---

One of the means of translating the Quran is to pay attention to the origin of the meaning of the words of the verses, which paves the way for explaining the meaning of the text. To understand the main words in the verses, the principle of basic meaning, etymology and its meaning in different contexts should be considered. One of the most frequent words in the Holy Quran is the words taken from the article "Nafaq" in a way that for finding an equivalence, the two words "charity" and "hypocrite" are always considered independent due to semantic distance and positive and negative emotional connotation because of not paying attention to the derivation from the principle of matter, and they show the meanings away from the basic meaning. The present research seeks to answer the questions in a descriptive-analytical method, what semantic course has the article "Nafaq" gone through and what components has it in this course? And what is the semantic relationship between the derivatives of this article? The findings of the research indicate that in pre-Islamic Arabic texts and their common scientific language, the word "Nafaq" was used in the meaning of "hole". The Holy Quran created a special culture for the meaning of this word and based on meanings of the hole and the rift, the three words "hypocrite", "charity" and "alimony" has been conceptualized from the article "Nafaq". The difference is that in Quran and in the light of the prototype view, the meanings of "Nafaq" are more limited and it is used in the two areas of charity and spending wealth, as well as hypocrisy and duplicity in beliefs. Based on the original prototype in the scientific language, these meanings have been illustrated and conceptualized in a way that it is necessary for the translators to pay attention to these conceptualizations in the translation of the Quran.
 

---

Banks play substantial role in the national economy and its growth and prosperity. In this regard, recent researches have focused on performance evaluation of banks using “data envelopment analysis” (DEA). However, most of these studies has paid less attention to the selection of input and output variables. Obviously, the change in the variables set makes the efficiency scores and assessments of the decision-making units very different. Hence, in this paper, a logistic regression model is used in order to select the input and output variables. Applying this method indicates that the main variables of model are main source of financing as "input variable" and the bank facilities, resource absorption rate and number of bills as "output variables". These are of the greatest impact on forecasting of units efficiency (inefficiency). Then, we dealt with this set of variables to determine technical, allocative, and overall efficiency of 15 branches of Sepah Bank in Tehran during 2011. The results show that only 27 percent of units are 100% efficient, 20% of the units are 100% inefficient, 20% of units are allocatively inefficient and 34% of them are technically inefficient.

---

This study is conducted through a descriptive classification of interrogating defendants' spoken and written discourse in courts' conversations which has been designed based on ex post facto research. Research sample included 20 cases of criminal files gathered through available sampling method from the Archived Journals of Justice. McMenamin's (2002) Hierarchy Framework of Recognition Authenticity was used to examine stylistic and syntactic markers of defendants' spoken and written discourse. Stylistic and linguistic markers make a hierarchical model that is ranging from 1 to 9 levels. This model analyzed phonological, morphological, semantic, and syntactic clues that are unique among the defendants in the court files. The patterns concerned with that hierarchical model are resemblance, consistency, and population which are recruited to discover the criminals' spoken and written documents. The implications of this study showed that the use of this framework was successful in uncovering the criminals' identification for resemblance (50 percent), consistency (30 percent), and population (20 percent). Implications of the study suggest this framework may help the interrogators, judges, and attorneys to boost the efficacy of their profession.

