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The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia has been known as a major pest of small grains, particularly wheat, worldwide. This study evaluated the biological responses of RWA to six wheat cultivars including Yavarus, Pishgam, Aadl, Omid, Darab 2 and Sepahan. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions of 25 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 10 % R. H. and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h. Resistance or susceptibility of cultivares against the aphid nymphal development time, adult fecundity, daily reproduction, total longevity and adult longevity were investigated. The ANOVA of the data indicated that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among cultivars regarding duration of nymphal development time, fecundity and daily reproduction. The longest mean nymphal development time was obtained on Omid and Sepahan, and the shortest on Yavarus. The highest and the lowest total fecundity were observed on Yavarus and Omid, respectively. Also, the highest and the lowest mean offspring produced per female per day (daily reproduction) was observed on Yavarus and Omid, respectively. On the whole, Yavarus appeared to be susceptible to the Russian wheat aphid while Omid was resistant.

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In this study, phenolic compounds-coated ZnO@HAP nanocomposite (Ph.ZnO@HAP) was synthesized and used to improve the physical and chemical properties of chitosan hydrogel for biological application. At first, the phenolic compounds were extracted from walnut green hulls. The synthesis of Ph.ZnO@HAP nanocomposite was performed with the assistance of extracted phenols using a hydrothermal method. Chitosan hydrogel was also prepared using NaHCO₃ at 37°C. Hybrid hydrogels based on chitosan and Ph.ZnO@HAP nanocomposite were prepared in a similar way and then characterized by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The antioxidant property, cytotoxicity, and osteogenesis of hybrid hydrogels were measured using DPPH radical scavenging method, MTT, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme assay, respectively. The FTIR spectra, FESEM images, EDX spectrum, and Zeta potential data showed that Ph.ZnO@HAP nanocomposites synthesized successfully with rod-like morphology, phenolic compounds coated on the surface and a negative particle surface charge. The results of DPPH experiment showed that the antioxidant property of the nanocomposite material increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The FESEM images of chitosan hybrid hydrogels with different concentrations of embedded Ph.ZnO@HAP nanocomposite showed that hybrid hydrogels have a more uniform porous structure, compared to the chitosan hydrogel. Moreover, by an increase in the nanocomposite concentration in the structure of hybrid hydrogels, the antioxidant property augmented. The results of the biological studies showed that the cytotoxicity of hybrid hydrogels on osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2) is lower than that of chitosan hydrogel. Also, hybrid hydrogels showed the higher potential in induction of osteogenesis than chitosan hydrogels.
 

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Aims: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are a major contributor to the development of hospital- and community-acquired infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the polymorphism of mecA gene, frequency of blaZ gene, and detection of mecA promoter mutations in clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains.
Materials & Methods: Susceptibility of 85 S. aureus clinical strains to methicillin was evaluated using disc diffusion method. The polymorphism of mec-associated hypervariable region (HVR), presence of blaZ genes, and mutation in mecA promoter were determined by PCR and sequencing.
Findings: A total of 40 (47.1%) out of 85 S. aureus isolates were identified as methicillin resistant by phenotypic assays and PCR-based detection of mecA gene in MRSA strains. Seven different groups of repeats were found among these strains. Also, 39 MRSA strains harbored blaZ gene, and according to the sequence analysis of mecA promoter, R226S mutation was identified in 1 out of 10 isolates tested.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, there was a high variation in the polymorphic region of mecA gene in clinical isolates of S. aureus. In addition, it was appeared that beta-lactamase enzyme production and antibiotic hydrolysis played an important role in the occurrence of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, and the effect of mutation in genes regulating mecA gene expression was negligible.

 
 

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Metaphor and its cultural specific attributes in translation is one of the main challenges in translatology. Translatability of metaphor is reduced due to its cultural impediments. This paper aims to investigate the relationship of metaphor to cultural models in translation. Three quatrains by Khayyam and their English and Kurdish translations were investigated. The results showed that the translators have succeeded in achieving equivalency when the metaphors are based on common cultural models, while the metaphors of uncommon cultural models are not properly transmitted. So the same mapping condition of Mandelblit’s theory is due to common cultural models, and different mapping condition is due to uncommon cultural models.  

