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Various factors, such as temperature stress, dietary changes, and the entry of contaminants and infections into the hemolymph, are known to affect insect immune responses by altering hemocyte profiles. The research focused on the hemocyte profile, hemogram across all biological stages, and the morphological and frequency changes of hemocytes in third instar larvae exposed to temperature stress. Cucumber fruits infected with insect larvae were collected and brought to the laboratory, where third instar larvae were extracted from the fruit tissue. The hemolymph was then collected, and after staining with Giemsa solution, hemocytes were identified under a light microscope. The hemogram analysis included measurements of DHC, THC, blood volume, and AHC across all biological stages. In third instar larvae, plasmatocytes and granulocytes were the most abundant, comprising about 56% of the hemocyte population. In contrast, prohemocytes were most frequent in the first instar larvae, accounting for approximately 37%. THC was highest in third instar larvae, indicating a direct correlation between hemolymph volume and total hemocyte count. Temperature stress had a significant impact on hemocyte numbers. Heat stress, with temperatures up to 30 and 35 °C, led to a notable increase in total cell count, granulocytes, and plasmatocytes. Conversely, cold temperatures resulted in a decrease in prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, and the total cell count compared to the control group. Additionally, temperature stress induced hemocyte deformation, with plasmatocytes and granulocytes showing the most pronounced changes under heat stress, including torn cell walls and loss of cell contents at 35 ^○C.

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The elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a serious pest of elm (Ulmus spp.) throughout Iran. In the present study, Lethal and sublethal effects of neem, Achook^® containing 0.03% azadirachtin, were assessed on mortality, growth, larval weight and feeding deterrence as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities of third instar larvae of the elm leaf beetle. LC₅₀ and LC₃₀ values of the third instar larvae 48 h post treatment were estimated to be 3.3 and 2.25 ppm respectively. Observations showed higher mortality, increase in larval duration, sterilization of adults, reduction in weight and feeding deterrence after LC₃₀ and LC₅₀ treatments. Biochemical analysis showed changes in the amounts of biochemical components in the treated larvae after 48 h. In the treated larvae, activity level of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and α-amylase as enzymatic components and urea and cholesterol as non-enzymatic ones changed significantly in LC₅₀ and LC₃₀ treatments. Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, protein, glycogen, and glucose levels decreased in these treatments. The activity level of detoxifying enzymes such as esterase A, esterase B and glutathione S-transferase were significantly affected. Hence, neem is suggested as a safe product that may have the potential for use as a bioinsecticide in integrated pest management of urbanelms where use of chemical insecticides are discouraged.

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Seed protein profiles of 47 accessions belonging to eleven species and four tribes of grain legumes were studied, by extracting the total proteins from ten single seeds in each accession and performing SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All eleven species were clearly recognizable from their protein banding patterns, but only Phaseolus vulgaris expressed high intraspecific variations, followed by Lathyrus sativus. Variation among accessions of other species was very limited. Cluster analysis, after quantifying the protein bands, using UPGMA procedure, showed phylogenetic relationships which were in a good concordance with species classification based on morphological characters. Accessions of tribe Vicieae formed one cluster (Vicia faba, Lens culinaris, Pisum sativum, Lathyrus sativus and Vicia ervilia) having nearly equal amounts of three categories of polypeptide: high, moderate and low molecular weight. The second cluster was a small tribe of Cicereae (Cicer arietinum accessions) having moderate and low molecular weight polypeptides. Accessions of Phaseoleae tribe formed the third cluster (Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata and Vigna radiata), having predominantly high molecular weight polypeptides. Finally, the more distinct tribe, Aeschynomeneae (Arachis hypogaea accessions), formed a separate cluster exhibiting a special banding pattern. A unique discrepancy was observed about Glycine max, which belongs to Phaseoleae but was clustered with Cicereae.

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Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of healthy nutrition education on the body mass index (BMI) of health volunteers in Ilam Province, Iran.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, two cities of Ilam Province were randomly selected and their active health volunteers (n = 70) were randomly placed in two groups of experimental and control after providing written informed consent. Data were collected by using the valid (by a panel of experts) and reliable (by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.92) questionnaire (developed by the researcher) and standard equipment and methods at two stages: before and six months after the intervention. The experimental group participated in a one-day training workshop with an emphasis on increasing the knowledge of participants in the field of obesity and its problems. Data were analyzed using SPSS19 and the statistical tests, Chi-square test and T-test.
Findings: The mean of BMI in the experimental group decreased significantly by 2.4 after intervention and reached to 25.1 ± 1.8, but there was no decrease in BMI mean in the control group. In the experimental group, the relationship between age and education level and weight loss was not significant, but the relationship between weight loss and having a BMI above 25 was significant.
Conclusion: Weight loss in the experimental group compared to the control group suggests the impact of the intervention of the education; however, its difference between the existed weight loss standards imply that the education for nutrition just for modifying BMI was not enough.

