of generated heat by friction stir of the tool on dimensional accuracy in components of AA3105 sheet has been studied at high rotational speeds. By this method, due to friction movements of tool, the temperature of formation area rises while fixing the general temperature of sheet by spraying cooling liquid. Then, the sheet has low strength in contact region with tool while it has high strength in other areas. As a result, the force imposed on the sheet as well as the undesirable plastic deformation will decrease. Also, by decreasing the yielding stress, elastic strain and spring back decreases as well. An increase in formability because of softening of forming area is another contribution of this strategy. This idea has been studied by production of some parts of truncated-pyramid geometry and changing rotational speed from 1000 to 7000 RPM. The results show that at speed higher than 3000 RPM, formability and dimensional accuracy of the parts increase.

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Top-down cracking (TDC) is among the major forms of asphaltic pavement distresses that significantly affects the serviceability and development of structural failure. Interaction of tire and pavement interaction plays a key role in the initiation of TDC. This study utilizes viscoelastic analysis using finite element modeling to evaluate the influence of axle loads and tire types on the top down cracking in asphaltic pavements. The effect of three axle loads of 5, 8.2 and 15 ton and two tire configurations (conventional dual tire assembly and super single tire) on TDC in Geogrid reinforced and unreinforced pavements has been investigated. The results show that under axle load of 5 and 8.2 ton top down cracking occurs, initialy at the inner edges of the tires, while under axle load of 15 ton its occurence between the tires is sooner than the other zones. Among bottom-up cracking (BUC) and TDC, BUC is more sensitive to the variations of tire type. The study also indicates that the reinforcement of pavement using geogrid at the bottom of asphalt layer is more effective on the bottom up cracking than on the top down cracking. By comparison, the super single tire was shown to create more TDC damage ratio than the dual tires assembly in both reinforced and unreinforced pavements.
Top-down cracking (TDC) is among the major forms of asphaltic pavement distresses that significantly affects the serviceability and development of structural failure. Interaction of tire and pavement interaction plays a key role in the initiation of TDC. This study utilizes viscoelastic analysis using finite element modeling to evaluate the influence of axle loads and tire types on the top down cracking in asphaltic pavements. The effect of three axle loads of 5, 8.2 and 15 ton and two tire configurations (conventional dual tire assembly and super single tire) on TDC in Geogrid reinforced and unreinforced pavements has been investigated. The results show that under axle load of 5 and 8.2 ton top down cracking occurs, initialy at the inner edges of the tires, while under axle load of 15 ton its occurence between the tires is sooner than the other zones. Among bottom-up cracking (BUC) and TDC, BUC is more sensitive to the variations of tire type. The study also indicates that the reinforcement of pavement using geogrid at the bottom of asphalt layer is more effective on the bottom up cracking than on the top down cracking. By comparison, the super single tire was shown to create more TDC damage ratio than the dual tires assembly in both reinforced and unreinforced pavements.
Top-down cracking (TDC) is among the major forms of asphaltic pavement distresses that significantly affects the serviceability and development of structural failure. Interaction of tire and pavement interaction plays a key role in the initiation of TDC. This study utilizes viscoelastic analysis using finite element modeling to evaluate the influence of axle loads and tire types on the top down cracking in asphaltic pavements. The effect of three axle loads of 5, 8.2 and 15 ton and two tire configurations (conventional dual tire assembly and super single tire) on TDC in Geogrid reinforced and unreinforced pavements has been investigated. The results show that under axle load of 5 and 8.2 ton top down cracking occurs, initialy at the inner edges of the tires, while under axle load of 15 ton its occurence between the tires is sooner than the other zones. Among bottom-up cracking (BUC) and TDC, BUC is more sensitive to the variations of tire type. The study also indicates that the reinforcement of pavement using geogrid at the bottom of asphalt layer is more effective on the bottom up cracking than on the top down cracking. By comparison, the super single tire was shown to create more TDC damage ratio than the dual tires assembly in both reinforced and unreinforced pavements.

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In the current study, the effect of phenotypic factors on Somatic Cell Count (SCC) was evaluated by using classification tree technique. The current study used a total of 1,972,031 test day records of SCC in parity 1 to 4 collected from 1,281 Iranian Holstein-Friesian cows’ herds through 2004–2013. The SCC records were converted to binary trait, defined as 1: If SCC≤ 200,000, and 2: Otherwise. The CART (Classification And Regression Tree) algorithm for classification trees, with GINI index and Entropy function as the division criteria, was used to develop the tree. Statistical analysis was performed using ‘rpart’ package in R software. The constructed tree had 12 leaves and it was 6 levels deep. The results of classification tree procedure for ranking of importance of the variables responsible for the variation in SCC were, respectively, parity, test-day milk production, year of calving, season of calving, and days in milk (stage of lactation). Based on the obtained classification tree, different combination of variables associated with SCC could be identified. According to the classification tree, the lowest amount of SCC was expected in the group of cows that were in the 1st or 2nd parity; their test-day milk production was > 30 kg; they were calved from year 2004 to 2013; and their calving season was autumn or winter.
 

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The use of members with non-uniform cross-sections due to the reduction of the number of materials and the weight of the structure is widely used in industrial structures and metal bridges. Buckling is one of the major problems engineers face in the design of axial compression members (columns). For this reason, several researches have been conducted by researchers in the field of column buckling. Most of the previous research is limited to investigating stability and buckling in Non-prismatic elastic columns in the static state. During an earthquake, the structure is subjected to vertical and lateral earthquake loads. To evaluate the dynamic behavior of the structure during an earthquake, the stability and dynamic buckling of the column must be evaluated. The effect of the earthquake's vertical load and the dynamic axial load has an effect on the dynamic stability of the member in the form of the second-order effect of buckling. In this article, the dynamic buckling of a column with a variable section and viscous damper under alternating axial load is investigated in a comprehensive model. The alternating axial load effect is assumed as a cosine function and the viscous damping effect at the end of the member is assumed as a Dirac delta function. The changes in the moment of inertia along the length of the column are considered in three modes: linear, cubic, and fourth-order changes. The constituent differential equation includes column strain energy, second order effect of alternating axial load, inertia per unit length of the column, and damping of a viscous damper. To solve the constitutive equation, first the weak form of the governing differential equation is written. Lagrange interpolation functions are used as the shape function and the Fourier function (proposed by Bolotin) as the dynamic response of the equation. In the next step, the matrices of material hardness, geometric hardness, and mass are extracted. After extracting the above matrices, the eigenvalues (Buckling load factor, natural frequency) of the equation are checked. Muller root finding technique is used by coding in MATLAB software to calculate eigenvalues. For accuracy in calculations, the function of the form of the equation is checked by the Lagrange method with the number of thirty terms. Also, finding the roots of the equation to calculate the eigenvalue is done with a step of 0.05 using Mueller's method. The buckling load coefficient of the column is evaluated for different values of the expansion coefficient and the damping percentage of the viscous damper in different boundary conditions. The results show that the mentioned values have a significant effect on the changes in the buckling load factor in terms of excitation frequency and resonance frequency. Depending on the boundary conditions, increasing the opening factor causes the diagram to move to the right or left side of the dimensionless excitation frequency axis. Also, increasing the damping coefficient of the viscous damper causes the diagram to move to the left side of the dimensionless excitation frequency axis. Dimensionless parameters such as bar coefficient, excitation frequency, and opening coefficient have been used to report the dynamic behavior of the set in all the tables and figures. The results of this research can be generalized for the design of columns under periodic axial load. The results of this article are verified and compared with previous research. There is an acceptable agreement between the results of the present article and previous research.