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Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate chemical composition, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial activity of cardamom essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae species.
Materials & Methods: The chemical compositions of cardamom essential oil were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) device. Cardamom essential oil antioxidant activity was measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and its total phenolic compounds (TPC) were measured by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cardamom essential oil were determined using the serial-dilution method.
Findings: According to the GC-MS analysis results, 17 compounds were totally identified in cardamom essential oil, among which the most important compounds were 1, 8-cineole (36.74%) and α-terpinyl acetate (33.07%). MICs obtained for S. aureus, E. coli, and S. cerevisiae were 12.50, 25.00, and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. Also, MBC obtained for both S. aureus and E. coli was 25 mg/mL, while MBC for S. cerevisiae was 3.36 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity measurement results showed that increasing the amount of cardamom essential oil reduced the amount of color and absorbance of DPPH solution to 517 nm. The results also showed that the amount of TPC in cardamom essential oil was 214.35 mg gallic acid per 100 g of dry material.
Conclusion: Cardamom essential oil used in this study showed antibacterial and anti-yeast activities against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. cerevisiae species. Antimicrobial effects of cardamom essential oil were predictable due to the presence of antimicrobial components in this oil.

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Caucasus region became a part of Achaemenid Empire during the Dariush attack to Scythian at 513-512 BC, and formed the northern border of the empire. Modern Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, which generally form the south Caucasus countries, have been part of Achaemenid subordinate nations. In the official lists of Achaemenid satrapies, only the name of Armenia, has been noted and the administrative position of the other regions (Georgia and Azerbaijan) is less clear. The only written source that contains some information about this issue is Herodotus, and Archaeology data also shows that at the end of 6 century BC, major changes and innovations have been occurred in these regions as a result of Persian attendance. According to archaeological data, the most notably are Achaemenid type palaces with bell shaped column bases. Based on Herodotus records and other cultural material, western Armenia was a part of the 18^th satrapy, eastern Armenia was a part of the13^th satrapy, and Azerbaijan belonged to the 11^th satrapy in Herodotus list. Also western Georgia (i.e. Colchis) was not directly a satrapy, and at the extremity border of Achaemenid Empire, had undertaken protecting the north border of the empire against the Scythians, attacks. Although eastern Georgia (i.e. Iberia) was a part of  the 11^th or 18^th satrapy in Herodotus list. In general, the aim of this study is to investigate the administrative position of  modern Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia in the Achaemeniansatrapal system based on archaeological data. The methodology of this research is based on library research and field visiting of the areas in question.

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Functional linguistics is regarded as one of the dominant approaches in contemporary linguistics that focuses on the functions of language. The greatest theoretician of functional linguistics Michael Halliday, in cooperation with Roqaye Hassan, have investigated the unity and coherence of text and have categorized its elements in Cohesion in English. The theory of the unity and coherence of text, which is based on the relations of sense and text, is considered as a branch of discourse analysis that investigates text. Coherence has an important and significant role in the structure of a text. The author reflects his real and surreal world in the text. Though time coherence is subverted in this reflection, he conveys meaning and creates text through language and maintaining lexical and syntactic relations.
Surrealist writers attempt to create imaginary and unreal milieus by means of free imagination and the unconscious to reach at a world beyond reality and away from preoccupations of contemporary culture. Since the surreal text is a reflection of surreal world free from limitations of language (automatism), it is assumed that such texts possess no unity and coherence and semantic relations in them is chaotic. Accordingly, this study investigates lexical cohesion of Blind Owl, in a descriptive-analytic method, based on Halliday and Hassan’s theory. The present research seeks answers to the following questions: Does the overflow of lexicons, originating from automatic writing out of the hallucinations of surrealist writer, create an incoherent text or not? Does the surrealist text take distance from language standards and their lexicons and their sentences have no unity and coherence as surrealists do in their real life? At last, it is argued whether Halliday’s linguistic theory can be useful in the analysis of surrealist texts in order to understand writer’s mentality and spirit.