1. Introduction
Forensic linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the scientific study of language in legal sciences. For reaching growth and dynamics, this discipline which is one of the sub-branches of applied linguistics needs the basics of theoretical linguistics in legal affairs. One of the main problems in the preparation of case documents is the analysis of the writing/speaking styles and structures of the defendants and proving their written and spoken authorship and identity in situations where it is difficult to verify and the suspects deny their handwriting or the recorded speech. In this case, forensic linguistics can help to check and prove the identity of the authors or speakers by comparing their previous and current speech and writing and using structural and stylistic markers. McMenamin (2002) proposed a hierarchical approach, which has three methods including resemblance, population, and consistency, and also several structural and stylistic discourse markers. Structural markers include grammar, use of vocabulary, the spelling of words, type of sentences, writing style (formal-informal), and so on. Phonetic markers include tone of voice, stress, repetition of words, accent, dialect, abbreviations, speaking style (formal-informal), silence, pause, ambiguity, etc. This research aims to reveal the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the forensic linguistics approach in the classification of interrogating diagnoses through the analysis of structural and stylistic discourse markers in the speech and writing of suspects.
The research questions address McMenamin's approach to the article which is examining the documents and identifying defendants' written and spoken identities as follows:
1. To what extent does McMenamin's (2002) approach to identifying a hierarchy of defendants' written and spoken authenticity help in the recognition of the written and spoken authorship in courts?
2. What are the differences between the effect of resemblance, population, and consistency methods of identifying hierarchy on defendants' written and spoken authenticity recognition?
2. Background
In this article, descriptive analysis has been used to determine defendants' written and spoken authorship in forensic linguistics based on McMenamin's (2002) stylistic and structural approach. McMenamin listed three characteristics of stylistic-structural markers in language. The first one is the standard language or norm-referenced which is prescriptive. It means what the linguistic structures should be as standard norms. The second one is the change from the standard norms; however, the utterance is understandable. In other words, there is a change in the grammatical structure. The third one addresses the deviation from the standard norms and the utterance is rarely used in society or it belongs to a specific group or individuals.
Several scholars have used interrogations in legal courts and their relationship with language variations of speech/writing patterns of the defendants (Asiai & Noorbakhsh, 2014; Razovian & Jalili Doab, 2016; Najafi & Haghbin, 2019; Monsefi, 2012). Ainsworth (1993) examined the analysis of legal cases with linguistic descriptions and proposed the description of the language used by interrogators, suspects, and witnesses in the interrogation processes from the perspective of forensic linguistic domains. He has examined the way of language control and mentioned several points worthy of attention in this regard.
McMenamin (2002) focuses on the structures and styles of court discourse and classifies them into spoken and written discourse. Each discourse type includes variations of styles (speech/writing style) and structures (speech/writing grammar). These two are connected and form a continuum. McMenamin's hierarchical approach can be used to identify the markers that determine the defendants' spoken/written identity. In this approach, step-by-step determining the similarity or dissimilarity of the writings or statements of the suspect is matched with the writings or statements in their written or spoken records. This hierarchy starts from levels 1 to 3 (non-matching and definite identification) the person is removed from the list of suspects. This investigation continues from level 4 onwards until 9 (matching writing or speech and determining the identity of the accused). In this approach, intermediate levels (4 and 5) lead to information that the identification of suspected authors or speakers is done with 50% certainty and requires further investigation. Therefore, spoken/written documentation in the higher ranks leads to the identification of the identity of the suspect with almost certainty.
Innovation of the present study can be regarded as the gap in the research literature concerned with the lack of forensic research in identifying the authorship of the defendants with a scientific approach. Therefore, the present research has evaluated methods of resemblance, consistency, and population in identifying defendants via McMenamin's (2002) hierarchical identification approach. In these methods, the handwriting or audio files are matched with the previous records produced by suspects; and their degree of similarity or difference is checked from levels 1 to 9. Each level shows the degree of proximity of the suspect to determine the point of certainty.

3. Methodology
The current study examined twenty criminal cases such as signature forgery, text message/letter forgery, fake suicide letters, threatening text messages/letters, threatening audio/telephone files, or telephone harassment. The pool of data was gathered in the form of available samples from the archives of the Legal Journal of Justice between the years 2016 and 2021. These incidents happened in different provinces of Iran. To achieve a correct analysis of the writing style, all stylistic markers are identified in these texts. Then, the identification of the written and spoken identity of the defendants was investigated and analyzed based on McMenamin's (2002) framework with three analytical models of resemblance, population, and consistency.
The research method was a descriptive-analytical type, which analyzed the records of the cases in the past. Then, the identification of the written and spoken markers was analyzed based on McMenamin's (2002) approach with three analytical models' resemblance, consistency, and population.

