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Sound substitution is a process whereby a phoneme in a loanword is replaced by its closest phone in the borrowing language. Many English loanwords with consonants /T/, /w/, /k/ and /g/ have been adapted by Persian. None of these consonants exist as a phoneme in Persian. The pronunciation or substitution of these consonants by their closest phone in Persian depends on the phonological environment; the dental /T/ is replaced by [t] and [s] respectively in the onset and coda. The bilabial /w/ is replaced by [v] in the onset. However, since [w] is only used as an intervocalic consonant in Persian, it acts like an intervocalic consonant upon the declusterization of word initial /sw/. Therefore, it is not usually replaced by any consonant in this environment. Finally, the velar consonants /k/ and /g/ either change to palatal [c] and [Š] respectively or do not change at all, due to the phonological environment. This research aimed at explaining each of these sound substitution processes within the framework of optimality theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004). It presents arguments in favor of constraint rankings which cause the occurances of these processes.

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Various factors, such as temperature stress, dietary changes, and the entry of contaminants and infections into the hemolymph, are known to affect insect immune responses by altering hemocyte profiles. The research focused on the hemocyte profile, hemogram across all biological stages, and the morphological and frequency changes of hemocytes in third instar larvae exposed to temperature stress. Cucumber fruits infected with insect larvae were collected and brought to the laboratory, where third instar larvae were extracted from the fruit tissue. The hemolymph was then collected, and after staining with Giemsa solution, hemocytes were identified under a light microscope. The hemogram analysis included measurements of DHC, THC, blood volume, and AHC across all biological stages. In third instar larvae, plasmatocytes and granulocytes were the most abundant, comprising about 56% of the hemocyte population. In contrast, prohemocytes were most frequent in the first instar larvae, accounting for approximately 37%. THC was highest in third instar larvae, indicating a direct correlation between hemolymph volume and total hemocyte count. Temperature stress had a significant impact on hemocyte numbers. Heat stress, with temperatures up to 30 and 35 °C, led to a notable increase in total cell count, granulocytes, and plasmatocytes. Conversely, cold temperatures resulted in a decrease in prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, and the total cell count compared to the control group. Additionally, temperature stress induced hemocyte deformation, with plasmatocytes and granulocytes showing the most pronounced changes under heat stress, including torn cell walls and loss of cell contents at 35 ^○C.

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The adsorption of polymeric systems onto reservoir rock through altering the wettability of rock surface improves oil recovery and reduces the unwanted water production. . In this study, the adsorption behavior of dilute polymeric systems based on sulfonated polyacrylamide  on the glass particles surfaces (representative of sandstone reservoirs) was investigated and the effect of this phenomenon on changing their surface properties was examined. Results show that crosslinked polymeric samples have lower adsorption on glassy surface comparing with uncrosslinked sulfonated polyacrylamide solution. Furthermore, the contact angle tests results showed that crosslinked samples change the surface property of glass particle less than sulfonated polyacrylamide solution. In addition the Langmuir isotherm model fitted the isotherm data better than the Freundlich model for these dilute polymeric systems. Furthermore, study of the thermodynamic of adsorption showed that their adsorption behavior on glassy surfaces is a spontaneous and exothermic process. 

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Re-vegetation of bare soil is believed to increase, or at least maintain the organic matter levels of soil. The aim of this study was to investigate the soil characteristics changes, nutrient pool sizes and their availability under mid canopy, and canopy gap positions of saltbush in an area re-vegetated with Atriplex lentiformis. Some of the physical and chemical soil characteristics (the particle size distribution, soil bulk density, EC, pH, Na, K, organic C, N, P, C/N ratio and C/P ratio) were measured in two different soil depths at both planted shrublands and control area. The results from samples analysis showed that the soil of the control area is significantly different from the Atriplex shrublands area. Maximum of K and Na proportion were measured in 0 to 20 cm under mid canopy in the planted sites. K and Na in different soil layer showed a significant difference between ungrazed area, grazing area and control area (P