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The present paper aims at investigating the aspectual system in; Mukriyani Kurdish language. The theoretical framework of this paper is based on the two-component theory of aspectuality (Smith (1997) and the Discourse Representation Theory (Kamp and Reyle 1993).  These theories are employed to explain and categorize the relevant data in order to determine the possible aspectual categories. In this regard, a corpus including simple and complex verbs is analyzed from a semantic perspective to illustrate the possible lexical aspects (situation types) in Kurdish language. The verb phrase (VP) is regarded as the level of analysis in this research; accordingly, the verb along with its arguments and adjuncts are considered as a semantic complex conveying an aspectual meaning. The present research seeks to answer these questions: what are the main aspectual categories in Kurdish language? How can they be described at the level of verb phrase? What are those linguistic instruments which can trigger aspect shifting in the sentence? The results show that five kinds of situation-type aspects (activity, accomplishment, achievement, semelfactive, and state) exist in Kurdish language. Also, it indicates that some elements in the sentence trigger coercion (type shifting) which is responsible for derived aspectual categories. For example, durative adverbs transform the accomplishment verbs into activity verbs. In addition, the unspecified internal argument is incompatible with the accomplishments, because it turns the accomplishment verbs into activity ones. However, the accomplishments are compatible with specified internal arguments and also with completive adverbs. Concerning activity events, they are compatible with un-bounded and durative adverbs, and also with the unspecified internal argument. Nevertheless, the bounded spatial adverbs transform the aspectual category of activity into accomplishment. As far as semelfactive is concerned, it is turned into a repetitive activity when it is combined with the durative adverbs or with imperfective aspect; but it is compatible with punctual temporal adverbs. The verbs characterized by the stative aspect are turned into dynamic when they are combined with the progressive auxiliaries. However, most of the verbs with stative aspect may not be combined with the imperfective aspect. In the same vein, the achievement verbs undergo semantic change in the presence of durative adverbs or the imperfective aspect. In fact, the grammatical aspect of imperfectivitytriggers aspectual shifting when it is combined with some of the lexical aspects (such as semelfactive, achievement and state). The results show that the five kinds of lexical aspects in Kurdish language are highly influenced by grammatical computation. The argument structure and the different adverbial phrases have a great impact on determining the final aspect of the verb in the sentence. In other words, the aspect of a verb may not be regarded as a category representing an event in the real world; on the contrary, it should be considered as a grammatical entity made by different linguistic elements in the verbal constellation. In other words, the final aspectual category of a verb is determined by a syntactic relationship among verb, its argument structure, and also the adjuncts. Finally, the paper tries to present the formal representation of the different situation aspects in Kurdish language.
 

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Aims: The social status of nurses is one of the factors affecting the professional identity and plays an important role in how people perceive this profession and also the tendency of people to this profession. So this study was conducted to determine the Iranian population's attitude toward the social status of the nursing profession.
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-section study was conducted in public places in Hamadan from October to February 2019. Four hundred citizens participated in the study by available sampling method from 4 urban areas of Hamedan. The data were collected by a social status researcher-made questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and, parametric statistical tests such as t-test and ANOVA and non-parametric tests such as Chi-square.
Findings: The mean age of participants was 34.30±9.98 years. The mean of the obtained score from the status questionnaire was 71.23±11.76, which was at a moderate level in qualitative leveling. Statistical tests showed that social status score was statistically significantly related to gender, education, and media relations (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Considering that individuals' attitudes on the social status of the nursing profession are moderate and people who had more contact with the media reported lower scores of social status, it is recommended that members of the media take action to reflect the true image of the nursing profession.

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Abstract

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One of the central issues in second language acquisition research has been whether grammar should be learned consciously or it can be acquired in meaningful language use. On the one hand, researchers question the possibility of learning without awareness and on the other hand some raise the concern that implicit learning may not lead to spontaneous automatic retrieval of language knowledge. The present study aims to investigate the effect of implicit and explicit instruction on L2 syntactic processing of Persian natives who learn French as a novel language. Thirty-two graduate students with no previous background in French participated in the study. A Timed grammaticality judgement task consisting of 60 syntactically correct and 60 syntactically violated stimuli were presented through Pychtoolbox. The participants pressed the right or left button to judge each sentence. Independent T-test and mixed ANOVA were run to analyze the data. The results showed that the syntactic processing speed is not affected by the training condition as there was no statistically significant difference between the performance of two groups in terms of accuracy of the responses. Separate analyses on the reaction times showed that learners in both groups responded more quickly when judging the grammaticality of correct sentences and the ungrammaticality of syntactically violated sentences which implies that all learners had gained implicit knowledge.
 