4. Results and Conclusion
The results of the research showed that 80% of the investigated cases (i.e., 16 cases out of 20) carried out the principles of identity recognition based on McMenamin (2002). The framework was successful in recognizing the identity of the defendants. Moreover, findings showed that the use of this framework uncovered the criminals' identification for resemblance (50 percent), consistency (30 percent), and population (20 percent). Implications of the study suggest this framework is a help for interrogators, judges, and attorneys to boost the efficacy of their profession.
The investigation of the classification of verbal and written recognition of criminals showed that court experts or linguists were able to identify the spoken/written identity of criminals with high certainty. In McMenamin's hierarchical method, the similarity method took the highest percentage, because this method is one of the simplest methods to discover the comparison of phonetic and written markers. In the 20 investigated cases, there were more signature and text message forgery cases than the rest of the crimes
 

---

In most of the researches that have been done in the position control of robot manipulator, the assumption is that robot manipulator kinematic or robot Jacobian matrix turns out from the joint-space to the task-space. Despite the fact that none of the existing physical parameters in the equations of the robot manipulator cannot be calculated with high precision. In addition, when the robot manipulator picks up an object, uncertainties occur in length, direction and contact point of the end-effector with it. So, it follows that the robot manipulator kinematic is also has the uncertainty and for the various operations that the robot manipulator is responsible, its kinematics be changed too, certainly. To overcome these uncertainties, in this paper, a simple adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control has been presented for tracking the position of the robot manipulator end-effector, in the presence of uncertainties in dynamics, kinematics and Jacobian matrix of robot manipulator. In the proposed control, bound of existing uncertainties is set online using an adaptive fuzzy approximator and in the end, controller performance happens in a way that the tracking error of the robot manipulator will converge to zero. In the proposed approximator design, unlike conventional methods, single input-single output fuzzy rules have been used. Thus, in the practical implementation of the proposed control, the need for additional sensors is eliminated and calculations volume of control input decreases too. Mathematical proofs show that the proposed control, is global asymptotic stability. To evaluate the performance of the proposed control, in a few steps, simulations are implemented on a two-link elbow robot manipulator. The simulation results show the favorable performance of the proposed control.

---

In this work steady flow of fluid in shell and coiled tube heat exchangers has been simulated then analyzed. Effect of pitch, coil’s diameter, tube’s diameter, shell’s diameter, coil’s height, shell’s height and Reynolds number on the friction factor of coil side has been investigated using numerical method. Forty cases have been analyzed in numerical work. The working fluid of both sides is water which its viscosity and thermal conductivity were assumed to be dependent on temperature. The standard K-έ model was used for turbulence. Results indicate the diameter of the coil is the most effective geometrical parameter on the friction factor of the coil side so that by remaining other parameters constant, if the coil’s diameter increases 60%, the friction factor will decrease 30.6%. Also by remaining other parameters constant if the tube’s diameter is doubled the friction factor of the coil side will increase 16.5%, if the shell’s diameter is doubled the friction factor of the coil side will increase 11.7% while the effect of other geometrical parameters on the friction factor of the coil side is much less than the effect of coil’s diameter, tube’s diameter and shell’s height. Also a correlation has been proposed for prediction of the friction factor of the coil side that contains the effect of all defined geometrical parameters in addition to Reynolds number. This correlation is applicable for wide range of Reynolds number (2700< Re< 38000) and has been compared with the correlations proposed in previous works.