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In human-made materials, aerogels have the least thermal conduction coefficient. The least thermal conduction, which aerogels can have, is equivalent to air conduction, about 0.021W/mK. In some applications, lowest conductions is to be needed. In this study, novolac aerogles are used as spacer, for designing and making multilayer super insulators with aluminum foil reflective layers. The performance of these insulators, are extremely depends on density, porosity and the size of pores in aerogel and number of layers in the overall thickness of insulator. In this study, for decreasing effective thermal conduction of multilayer insulations, tow parameters of density of aerogel and ratio of number of layers to thickness of insulator (layer density), are examined in 25 ˚C to 200 ˚C boundary conditions. First, by assessment of aerogel novolac density effect on thermal conduction, aerogel with density of 0.076 g/cm3 was chosen as the best spacer. In the next part, ratio of 25 layer per centimeter of thickness was chosen as the best layer density. Finally, by making multilayer super insulators, based on this results, an insulator with 5×10-4W/mK effective thermal conductivity was obtaind without evacuation of spacer.

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Background: Helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of chronic infection in the human stomach. The infection has universe prevalence in all age groups. Probably, this bacterium is the cause of most common chronic bacterial infection in human beings and infects approximately half of the world population. H. pylori produces urease, an enzyme that degrades the urea in the stomach’s mucous to ammonia resulting in biochemical reaction that leads to increase in pH of the stomach lumen. This allows pathogenic intestinal protozoa to take the opportunity to cross through stomach’s increased pH and cause disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between H. pylori infection and prevalence of parasitic infection in patients in Ilam. Materials and Methods: Following stool samples collection during 2013 in patients with abdominal pain in Ilam, Iran. H. pylori infection was investigated based on stool antigen analysis (HPSA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in patients who had recurrent abdominal pain. Stool specimens were examined using the direct examination and the spontaneous sedimentation method for detecting the trophozoite and cyst of parasites. Results: In this study, we found 65 patients with H. pylori infection. Out of these 65 patients, the percentage of patients with positive results for Giardia lamblia was 30.7% and for Entamoebahistolytica/dispar was 12.3%. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that H. pylori infection may provide favorable conditions for giardiasis infection; however, this presumption needs further studies with larger sample size.

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The elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a serious pest of elm (Ulmus spp.) throughout Iran. In the present study, Lethal and sublethal effects of neem, Achook^® containing 0.03% azadirachtin, were assessed on mortality, growth, larval weight and feeding deterrence as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities of third instar larvae of the elm leaf beetle. LC₅₀ and LC₃₀ values of the third instar larvae 48 h post treatment were estimated to be 3.3 and 2.25 ppm respectively. Observations showed higher mortality, increase in larval duration, sterilization of adults, reduction in weight and feeding deterrence after LC₃₀ and LC₅₀ treatments. Biochemical analysis showed changes in the amounts of biochemical components in the treated larvae after 48 h. In the treated larvae, activity level of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and α-amylase as enzymatic components and urea and cholesterol as non-enzymatic ones changed significantly in LC₅₀ and LC₃₀ treatments. Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, protein, glycogen, and glucose levels decreased in these treatments. The activity level of detoxifying enzymes such as esterase A, esterase B and glutathione S-transferase were significantly affected. Hence, neem is suggested as a safe product that may have the potential for use as a bioinsecticide in integrated pest management of urbanelms where use of chemical insecticides are discouraged.

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In this study, the human health risk of mercury due to consumption of croaker (Otolithes ruber) in Mahshahr, the Persian Gulf, , was evaluated using atomic absorbtion spectrophotometer)and cold vapor techniques to measure the mercury concentration in muscle samples of 30 fresh croakers . A. Result showed the average concentration of mercury in croaker  muscle was 0.354±0.09 µg/ g of fresh wet weight, which was less than the allowable amount for human consumption determined by the international organizations such as USFDA and WHO, but more than the allowable amount for human consumption determined by MAFF and the USEPA. HQ Index was above 1 (1.18). In addition, the calculations indicated that daily and weekly mercury uptake for the Iranian consumers, according to Statistical Yearbook of Iran Fisheries organization (the amount consumed per capita),  is lower than the guideline values (PTWI and PTDI) provided by WHO, USFDA and more than USEPA. Therefore, the consumption of the croaker might be associated with some threat to the consumer’s health particularly pregnant women, fetuses and children from mercury but consumption permitted rate of 20gper dayand138 gper week is recommended for other people.