 
 

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The present article investigates the application of high order TSK (Takagi Sugeno Kang) fuzzy systems in modeling photo voltaic (PV) cell characteristics. A method has been introduced for training second order TSK fuzzy systems using ANFIS (Artificial Neural Fuzzy Inference System) training method. It is clear that higher order TSK fuzzy systems are more precise approximators while they cover nonlinearities better than zero and first order systems with the same number of rules and input membership functions (MF). However existence of nonlinear terms of the rules’ consequent prohibits use of current available ANFIS algorithm codes as is. This article aims to give a simple method for employing ANFIS over a class of simplified second order TSK systems and applies the proposed method on the nonlinear problem of modeling PV cells. Error comparison shows that the proposed method trains the second order TSK system more effectively.

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Pomegranate, a small tree with potential human health benefits, is grown mainly in Iran, India and USA as well as in most Near and Far East countries. It has been used extensively in folk medicine for a number of therapeutic purposes. In the present study, the ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay (FRAP) was employed and the FRAP value of the seed fraction of six different cultivars of pomegranate in Iran was determined in an attempt to compare their differing antioxidant acitivity. The antioxidant activity of seed fraction of six different cultivars of pomegranate in water extracts showed that the Sour white peel cultivar has the highest FRAP value (3.450.85 M) and the Agha Mohamad Ali cultivar has the lowest value (2.760.76 M); ethanolic extract of the seeds showed that Sour white peel and Black peel cultivars have the highest (3.881.31 M) and lowest (1.620.47 M) antioxidant activity, respectively. Results indicated that the extracts obtained from pomegranate seeds using various solvents exhibited various degrees of antioxidant activity. Further, it was cleared that Sour white peel had the highest potent antioxidant activity among different pomegranate seed cultivars and, so might be useful for its health benefits.

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The present study aims to investigate the Ezafe construction in Kurdish (Sorani dialect) based on cognitive grammar. The nature of the methodology of this qualitative research is descriptive-analytic, and the data have been collected via the interview with Kurdish speakers. The authenticity and originality of the collected data have been approved by Kurdish speakers of this linguistic variety. Ezafe marker is considered as the invoker of an intrinsic relationship between two entities having a kind of conceptual proximity.  In a way, one entity is considered as a reference-point based on which the location of the other entity is cognitively determined. In this construction, the landmark plays the role of a reference-point to provide a mental path to the trajector as the target. The findings showed that Ezafe in this dialect is the result of the grammaticalization of a relative pronoun HYA by which the intrinsic-conceptual relation between elements is profiled in a complex sentence. It should be noted that Ezafe marker has developed from the relative pronoun HYA in Old Persian. Accordingly, this relative pronoun, as an Ezafe marker, has been gradually transformed into an element profiling an asymmetric relationship between congruent entities within a single phrase (N Ez N; N Ez adj; N Ez preposition; N Ez nominalized verb) or in a clause (predicative Ezafe and topicalizing Ezafe). Also, the results showed that Ezafe marker indicates this asymmetric relation at different linguistic levels.

