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Histopathological and pathomorphological effects of 15 ppb mercuric chloride on Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, were investigated using histological and electron microscopy observations. Light microscopy showed that the gill epithelial hypertrophy, wrinkling and hyperplasia in lamellar epithelia and lamellae fusion occurred after 48 h of exposure. Gill epithelia also showed occasional necrosis, which had almost been completed and blood emerged from the capillaries. However, occasional necrosis in some regions of the filament, both with blood emerging and with no bleeding, was observed by using electron microscopy. These injuries were well observed in inter-lamellar regions of the filament and also wrinkling of the lamellar epithelium. Ultrastructural observations showed some cellular disorders in gill epithelium of the Persian sturgeon, A. persicus, fry. In addition, increase in apical vesicles of the chloride cells and necrosis in apical surfaces of some chloride cells, hypertrophy and necrosis of the chloride cells’ mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum also were some of the other cellular disorders observed through transmission electron microscopy. In conclusion, the gills of A. persicus fry were sensitive to low concentrations of inorganic mercury (HgCl2).

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In order to the investigation on the effects of methyl jasmonate on the secondary metabolites of Calendula officinalis L., the plants were grown in a modified Hogland (1/2) solution and were treated with 50 and 100 µm methyl jasmonate. The results indicated that jasmonate treatment decreased lignin content of root but increased lignin content of shoots, in comparison with those of the control plants. However, total content of wall-bound phenolics of roots increased and those of shoots decreased by jasmonate treatment. Anthocyanin content of shoot, decreased by methyl jasmonate. Likewise, flavonoid contents of shoots in both treatments were lower than those of the control plants. Lipid peroxidation rate of roots and shoots did not show significant changes in jasmonate treatments, compared to the control plants. In both control and jasmonate treated plants, α- Cadinol was the most abundant essential oils component. Induction of α-Muureloene with specific antifungal properties in the jasmonate treated plants and increase of it along with increase of jasmonate concentration, suggested that jasmonate can be used in order to induce modifications in secondary metabolism pathway of Calendula officinalis, resulting to produce desired medicinal compounds.

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Biochemical characteristics of α-amylase in the digestive system and head glands of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, a key predator of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), were studied. The major isoform of α-amylase with the same molecular weight was detected in both gut and head glands loaded on polyacrylamide-starch gel electrophoresis. Moreover, a minor band with much lower intensity was observed in zymogram analysis of gut. Results showed that the specific activity of α-amylase from head glands (0.89 ± 0.02 μmol/min/mg protein) was significantly more than that of digestive system (0.76 ± 0.01 μmol/min/mg protein) in common condition (temperature equal to 25 ± 1 ^oC). The optimal pH and temperature for α-amylases activity were determined to be nearly 4 and 50°C in digestive system and 6 and 60 °C in head glands, respectively. EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid), Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Co²⁺, Fe²⁺ and Ca²⁺ inhibited the enzyme activity but Ba²⁺, Zn²⁺, Hg⁺ and K⁺ enhanced enzyme activity in digestive system. EDTA and all tested metal ions except Ba²⁺ inhibited the enzyme activity of head glands. Detectable levels of α-amylase activity in the insect reflect adaptation of the coccinellid for using starch granules or sugars (honeydew; sugary excreta of homopterans; and nectar) as a source of food in addition to predatory habits.

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The rose sawfly, Arge rosae Linnaeus, is one of the most destructive pests of rose bushes in the north of Iran. Nowadays, many attempts have been made to reduce pesticide application by looking for new methods of pest control. A non chemical method for controlling insect pests including A. rosae can be achieved by using genetically engineered plants expressing carbohydrase inhibitors. Therefore, in present study we characterized biochemical properties of digestive carbohydrases in the gut of A. rosae for achieving a new method for control of this pest. The specific activity of α-amylase in the digestive system of last larval instars of A. rosae was obtained as 9.46 ± 0.06 μmol min^-1 mg^-1 protein. Also, the optimal pH and temperature for α-amylase were found to be at pH 8 and 50 °C. As calculated from Lineweaver-Burk plots, the K_m and V_maxvalues for α-amylase were 0.82 mg/ml and 7.32 µmol min^-1 mg^-1 protein, respectively, when starch was used as substrate. The effects of ions on amylolytic activity showed that Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ significantly increased amylase activity, whereas SDS and EDTA decreased the enzyme activity. The highest activities of α-/β-glucosidase and β-galactosidase were obtained at pH 5.0. By the native PAGE, three, one, one and two bands were clearly detected for α-amylase, α-/β-glucosidase and β-galactosidase, respectively. No bands were found for α-galactosidase that confirmed the absence or low activity of this carbohydrate in the digestive system of A. rosae. These results could provide the knowledge needed to produce transgenic plants for control of this pest.  