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Quality deterioration of fish as the result of disintegration of proteins, even under chill storage, yields peptides and amino acids, which make the quality susceptible to further degradation as the result of bacterial conversion of these amino acids into hazardous biogenic amines (BAs). In this study, six biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, histamine and tyramine) in 16 days ice stored common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were evaluated at 5 intervals (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days). Higher levels of putrescine and cadaverine were detected at all intervals, indicating they can be good markers to determine the carp quality. Spermidine and spermine levels fluctuated during the storage and the levels of dangerous histamine and tyramine were too low to raise any concern.

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Background: Identifying the health problems of governmental organizations staff, their health needs, and prioritizing these needs are the first step in intervention planning in order to improve their health. This study was conducted to identify health problems and health-related needs of Mellat Bank employees in Yazd, Iran.
Methods and Materials: For this cross sectional study, 179 eligible employees were selected from 34 branches of Mellat Bank in Yazd province. The data collection tool was a questionnaire containing an open question as "What problems affect your health in your workplace". The questionnaire was sent to all employees of the Mellat Bank through official automation system, to which 167 people ultimately responded. Then the problems were combined, listed, and sorted based on their frequency.
Results: In this study, from a total of 167 employees (92%) responded to the questionnaire, of which 152 (91%) cases were man and 15 (9%) cases were woman. Most of the studied subjects had a bachelor's degree of education. A total of 86 (51.4%) subjects suffered from musculoskeletal problems, among which low back pain (n = 61, 71%), neck pain (n = 39, 45%), and knee pain (n = 26, 30%) were the most frequent. In addition, about 47 (28.1%) and 32 (19.1%) cases suffered from stress and psychological disorders, respectively.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the most important identified health problem was musculoskeletal pains. Therefore, in addition to further research to be carried out in order to confirm these results, it is suggested that the causes of these problems be investigated in analytical research in order to be able to design and implement appropriate interventions to address these problems.

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Companies have widely adopted the Internet and related technologies worldwide to conduct their business and improve performance. Internet technologies and electronic business provide new opportunities for companies to compete in the global market and play a significant role in the world economy. Despite the significant studies in e-business, there is a need for more comprehensive analysis in examining e-business in the sports industry based on new e-business approaches. This article aims to develop a theoretical framework of e-business based on the participation of sports consumers in the company's development, which was carried out with the qualitative research method and based on the foundational data theory and a constructivist approach. Research data were collected by a purposive sampling method using a snowball technique and based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with e-commerce. The number of research participants by using the theoretical saturation index reached 19. The analysis of research findings showed five main categories. Different dimensions of business, to make money for yourself and profit for the company. The final model of the research was presented so that the sports consumer can enter into business with companies through social networks by reaching electronic maturity and designing a project or service if he has high communication literacy. It was found that sports consumers can participate in developing sports or non-sports companies that either need online advertising are advertising agencies. These sports organizations need to hire people or sports manufacturers that need feedback on their products.

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Seed protein profiles of 47 accessions belonging to eleven species and four tribes of grain legumes were studied, by extracting the total proteins from ten single seeds in each accession and performing SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All eleven species were clearly recognizable from their protein banding patterns, but only Phaseolus vulgaris expressed high intraspecific variations, followed by Lathyrus sativus. Variation among accessions of other species was very limited. Cluster analysis, after quantifying the protein bands, using UPGMA procedure, showed phylogenetic relationships which were in a good concordance with species classification based on morphological characters. Accessions of tribe Vicieae formed one cluster (Vicia faba, Lens culinaris, Pisum sativum, Lathyrus sativus and Vicia ervilia) having nearly equal amounts of three categories of polypeptide: high, moderate and low molecular weight. The second cluster was a small tribe of Cicereae (Cicer arietinum accessions) having moderate and low molecular weight polypeptides. Accessions of Phaseoleae tribe formed the third cluster (Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata and Vigna radiata), having predominantly high molecular weight polypeptides. Finally, the more distinct tribe, Aeschynomeneae (Arachis hypogaea accessions), formed a separate cluster exhibiting a special banding pattern. A unique discrepancy was observed about Glycine max, which belongs to Phaseoleae but was clustered with Cicereae.