1. Introduction
The Cognitive Linguistics approach is considered as a new approach in linguistics (Langacker 1987; Lakoff and Johnson 1980) which tries to explain linguistic phenomena according to cognitive processes without drawing a strict boundary and limitation between linguistic and non-linguistics capabilities. Rejecting the modularity of grammar, it ties to explain syntactic constructions according to the same cognitive processes that are used in non-linguistic phenomena. In harmony with this approach, we try to explain Ezafe construction in Kurdish from a cognitive perspective. In other words, we try to explain the fundamental cognitive processes underlying this frequent and important construction.
The traditional grammarians (Qharib, et al. 1971: 39-45; Moiin 1984; Anvari and Ahmadi-Givi,2011: 134- 138) have described Ezafe as a pure relationship between two entities that may convey a wide variety of meanings. They (ibid) have proposed many functions and senses for Ezafe in Iranian languages. Its numerous functions have been described as Eazfe for possession (ezafeye melki: ketābe ʔali: Ali’s book), Ezafe for expressing the material of a nominal head (ezafeye bayāni: halqeye talā: ring of gold), Ezafe for specifying a noun (ezafeye taxsisi: mize motāleʔe: table for studying), Ezafe for elaborating on the noun (ezafeye tozihi: ŝahre tehrān: city of Tehran) and kinship Ezafe (ezafeye bonovvat: mādar-e ʔisā: mother of Jesus). However, its real semantic and syntactic diversity goes beyond this number. Ezafe linker covers not only a variety of semantic relationships, but also it is used in different grammatical constructions including nominal phrase (nominal collocation: noun Ez noun and nominal periphrasis: noun Ez nominalized verb), prepositional phrase (preposition Ez noun), predicative Ezafe (determiner noun EZ noun copular verb), topicalized structure (topic Ez proposition) and Ezafe for modification by an adjective (noun Ez adjective). This semantic and syntactic diversity leads the formal linguists to consider it as a vacuous element emerging just because of formal computations and structural restrictions (Samiian 1994; Ghomeshi 1997; Samvelian 2005; Karimi 2007; Kahnemuyipour 2014).
The Ezafe construction has been traced back to the (h)ya as a relative pronoun in Old Persian (Moiin 1984: 8-9; 18; Abolqhasemi 2006: 38). The cognitive function of this relative pronoun was for identifying the trajector with another participant in the relative clause. The following example (inscription of Darius at the Naqsh-i-Rostam (DNa)) illustrates the function of hay in Old Persian:
baga vazraka Auramazdā   hya   imām būmim adā,      
the god great Ahuramazda            who  this       earth    created     
hya avam asmānam adā,
who this     sky         created
hya martiyam adā,         hya šiyātim adā  martiyahyā, hya Dārayavaum
who  mankind  created,        who happiness created for mankind, who Darius
 xšāyaθiyam akunauš.
  king made.
Great god is Ahuramazda, who created the earth, who created the sky, who created the man, who created happiness for man, who made Darius king.
It may be argued that the main and primary function of hya is to make a linguistic coordination between two entities that are conceptually parallel and co-equal. However, this relative pronoun undergoes a drastic change in modern Kurdish. It can illustrate any possible relationship between two participants within a single noun phrase. In other words, the Ezafe (as the successor of the hya) is used for demonstrating a relation between two entities that are linked together in a way. Thus, we can say that Ezafe has undergone a kind of subjectification (see Langacker 2009, p.85) through which the relative pronoun (that was to illustrate identification and correspondence between the trajector and a participant in the relative clause) has metamorphosed into a morpheme evoking a schematic model of essential relationship between two participants within a nominal phrase. Through this subjectification, the identification of the sentential trajector with the participant of the relative clause has been turned into any kind of relationship held between two participants in a phrase. Let’s consider the following examples in this case:

1. dæst-i hemən (part-whole)

 hand-Ez Hemn
Hemn’s hand

2. xwardən-i sef (part (patient)-whole (event))

   eating-Ez   apple
eating of apple

3. Halatn-i  Ali (part (agent)-whole (event))

 running-Ez     Ali
Ali’s running

4. gærdænbænd-i tæɬa (material)

  necklace-Ez      gold
necklace of gold

5. ŝār-i bokān (identification)

city-Ez Bokan
city of Bokan

6. raqib-i ʔæli (association)

competitor-Ez ʔæli
Ali’s competitor

7. ktew-i hæsæn (ownership)

book-Ez hæsæn
Hasan’s book

8. bāwk-i hemən (kinship)

father-Ez Hemɵn
Hemɵn’s father

9. hemɵn-i mokryani (nominal collocation)

hemɵn-EZ mokrjani
Hemɵn Mokryani
      The question crossing the author’s mind is that what kind of relationship is evoked by the Ezafe linker that is capable of covering all of these various meninges such as possession, part-whole, participant-event, object-material, nominal collocation, and pure association. It may be discussed that Ezafe evokes a schematic intrinsic relationship that can convey different kinds of semantic association. However, it should be noted that this schematic interconnection is not semantically vacuous. In other words, the linear order of the words in the Ezafe construction cannot be modified, it is because some semantic restrictions dominate this conceptual relationship.
 