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During the Safavid era, communications between Iran and India became deeper than before due to the common official language. Persian romantic stories were among the written works during this period in the countries. The question is: "Are Persian romantic stories in the Safavid era in Iran and India fully similar due to the concurrency, common language and existence of similar structures, or have distinction due to different cultural environment?" Some Researches has been done on the storytelling of the Safavid period, But so far, there has been no works published on the influence of intellectual motifs on the Iranian and Indian Persian stories in any of the topics.
In this paper, it has been attempted to answer the question, by analyzing the content of the Stories. Of course, the assumption of this research is that there are many similarities in language, structure, sequences and character's functions in the Persian romantic stories in Iran and India, but despite these similarities, there is a different worldview and attitude towards the characters and events. These differences include: "Death of the lovers at the end of the story", "Girl's freedom in choosing a spouse", "supernatural creatures’ role", “presence of Mysticism and Sufism, "animals’ impact in the story ", "presence of Indian characters" and "independence of the source" that would help to understand the stories written in India from Iranian stories.

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Shadows are often concerned with the study of light and in inductive reasoning light has always been precedent respectively. From cited viewpoints, Shadow is deemed to be a secondary phenomenon and similar to when Comparing between full and empty, shadows are assumed to be the empty quality. In this manner shadows are always concerned to be a “lack of light” phenomenon, meanwhile shadows can be analyzed and inferred as an independent entity and an influential element in architecture.
This article introduces techniques for further understanding and analyzing shadows, also a different approach to the world of shadows has been presented which its new insight and profoundness leads to a novel understanding of spatial quality influenced by shadows as an independent quality. The results show that there is a direct and positive relationship between the architecture quality and light, and recognizing the interactions between these two has an indispensable importance in growth of productivity and richness in architecture. The research is a both descriptive and analyzing study and it is considered a qualitative research. The research method in this article is logical reasoning and it includes a path from analyzing data and understanding phenomenon to conceptual modeling.
It is an attempt to answer this question: How we can present more intelligent models via detecting and analyzing elements and new evaluation methods for interactive relationships between variable architecture elements and factors. There are many shadow making elements in hot climate of Iran which can be counted and exterminated. Any of this intelligent and delicate elements navigate a chain of information, thus without this continuity, information cannot be linked and disconnection of information is one of the main problems in today's architecture and its products. Some exam-able models in shadow use are porches, wooden structures named “shirsar” in roof edge, fractures in the body of building and courtyard, dome and green space.
Shadow has a successful and influential role in architectural characteristics and behaviors. Characteristics as coolness, graphical attraction, hierarchy, depth, graphical clarity, urban spatial quality, time and movement, contrast and theoretical discovery are only some of the examples which can be related to shadows. Shadows are like informative labels which are in flow and movement accompanying phenomenon and as the phenomenon stop moving and stay still, shadows keep moving. Shadows are harbingers for motion, life and dynamism. Fountain falls and dies at the time it stops its motion.
Interactive role of shadows as similar to other natural systems and organisms can be examined through different methods and at the same time this passage can be benefited in editing exam-able elements and parameters in human constructing processes. After evaluating historic architectural works which have reached to proximity and nearness with their own environment and climate, we evaluated and examined shadows and divided them in to three types. These three types were the shadows which were back to light, context shadows and interactive shadows. Meanwhile, in addition to introducing shadow quality and properties in architecture productions and its procedures, separate tables are presented for their recognition and identification. In this passage, tables below present multi directional influences of different elements on each other and the whole system.
Next, a three dimensional model of interaction between three types of shadow in watch stone of “sheikh Baha’i” is presented. This interactive model tries to demonstrate the concept and idea of happenings and events in an interactive pattern based on algorithmic Technics. In image 7 the conceptual model is presented based of an algorithm written in image 8. In two sides of these diagrams hours of day from 8 in the morning to 6 in the evening are presented, the right side belongs to the back to light shadows and in 12 pm this shadow reaches to 0 which is its minimum and after that there is no shadow till the next cycle. The left side of the diagram belongs to the context shadow which its quantity is on maximum on 8 am and gradually as it approaches to 12 pm the quantity decreases and on 12 pm at the time the back to light shadows reaches to 0, the context shadow similarly is 0 and they are both on their minimum and that is the time for experiencing lack of shadows.
This three dimensional model represents the surfaces of this diagram which are created in interaction between the back to light shadows and context shadows and result in compressed and tensed surfaces. The unpredictable result of this model represents the complicated states of interactive shadows which is under the effect of two other types of shadows. Dividing shadows into three types helps us to understand properties of interactive shadows and also remember not to ignore and disregard the edges of drawn diagrams and the surfaces in between which carry multi directional information. The inter-common edge of the two diagrams which is presented with darker color is the diagram of interactive shadow between the back to light shadows and context shadows. Meanwhile in stone watch of “sheikh Baha’i” as of the degree and status of the stone these shadows were hidden intentionally. (Proposed model is written by Grasshopper. This plugin (grasshopper) could be installed on another program called Rhino which works as a host, enables the user to write algorithms and see the results as a drawing outputs (2D or 3D) in this environment (rhino). Writing environment in grasshopper is all graphical and the factors in drawing in all phases of programming could be change and edit.)
Finally, the interactive shadows are elastic and flexible shadows which have the role of interaction and conduction between the two other types of shadows. Creating the diagram models which can represent the mutual interactions in addition to main variables, can have an indispensable role in understanding the complicated behaviors and characteristics of nature for designer and researchers. In this Technic as of numerous amount of variables and data and the multi directional calculations in this relationships, the intelligence of computers can be benefited in representing the complicated results.