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The effect of packaging type on the shelf life of gutted farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) stored in refrigerator (3°C) was investigated. The fish was gutted and washed at room temperature. They were packed individually in polyethylene-polyamide bags in three experimental packaging: the presence of air, vacuum, and modified atmosphere (60% carbon dioxide, 10% oxygen and 30% nitrogen). The samples were stored in refrigerator  up to 15 days and evaluated for the microbiological enumerations, chemical and physical analysis at days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15. The numbers of mesophilic, enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria in the various treatments were not significantly different, during the storage. The number of psychrotrophic bacterium was not significantly different up to the 12^th days of storage in all the experimental groups, whereas the bacterial count was significantly lower in the modified atmosphere packaging. Changes in the acid values and TBARS were not also significant in all the experimental groups during the storage. The amount of drip loss in all treatments increased with time. In the 12^th and 15^th days of storage, the loss was significantly higher in the vacuumed samples. In all treatments, the hardness value of meat was considerably decreased in the third day compared to the first day of storage. The present study revealed that if the rainbow trout properly washed and gutted in the hygienic conditions and stored at a suitable temperature, the shelf life was extended up to nine days without using any specific packaging. Furthermore, the packaging conditions used in this study did not improve the shelf life of the gutted farmed rainbow trout stored at 3ºC.

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Students are the country's future makers and the university's existential philosophy. Participation in sports activities can positively affect students' liveness and vitality. The purpose of this study was to present a constructivist theory in line with student participation in sports and physical activities, which was done with a qualitative research method and a heuristic-fundamental nature. Through the purposeful sampling method and snowball sampling technique and based on interviews with 17 experts with experience in university sports, research data were collected, and data were coded and analyzed based on the theoretical foundation of data and with Charms' constructivist approach. The findings showed that four operational factors: budget allocation, management, human resources, technology, and infrastructure, and two mediators of development environment and development resources have a significant role in student growth and desire to participate in sports. As a result, a baseline theory based on medium-range data, which is the essence of the theoretical foundation of data, called " general to specific growth pattern of student in sport, "was explained aiming at changing behavior and institutionalizing a desirable habit based on the active participation in sports for students. It was found that the components of university sports become in the form of the university sports components roles, taking into account the development of stimuli through mediators and operational factors, and the development of university sports in Iran is not far away if this cycle is implemented properly.
 

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The effect of simultaneous application of probiotic and digestive enzyme on the intestinal digestive activity of the whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, was evaluated. For this purpose, the juvenile shrimps were fed for 30 days with a dietary probio-enzyme (containing a combination of six exogenous enzymes and four probiotic bacterial strains) at four concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g kg^-1 feed. Shrimps (5.04±0.39 g ind^-1) were randomly distributed in 12 aquaria (4 treatments × 3 replications); each aquarium contained 15 individual shrimps. Results indicated significantly (p≤0.05) higher growth performance, amylase and lipase activity at 0.5 g kg^-1 treatment as compared to other treatments. Protease activity was, however, significantly (p≤ 0.05) higher at 1.0 g kg^-1treatment as compared to other groups. Results also indicated that increase in the concentration of probiotic and enzymes supplementation was not associated with increase in all the digestive enzyme activity. In other words, probiotics and enzymes onlywithin specific range can have positive effect on growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of L. vannamei, above or below.

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Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of healthy nutrition education on the body mass index (BMI) of health volunteers in Ilam Province, Iran.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, two cities of Ilam Province were randomly selected and their active health volunteers (n = 70) were randomly placed in two groups of experimental and control after providing written informed consent. Data were collected by using the valid (by a panel of experts) and reliable (by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.92) questionnaire (developed by the researcher) and standard equipment and methods at two stages: before and six months after the intervention. The experimental group participated in a one-day training workshop with an emphasis on increasing the knowledge of participants in the field of obesity and its problems. Data were analyzed using SPSS19 and the statistical tests, Chi-square test and T-test.
Findings: The mean of BMI in the experimental group decreased significantly by 2.4 after intervention and reached to 25.1 ± 1.8, but there was no decrease in BMI mean in the control group. In the experimental group, the relationship between age and education level and weight loss was not significant, but the relationship between weight loss and having a BMI above 25 was significant.
Conclusion: Weight loss in the experimental group compared to the control group suggests the impact of the intervention of the education; however, its difference between the existed weight loss standards imply that the education for nutrition just for modifying BMI was not enough.