1. Literature Review

In this section, we will take a look at previous linguistic studies that have explained Ezafe construction from differet perspective. It is worth mentioning that before this research, some researches have been done in the field of Ezafe construction that have considered this marker as a formal marker and it is explained as the outcome of pure syntactic computations. Some of these researches have been done by Samiian, 1994; Ghomeshi, 1997; samvelian, 2005; Karimi, 2007; kahnemuyipour, 2014. Most previous researches in this area have ignored the polysemic aspect of this construction. Therefore, as far as the authors are aware, no research has been done on the subject of Ezafe construction in Kurdish from a cognitive perspective. Some of the researches done in this regard are those which have been written by Qarib, et al. (1972), Moiin (1985), Abolghasemi (2007), Anvari and Anvari (2011), Razavian, et al. (2016), Amouzadeh and Asmoudeh (2017), Nassajian, et al. (2019).
 

2. Methodology

The nature of the methodology of this qualitative research is descriptive-analytical, and the data have been collected via the interview with Kurdish speakers. The authenticity of the collected data has been approved by Kurdish speakers of this language variety.
 

3. Results

This paper indicated that Ezafe may express different semantic relationship in the level of noun phrase. For example, it can express relations such as ownership, part-whole, identification, and association. However, these different semantic connections are the elaborations of an abstract schematic relation which is evoked by Ezafe. In other words, Ezafe primarily evokes a schematic relation between two elements in which the first one acts as the reference point and the second one functions as the target. The former is used by the conceptualizer to have a cognitive access to the latter.
It was argued that Ezafe is the result of the grammaticalization of a relative pronoun by which the pivot and a participant in the relative clause are matched with one another. The pivot and the relevant participant are characterized by a conceptual contiguity. Accordingly, Ezafe has been gradually turned into an element evoking an asymmetric relationship between contiguous entities within a single phrase (N Ez N; N Ez adje; N Ez preposition; N Ez nominalized verb). However, we showed that this schematic relation is not bound to nominal phrases, but it can play a significant semantic role in the sentential level. As a result, two different constructions such as predicative Ezafe and topicalizing Ezafe were introduced in the paper. In these constructions, the Ezafe mediates between an element and the rest of the sentence. In other words, one of the sentential elements acts as a reference point for the whole sentence. As a result, the conceptualizer gains a mental access to the sentence only via the linguistic element (such as topic) which plays the role of reference point. The common attribute among these various grammatical constructions refers to the intrinsic relationship held between the entities.

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Microgrids as the "building blocks of smart grids"are predicted to play a major role in the future, as they are capable of improving the technical, environmental and economic fields in large power systems. This paper proposes a new formulation for the islanded Microgrid reconfiguration in order to improve voltage stability index. The formulated problem is solved using harmony search algorithm. The increasing loadability index of microgrids in the islanding mode is more important than the index of the grid-connected mode due to its operational limitations such as reactive power generation. In addition, this paper presented an improved indicator to estimate the voltage stability margin of islanded microgrid system based on the system's operational constraints both saddle node and limited induced bifurcations, called as cat_VSI_IMG. The cat_VSI_IMG which is validated by verified CPF method for IMGs is called the maximum load ability margin of IMG, . Performance and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated on 33-bus test system. The results show that the implementation of appropriate IMG reconfiguration problem formulations will facilitate a successful integration of the microgrid concept in power systems.
 
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This paper attempts to explain the relationship between the imperative paradigm and the system of tense, aspect, and modality in Kurdish. This study employs the theoretical framework proposed by Aikhenvald and Dixon (2017). Additionally, the data were collected by interviewing Kurdish informants. The results indicate that the imperative paradigm in Kurdish is based on three imperative constructions, and four imperative strategies are also used to convey directive meanings. The results also show that the imperative constructions have different syntactic behaviors in different temporal zones of the tense system. The imperative constructions mainly combine with verbs that have a positive dynamic aspectual feature; however, these constructions transform these verbs during the process of coercion and highlight only the preparatory phases of the verbs. Consequently, these constructions combine easily with ingressive verbal operators because they represent only the preparatory phases of the actions. However, the imperative constructions do not combine with imperfective operators as they highlight the middle phases of the events. Furthermore, the imperative constructions do not host perfective aspectual operators due to semantic incongruity between them. Finally, the results show that the imperative constructions and strategies lack a rich eventual semantic layer and appear mainly as expressive speech acts.