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Microorganisms and plants have high potential for reducing the metal (biosynthesis of nanoparticles) through their metabolic pathways. Apart from the environmental benefits of biosynthesis of nanoparticles, there is the opportunity for production of nanomaterial with new properties in this method. In this study, the fruit aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa L. was used for synthesis of nanoparticles. To evaluate the reducing potential of plant, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts were measured by DPPH and FRAP methods. The aqueous extract showed a lower antioxidant activity than the ethanolic extract; however, it had high potential to reduce the free radicals and metal ions. After preparing the extract, for phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, 2 ml of extract was added to 4 ml of 1 mM silver nitrate. The extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agents of the nanoparticles. The effect of determining parameters for optimizing synthesis of nanoparticles such as: pH of reaction, the amount of extract, concentration of metal ion and time of reaction were evaluated using Ultraviolent-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) .The spectrum of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of silver nanoparticles showed the maximum absorbance at 415 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to identify the possible functional groups involved in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The Results showed that the nanoparticles were spherical shape and the size of them were about 8-12 nm.

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The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying the subjective patterns of managers and experts of Iranian Fisheries Organization regarding organizational transformation. The research was carried out with the participation of a number of managers and experts of the Fisheries Organization who were selected by a purposeful sampling approach. The main research method for collecting the required data was in-depth interview. After reviewing and summarizing 75 statements extracted from the interviews, 41 statements were finally selected as Q samples. After sorting Q statements, exploratory factor analysis and varimax rotation approach were employed to identify subjective patterns. The results revealed that five different subjective patterns can be identified among the managers and experts of the Iranian Fisheries Organization regarding the organizational transformation, which explained 72.87% of the total variance in the factor analysis model. The results of factor analysis indicated that the subjective patterns identified included participatory policies, capacity development and change management, appropriate organizational structures, incentives for change, and clarification of financial and administrative affairs. In the end, it was recommended that it was very important to develop more units and mechanisms within the organization for communication and interaction with other actors. Rereading and amending the regulations related to the support of the information system in the organization is an undeniable necessity that can develop and institutionalize the teamwork culture in the fisheries organization. In addition, the results of the present study can facilitate the organizational transformation and ultimately increase the success and responsiveness of the fisheries organization.

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Hedayat and Kafka Man is the only being who thinks about his being. This principle is the basis of a kind of philosophical worldview known as existentialism or existentialism. In this view, man has limited existential possibilities to get rid of internal contradictions and contradictions and escape from meaningful existence. Therefore, in the face of existence, man experiences the feeling of non-suspension, suspension, and suffering, and existential apprehensions. In explaining this feeling, some existential thinkers such as Kafka, by choosing the language of narration and the symbolic structure of fiction to the dry and specialized issues of existentialism, gave an artistic character, and some contemporary Iranian writers chose this method and attitude. Since the views in this field emphasize the influence of Hedayat from Kafka, the purpose of this article is to compare and contrast one of the manifestations of this philosophical worldview in the most prominent literary works of these two authors. To this end, the components of existential "apprehension" in the four stories of Kafka and Hedayat were examined and it was determined that semantics, identity loss, loneliness, suspense, doubt, fear, and eternal condemnation, mental and objective actions of the characters of each story. They have formed two writers. In addition to the influence of guidance and the commonality of the two authors in the principle of "apprehension", the stories of guidance are mostly related to the apprehensions of epistemology and psychology. But Kafkachr's novels show deep religious apprehension.