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Biological and demographic parameters of the mealybug ladybird, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) were evaluated on citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) and obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) under 24 ± 2 ºC, 80 ± 5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h. The mealybugs had a significant effect on developmental time and reproductive and demographic parameters of the ladybird. Life span (egg to adult death) was obtained 220.85 ± 5.78 and 119.44 ± 2.1 days when fed on Pl. citri and Ps. viburni, respectively. However, mean number of eggs per female (fecundity) and mean percent of egg hatching were significantly higher on Ps. viburni than on Pl. citri. In addition, values of intrinsic rate of increase (r_m), finite rate of increase (λ) andnet reproductive rate (R₀) were significantly higher on Ps. viburni than on Pl. citri.The values of intrinsic rate of increase were estimated 0.081and 0.094 day^-1 on Pl. citri and Ps. viburni, respectively. Results of this study suggested that the obscure mealybug is a more suitable prey than the citrus mealybug as the ladybird displayed shorter developmental time, and higher fecundity and growth rate when fed with obscure mealybug.  

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In vitro antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles, at concentrations of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 ppm, was studied on five phytopathogenic fungi, and a biocontrol agent. Then effect of silver nanoparticle at 6 ppm (optimum concentration) was evaluated on Macrophomina phaseolina in greenhouse. For in vitro experiment, the fungal isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar medium amended with silver nanoparticles. Radial fungal growth was recorded after 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 days and mycelial growth inhibition rates were calculated. The most sensitive fungus to nanoparticles was Pythium aphanidermatum, since all tested concentrations showed 100% inhibition during the 10 days of observation.The second most sensitive fungus was Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, since it was able to grow only at concentration of 6 ppm and M. phaseolina was the third in sensitivity since its growth was inhibited in all concentrations after three days. In greenhouse experiments, five treatments including no nanosilver-no pathogen (Negative control), no nanosilver +pathogen (Positive control), 6 ppm nanosilver– no pathogen, 6 ppm nanosilver +pathogen, Carboxin-Thiram (0.15%) +pathogen were compared. Four characters viz shoot and root fresh and dry weights were measured. Based on the greenhouse experimental results, treatments with nanosilver and fungicide gave higher yields than the positive control. The chemical control treatment had the highest measured parameters, while 6 ppm nanosilver +pathogen treatment had the same parameters as negative control. It may therefore be suggested to use nanosilver as a safer alternative to chemical fungicides for control of M. phaseolina.

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The occurrence of dust storms and their sources in the southern and central parts of Iran during the period of 2002 to 2009 was investigated. For this purpose, the meteorological and synoptic data, data from the middle and upper atmosphere, and wind flow tracking model were used. Dust storms and NDDI were traced using satellite imagery from Fasa, Shiraz, and Bushehr stations. Analysis of the ground data indicated that one of the strongest storms occurred in 2008 and the most intense dusty day was June 10, 2008. The results of tracing wind flow in the fiercest dusty day using HYSPLIT model indicated that dust masses originated from the western parts of Iraq and eastern Syria and transported by the northwest winds in the region. The results indicated that west winds are caused by the presence of the low pressure air mass in the center of Iran and the high pressure air mass in the northeast of Africa. It is concluded that terrestrial measurements, weather patterns, tracing wind flow model and NDDI index have suitable capability to detect the movement of dust storms.

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Generally speaking, cleft constructions are marked syntactic structures, which represent a simple logical proposition by two clauses. The relation of these constructions to more basic structures is determined in regard with the theoretical framework chosen for the analysis. In the one hand, transformational studies try to determine the underlying structure through using cleft construction features. If copular sentences were considered as the basic structure for cleft constructions, the chosen analysis would be an extrapositioal one, and in the case of relating these structures to non-cleft structures, expletive analysis would be given. Recent efforts on studying cleft constructions will not be accommodated in none of the approaches above, on the other hand.  Eventually, this paper indicates that transformational approaches can not well afford explaining these sentences, and thus a non-transformational approach must be chosen.