1. Introduction
The tripartite system of tense, aspect, and mood constructs the composite eventual and modal structure of a sentence. However, this composite system manifests differently in various sentential types such as declarative, interrogative, and imperative. Although the interaction of these three subsystems has been extensively studied in declarative sentences, they have not been adequately explored in imperative constructions. Given the highly particular and idiosyncratic syntactic and semantic behavior of imperatives, it is crucial to study these subsystems and their interactions within imperative sentences. This paper aims to examine these subsystems and their interactions within the imperative paradigm, employing the theoretical framework proposed by Aikhenvald and Dixon (2017). Thus, it studies tense, aspect, and modality in canonical and non-canonical imperative constructions in Kurdish.

2. Literature Review
Imperative constructions have not been extensively investigated in Iranian languages in general, and Kurdish in particular. Most traditional grammatical sources in Kurdish adopt a prescriptive approach, primarily focusing on declarative and interrogative constructions and largely ignoring imperatives (IKSA 1976, 1985; Nabaz 1976; Mahvi 2011). No research to date has investigated tense, aspect, and modality in imperative constructions. However, Veisi Hasar (2021) studied imperative constructions in Kurdish, identifying two imperative constructions and four imperative strategies. Yet, he does not explore aspect, modality, and tense within these structures.

3. Methodology
The theoretical approach used in this study is based on the work of Aikhenvald and Dixon (2017) and the typological approach of Van der Auwera et al. (2005). Aikhenvald and Dixon (2017) categorize imperative constructions into canonical and non-canonical types. The canonical construction refers to the imperative for the second person singular subject. According to them, any structure derived from and matching the canonical construction can be considered an imperative construction. However, a non-canonical imperative, whose primary function is to express a directive function but structurally differs from the canonical construction, should be in complementary distribution with the canonical ones. If a directive structure is not structurally related to the canonical construction and is not in complementary distribution with it, it is not an imperative construction but an imperative strategy. In addition, based on the typological framework presented by Van der Auwera et al. (2005), we explain the imperative paradigm in Kurdish. This model illustrates different imperative paradigms as follows: 
- a. The language has a maximal system, but not a minimal one.
- b. The language has a minimal system, but not a maximal one.
- c. The language has both a maximal and a minimal system.
- d. The language has neither a maximal nor a minimal system.

4. Findings
By analyzing the data, it is revealed that the Kurdish language has three imperative constructions and four imperative strategies. The second person singular imperative is formed by a special inflectional ending, an omitted subject, and a subjunctive mood indicated by the prefix -bǝ. The second person plural imperative uses a deleted subject and the prefix -bǝ, but lacks a special verbal ending. Imperative constructions for other person-number categories (first, third, singular, and plural) use a specific imperative operator bā and the prefix -bǝ. These three constructions form the imperative paradigm in Kurdish. Additionally, four strategies are used to express commands and directive meanings, which are not syntactically imperative. These constructions are based on the verbs heŝtәn (let), řoʔin (going), and hātәn (come), each possessing distinct grammatical attributes and used in various contexts.
Regarding the interaction between imperatives and tense, imperative constructions are mainly bound to the present tense and do not appear in other tenses. Interestingly, even the imperative strategies are primarily limited to the present tense and do not convey commands in other tenses. Only the second person singular imperative can appear in the future tense, in contrast to other categories, and takes a different inflectional ending.
Imperative constructions predominantly combine verbs that have a dynamic aspectual feature. However, through coercion, they highlight only the preparatory phase of these verbs. Static verbs within this construct are marked. Dynamic verbs in an imperative structure undergo coercion, and only their preparatory phases are highlighted in the imperative construct. Regarding grammatical aspects, imperative verbs do not combine with imperfective (progressive) verbs, as they do not profile the middle phases indicated by the progressive operators. Instead, they combine with ingressive operators, as both highlight the preparatory phases of the verbs. Additionally, imperative constructions do not combine perfective verbs due to semantic incompatibility. The perfective operator refers to a bounded process, while imperative constructs do not profile the ending limitation of the verbs.
 

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