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Objective: Bacterial meningitis is a dangerous and sometimes fatal infection that affects the central nervous system. Because some antibiotics can prevent some types of these Bacteria and supress them from spreading and infecting, therefore it is important to know what type of virus or bacterium is causing meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitides are the two main pathogens causinig acute bacterial meningitis. Different methods are used for the detection of H. influenzae and N. meningitidis but they are of low sensitivity, taking long time and difficult to perform. Therefore, complementary methods are necessary for more sensitive detection of these agents. Materials and Methods: In this study, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay was developed for detection of H. influenzae and N. meningitidis. These strains were confirmed by biochemical methods. Two specific primer pairs were designed for lic-1 and opa genes of H. influenzae and N. meningitidis respectively. Results: DNA amplification product fragments were 150 bp and 320 bp for H. influenzae and N. meningitidis, respectively. Streptococcus pneumoniae used as a negative control and did not yield a PCR product. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that PCR is a useful complementary diagnostic technique, especially when Gram stain, culture, or antigenic detection is negative or inconclusive.

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Today, nanosilver is one of the most commercialized nanomaterials. The demand for synthesis of Nanosilver through biocompatible routs due to wide biomedical application has increased. Use of plants and plant products as sustainable and renewable resources in the synthesis of nanoparticles is more advantageous over other biological routes. In this study, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract of Withania somnifera as reducing agent is reported. Effect of parameters such as AgNO3 concentration, aqueous extract, pH and formation time were investigated and optimized by UV-visible spectroscopy in the synthesis of nanoparticles. At room temperature, the solution color started to change from pale yellow to dark brown due to the reduction of silver ion. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied for size and morphological analysis of nanoparticles. TEM result shows a spherical structure with an average size ranging from 24-35 nm for silver nanoparticles.
 

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Parsi Zira, Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch., or Black Zira, a member of the Umbellifera family, is one of the most important medicinal species with high economic value. Generally, there is limited information about in vitro culture of Bunium persicum. In this study, the effect of various media (MS, B5) and combinations of plant growth regulators, NAA and 2,4-D alone or together with Kin, on callus induction and shoot regeneration from hypocotyl explant were investigated. This experiment has been carried out in a completely randomized design with 30 treatments and 10 replications per treatment. The results showed significant effects of treatments on regeneration and callus induction. All the measured traits for MS medium were superior. The highest callus frequency was observed on the medium containing 0.1 mg L-1 or 1 mg L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as well as 2 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 kinetin. The best treatment for somatic embryogenesis was the medium containing 2 mg L-1 2,4-D. The best response for shoot regeneration was observed on the medium supplemented with 1 mg L-1 2,4-D. The medium containing 1 mg L-1 2,4-D was the best for callus induction and shoot regeneration simultaneously. The regenerated shoots were rooted on basal medium.

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Enzyme electrophoresis was used to measure genetic variation within, and divergence among, three generations of recently bred synthetic alfalfa generations (Syn1, Syn2, and Syn3) originating from a polycross of 12 selected parents and several cultivars. Three isozyme loci, exhibiting tetrasomic inheritance in 10-day seedlings, were detected from five enzymatic systems analyzed by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis for about 100 individuals of each alfalfa population. Very high levels of heterozygosity (ranging from 0.521 to 0.699) were observed within alfalfa populations, using polymorphic loci. The reduction in heterozygosity was about 5% from Syn1 to Syn2 and from Syn2 to Syn3. The last open pollinated generation was found to be in W-H equilibrium as well as Gharayonja, a native ecotype under examination, using c2-test. Application of Wright's Fstatistics revealed that the estimated overall inbreeding coefficient, (FIT), of 9.4% was mainly related to inbreeding or double reduction in alfalfa (FIS= 8.61%) rather than random genetic drift or population differentiation (FST= 1.6%). Therefore, due to very large intra-population diversity, the breeding program of the synthetic alfalfa did not generate a large variety differentiation. However, the use of seedling allozymic loci can be applied successfully for estimation of the population genetic parameters.

