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Aims: Dysmenorrhea is a common menstrual disorder characterized by painful uterine contractions, which often leads to absenteeism from school and decreased productivity. Method and Materials: This article provides an overview of primary dysmenorrhea and its impact on female adolescents, emphasizing the significance of pain management strategies. The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea affects approximately 70% of young women globally, underlining its public health implications. The article explores various risk factors, including biological, psychological, social, and lifestyle influences that contribute to dysmenorrhea. Additionally, it discusses the common practice of self-medication among adolescents, primarily through the use of over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and the potential risks associated with improper use. Effective management strategies, such as physical exercise, dietary modifications, and psychological interventions, are highlighted as essential components in alleviating menstrual pain. The importance of health education, particularly in school settings, is emphasized to improve awareness, promote healthy lifestyle practices, and foster a supportive environment for adolescent girls. Conclusion: This comprehensive approach aims to enhance the overall quality of life while addressing the specific health challenges females facing  during their critical developmental years. Ultimately, investing in the health and well-being of adolescent girls is vital for fostering future generations and advancing national progress.

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In this paper, the constrained groove pressing (CGP) process of Al 5052 sheets are experimentally and numerically studied. The CGP process produces the micro-grained-size sheets to enriched strength nano-grained-size ones. The goal of this investigation is the development of an algorithm for the mechanical behavior (Strength and Hardness) prediction of the sheets fabricated by the process. The algorithm enables one to evaluate the die geometry and pressing pass definition effects on mechanical behavior of the fabricated sheet. The proposed algorithm is based on the available relation in literature between the macroscopic behavior and the grain size in metal sheets and between the hardness and the strength properties of metal sheets. The Al 5052 samples are fabricated by two passes of the CGP process. The yield strength and the Vickers hardness of the annealed, the one and two pass CGPed samples are experimentally obtained. The predicted results by the developed algorithm are in good agreement with the experimental data. The comparison of the predicted results by the algorithm with available experimental data for the mechanical behavior of the CGPed pure aluminum sheets with different dies reveals the good accuracy of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm enables one to economical save from the time-consuming experimental evaluation of groove geometry effects on the fabricated sheets and optimum die selection. The effects of the die groove angle on the yield strength and the hardness of the CGPed Al 5052 sheets are estimated using the developed algorithm.

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This study is designed to analyze the trend and pattern of the urban growth in Karaj City applying the landscape ecology approach. Accordingly, monitoring changes in land use/ land cover (LULC), synoptic analysis is conducted. Change detection is conducted applying three TM satellite images taken in 1989, 2001 and 2013 and the post classification comparison method. For implementing synoptic analysis, some composition and configuration-based metrics including Number of Patches, Percentage of Landscape, Largest Patch Index, Landscape Shape Index, Patch Density, Edge Density, Contagion and Shannon’s Diversity were then calculated at two class and landscape levels and their changes were detected. The results indicated that man-made areas increased by 63.91 % and this degraded 2413 hectares of agriculture land and 658 hectares of green cover during the past 24 years. The results of the synoptic analysis indicated that the landscape has become more fragmented, more complex and irregular in shape, more disconnected in continuity of patches and less diversified in terms of land use/ land cover types at the end of the 1989- 2013 period. In addition, the results revealed that sprawl of the man-made areas has caused an increase in fragmentation, irregularity and complexity of agriculture patches and decrease in total area of agriculture class