---

This research examines business-cycle fluctuations by using Knowledge-based Economy Index (KEI). Data have been collected using consolidated method in 116 countries over the period 1990 -2012. Impact of business cycles' fluctuations has been studied according to the level of the countries' economic knowledge. In this classification, countries were divided to three categories: high, medium and low knowledge-based economies. The generalized method of moments (GMM) and system of simultaneous equations were used to estimate the models, and differential equations were applied for interpreting the results. The findings are described in three parts: top countries with high KEI scores experience decreasing and damped business cycle fluctuations. Those oscillations are convergent, and knowledge-based supply and demand in these countries are proportional. The countries with medium KEI scores have stable and iterative business cycle fluctuations, their movements are nearly convergent, and supply and demand are almost knowledge-based. The countries with low KEI scores are capable of instable and very high business cycle oscillations, and there is knowledge-based demand in these countries, but there is no appropriate supply with it, which results in divergent movements in business cycles.

---

Vacuum tube solar water heaters are one of the most common types of solar water heaters, and they have been used widely in recent years. Evacuated tube solar collectors compared to flat plate collectors have higher absorption coefficient and lower heat loss. Many factors are effective on thermal efficiency of evacuated solar water heaters and many studies have been done to increase their efficiency. In this study, thermal performance of a modified model has been investigated experimentally. Two laboratory samples, one of them with the modified structure and the other like commercial samples have been made and their performance has been studied under equal solar radiation and ambient temperature. The results have shown that this structure modification has a positive effect on collector performance. This change has made the temperature distribution in the pipe and tank more uniform, and has increased the efficiency to 11 percent. Absorbing thermal energy in the modified model was more than typical model about 25 percent in duration one hour. Also, effects of solar radiation on the average temperature of water in the storage tank have been investigated in both cases. In this study, an experimental method is used to calculate the radiation received to vacuum tubes.

---

In this paper the nonlinear dynamic of an electrostatically actuated microbeam with viscoelastic-anelastic behavior considering size effect is studied. The micro-beam is deflected using a bias DC voltage and then driven to vibrate around its deflected position by a harmonic AC load. Regarding the stress-strain behavior of anelastic materials, the constitutive equation of microbeams is derived based on the modified couple stress theory (MCST). Assuming electrostatic and mid-plane stretching forces as the main sources of the nonlinearity and taking advantage of the Galerkin projection method, the partial differential equation is transformed to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE). Multiple scales method is used to obtain an approximate analytical solution for nonlinear resonant curves. The effect of different mechanical behaviors of materials including elasticity, viscoelasticity and anelasticity, length scale parameter, anelastic relaxation time and relaxation intensity on the nonlinear vibration analysis are studied. The results demonstrate that there is very large dependence of resonance curves on the different mechanical behavior of materials. It is seen that there are special conditions which the elastic and anelastic models predict similar results while the predicted results from anelastic and viscoelastic models are different from each other. It is found that the relaxation intensity and anelastic relxation time can change the resonant curves significantly.

---

Rotary Regenerative Air Preheater (RRAPH) is one of the main equipments for energy recovery in the steam power plants. In this study, air preheater of the Bisotoun Power Plant of Kerrmanshah has been investigated with the aim of optimizing its thermal performance. So, with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), three-dimensional simulation of the rotary air preheater has performed to solve the continuity, momentum and energy equations in porous medium by using moving refrence frame (MRF) method. The results showed acceptable accuracy in comparison with the experimental results which is achieved from the power plant data. In this research, the effect of rotational speed on the efficiency of air preheater in different loads and mass flow rates for both without and with leakage conditions has investigated. The results showed that the impact of the rotational speed on the performance of RRAPH is noticeable in the range of 0.5 to 4 rpm, and after this increase in speed does not have a significant effect on efficiency. The present study also showed that leakage has a significant effect on reduction of the efficiency of the RRAPH in all loads and rotational speeds. In the following, the effect of matrix material change on the efficiency of RRAPH has investigated. According to the results, for both without and with leakage, the best thermal performance is related to the stainless steel, which has the least thermal diffusivity, also the least thermal performance is related to the copper, which has the highest thermal diffusivity.

---