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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) implementations are also classified as the Lagrangian and Eulerian methods. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a mesh free particle method based on Lagrangian formulation with a number of advantages. This method is obtained approximate numerical solutions of the equations of the fluid dynamics by replacing the fluid with a set of particles. All particles carry their properties and then the advection is taken care automatically. In contrast, Eulerian mesh based numerical methods have difficulties such as the problem of numerical diffusion due to advection terms. Because of the simplicity and robustness of SPH, this numerical method has been extended to complex fluid and solid mechanics problems. The important advantage of SPH is that the muli-phase flows can be modeled by SPH and each particle can be assigned to a different phase. In this paper, the SPH method is used for simulating water and sediment flow in dam break problem. The government equations are momentum and continuity equations which are described in a Lagrangian framework. Also, the compressible flows are modeled as a weakly compressible flow via the equation of state. The XSPH equation is applied for each particle movement at each time step. The Wendland kernel is applied as smoothing function. Sediments are treated as non-Newtonian fluid and for simulating them the non-Newtonian models are used. In this paper, the combination of two rheological models named Bingham and Cross is used. The predictor- corrector algorithm is applied. The time step is controlled by Courant condition (CFL), the forcing terms and the viscous diffusion terms. On the other hand, the laboratory experiment of dam break is performed and the new experimental set up was built. At first, the column of water with a height of 0.5 m and the wide of 0.25 m is blocked by a partition gate. The bottom of the water column is covered with non cohesive sediments. The sediments are sands with d50=1.4 mm. The partition gate separates the water column from the downstream channel and the speed of partition gate is more important. Then the partition gate is removed with a specific velocity. The partition gate opens completely from above with a constant speed of 0.6 m/s. The flow motion is recorded by digital camera system. Finally, a comparison between experimental results and computational results is carried out and the errors are calculated. The error of sediment height variations in specific horizontal distances (x=5 cm and 14 cm) in reservoir are 6.55% and 5.94%, respectively. Also, the sediment surface profiles are shown in different times. The comparisons are shown good agreements between numerical and experimental results. The good agreement proves the ability of the present SPH model to simulating two phase flows.

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 In order to evaluate salt (NaCl) tolerance in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) half-sib families, a factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized design, with 20-25 individuals in pot (replicates) was carried out under field conditions at the Research Station of University of Tabriz. Electrophoretic analyses were performed by using 7.5% slab polyacrylamide gels. Two antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) and one common isozymic system namely esterase (EST) were stained and for each isozymic band the “density × area” scores onto gels were evaluated by MCID software as enzymatic activity. Plant materials consisted of 12 half-sib families that were obtained from a “polycross nursery progeny test” in the same station, a few years ago. The applied salt stress (9±0.2 ds m^-1) reduced plant height, dry weight, leaf weight and stem weight about 31.7, 37.5, 33.7 and 34.7 percent, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between plant height and some antioxidant isozyme activities. Salt stress increased activities of some SOD and POX isozymes but it was ineffective on the activity of EST. Among the families, Ranger cultivar and Zaghl-aghaj and Taze-kand landraces which displayed maximum height and other characteristics exhibited the highest increments in respect of isozyme activities, indicating that antioxidant analysis by gel electrophoresis could be a useful tool for salt stress tolerance studies.

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Vortex combustion chamber is the new generation of liquid propellant engines chamber, where with the help of different arrangement of injectors, an inner combustion chamber vortex flow is created. This vortex can extremely help cooling and increasing the amount of propellant components mixing in the combustion chamber so it makes it possible to create a complete combustion in a low- capacity chamber. In this research, a vortex chamber has been designed and manufactured for carrying out cold tests with water as its working fluid, in order to study impact of different parameters, including pressure drop, injector quantity and input angle, chamber diameter and the thickness of the supporting step, on the performance of this type of chambers. The designed chamber, has a great deal of capabilities such as replacement ease, change in pressure drop and injectors’ input angle and studying different supporting step’s thickness to create vortex flow. Since practical investigation of all parameters is not cost-effective, cold test has been conducted for some samples and both simulation and validation have been done for it. The simulation results and chamber performance in the tests could match very well; therefore as a result of simulation assurance, the processes and other parameters in the chamber could be studied. By doing these tests we can move toward design, manufacture and test of the main vortex combustion chamber.

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In this research, subcooled flow boiling of water and water-based nanofluid in the different channels cross sections with the same hydraulic diameter is simulated. The subcooled flow boiling of water in the channels is studied by Euler – Euler model. The results of this part was matched with the experimental data very well. To study the effects of nanoparticles in the subcooled boiling flow, copper oxide nanoparticles with 40 nm in diameter were injected at the inlet to the flow. The nanofluid subcooled boiling is simulated by considering three phases, liquid, vapor and nanoparticles. The water and vapor interaction is simulated by Euler-Euler approach; and the motion of nanoparticles in the continuous fluid is modeled by Euler – Lagrange model. Water, vapor and nanoparticles were considered continuous fluid, dispersed fluid and dispersed solid, respectively. After model validation, boiling of nanofluids was modeling in different channels. Volume fraction and temperature variations is obtained along the channels. The results showed that, at low concentrations of nanoparticles (0.001 kg/s) rectangular channels and at higher concentrations (0.005 kg/s) square channels have the greatest changes in vapor volume fraction compared to pure water boiling.

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This study is a try to design a spike nozzle and simulate its flow-field in different conditions. Hence, spike nozzle design methods were studied and accordingly the design code was developed. Then the behavior of flow in this type of nozzle was simulated numerically by means of computational fluid dynamics. In order to conduct the simulations, four turbulence models suitable for solving the flow-field of spike nozzle were used, not only to model the performance of the nozzle in design and off-design conditions, but also to identify the best model for the accuracy of the solutions. To ensure the accuracy of the simulations, numerical results and experimental data were compared. It was found that applied models in case of using high quality grids with proper dimension near the nozzle walls, can predict the nozzle flow pattern with acceptable approximation. Also the comparisons revealed that the amount of pressure on the spike wall calculated by Realizable k-ε model, is generally identical with experimental results and in the worst condition the difference between them is 15%, so this model has the best agreement with experimental results. Besides, comparison of taken photos during experiments and extracted contours from numerical analysis, shows the high ability of applied numerical method to predict spike nozzle flow-field. Therefor it can be claimed that by using the proposed method in this research, there is no need to perform cold-flow tests during the design and construction of spike nozzles.

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Limited data exist about the production of extruded linseed as a feed ingredient in farm animal nutrition. The objective of this study was to produce and evaluate extruded linseed mixed with alfalfa hay, pistachio by-products, and sugar beet pulp or corn grain in different proportions of linseed: alfalfa hay: pistachio by-products at ratios of 70:15:15, 70:20:10, 70:10:20, and 80:10:10 for quality parameters and in situ rumen Dry Matter (DM) degradability. Using a completely randomized design, the treatment containing alfalfa hay had higher Extrusion Effectiveness (EE), Water Holding Capacity (WHC), and Angle of Repose (AR), but lower Oil Loss (OL) and Bulk Density (BD) than other treatments (P< 0.05). There were no differences among extruded linseed products with different ratios of linseed: alfalfa: pistachio by-products for EE, WHC, and AR (P> 0.05). The treatment with an 80:10:10 ratio had the highest OL among all treatments and the treatment with a 70:15:15 ratio had lower BD than the others (P< 0.05). The DM degradability parameters of extruded products was affected by the absorbents and the treatment containing alfalfa hay had higher potential DM degradability than other treatments (P< 0.05). In conclusion, extruded treatment with alfalfa hay had the highest EE, oil retention capacity and potential rumen DM degradability compared to other treatments. In addition, extruded linseed product with an 80:10:10 ratio of linseed: alfalfa hay: pistachio by-products had higher OL than the other ratios.

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In axial flow compressor there is a gap between stationary and rotating members since the stator vane is fixed at the casing and the shaft is rotating at the root. Also, the pressure increases when the air flows through the stator vanes. Therefore, due to pressure increase and existence gap under vanes, the leakage is inevitable in the stator tip. This leakage can change the flow pattern near the stator tip, which causes more separation. Therefore the loss has been increased so it adversely effects on performance. In this paper, the effect of stator tip sealing with honeycomb on compressor performance is investigated. For this purpose, the 9th stage of a ten-stage compressor is examined in two cases of solid wall and sealing with honeycomb. The numerical results have good agreements with experimental results. The results show that by reduction of leakage at stator tip, the size and depth of tip corner separation decreased significantly leading to loss reduction. Also the effect of the leakage on flow angles shows that to have more accurate analysis of compressor performance, it is necessary to be considered the stator tip leakage. On the other hand, according to same effect of honeycomb on reducing stator tip leakage than solid wall, here the honeycomb roles as an abradable material to prevent direct contact between rotor and stator. Also in analysis of stage the honeycomb can be replaced with solid wall model.