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The diagnosis and new contributions of the genus Chorebus Haliday, 1833 from Eastern Iranian provinces (North Khorasan, Khorasan-e Razavi, and Sistan-o Baluchestan) are provided. Samplings were carried out from 2009 to 2014. A total of 18 species are listed. Chorebus (C.)ruficollis(Stelfox, 1957) is recorded for the first time fromIran. An identification key is provided for Chorebus species occurring in the Eastern Iran.

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Aim: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in Iranian women. Clinical nurses and midwives are supposed to be at high risk of the disease. The present study aimed at comparing the knowledge and health beliefs of Iranian nurses and midwives about breast cancer screening using Health Belief Model (HBM). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 nurses and 60 midwives working in teaching hospitals affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (Yazd, Iran) were selected via convenience sampling. Three questionnaires were used to collect data including a demographic questionnaire, the Breast Cancer Knowledge Test, and Champion’s Revised Health Belief Model Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS-11.0 for Windows. Findings: According to the independent t-test results, the mean knowledge scores of the two groups were significantly different (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in mean health belief scores between the two groups (p>0.05). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient revealed a significant direct correlation between knowledge and health beliefs in both nurses and midwives (P=0.018; r=0.18). The same test suggested knowledge to have significant direct correlation with benefits of mammography (P=0.01; r=0.2), benefits of breast self-awareness (P<0.001; r=0.4), cues to action (P=0.001; r=0.2), and self-efficacy (P<0.001; r=0.3). Conclusion: There are some risk factors including unhealthy life-style behaviours, exposure to night light, and consequently, disruption in circadian rhythm, and that job stress can threaten the health of nurses and midwives. Thus, it is important to determine their perceived barriers of screening behaviours based on HBM.

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In this study, sonochemical synthesis was used to prepare nanostructured HZSM-5 catalysts. The three most effective ultrasound related variables including ultrasound power, irradiation time, and sonication temperature were investigated. The combined effect of these variables on relative crystallinity and mean crystal size of HZSM-5 nanocatalysts was studied using a central composite design. Higher crystallinity and lower crystal size were obtained by increasing ultrasound power, irradiation time, and sonication temperature while there was an optimum range for mentioned variables. The maximum relative crystallinity and minimum mean crystal size were obtained as 55.51% and 62.37 nm, respectively, under the optimal conditions of ultrasound power (231 W), irradiation time (21.18 min), and sonication temperature (42.68 °C). The results confirmed that sonochemical method considerably increased crysatllinity and reduced crystal size of HZSM-5 nanocatalysts at lower time. Hydrothermal method produced catalyst with full crystallinity and mean crystal size of 893 nm with 120 min aging and 48 h crystallization in autoclave while sonicated HZSM-5 catalyst with 21 min sonication and 4 h crystallization has 55.51% crystllinity and 62.37 nm mean crystal size. On the other hand, no HZSM-5 phase was formed in hydrothermal method with 120 min aging and 4 h crystallization in autoclave. These results strongly suggests that a catalyst with smaller crystal size, higher crystallinity and BET surface area at lower crystallization time can be obtained by using ultrasound instead of aging step in HZSM-5 synthesis

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In this paper, for control Voltage of two chamber Microbial fuel cell, two-type PI controller and MPC controller are used. For this purpose, two compartments of the model presented by Esfandyari  et al. [1, 2] have been used to model the microbial fuel cell. Then, based on this model, a classic PI controller based on the internal model and a MPC controller was designed and implemented. Based on the designed controllers, it was adjusted by adjusting the flow rate of the substrate to changes usually introduced in turbulence, such as the concentration of input to the substrate, or the effect of the uncertainty in the parameters of the process model, such as r_max and K_s. The results show that the MPC controller has a better performance compared to the classic PI controller.
 

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The present paper provides the updated checklist of the genera and species in the subfamily Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Iran. A total of 55 species belonging to 13 genera have been listed, that had been recorded from 15 provinces. The recorded species belong to the genera Alloea Haliday, 1833 (one species), Aphaereta Foerster, 1862 (two species), Aspilota Foerster, 1862 (two species), Dinotrema Foerster, 1862 (four species), Idiasta Foerster, 1862 (one species), Orthostigma Ratzeburg, 1844 (three species), Phaenocarpa Foerster, 1861 (one species), Pseudopezomachus Montero, 1905 (one species) and Synaldis Foerster, 1862 (four species) from the tribe Alysiini, and Chorebus Haliday, 1833 (28 species), Coelinidea Viereck 1913 (one species), Dacnusa Haliday, 1833 (five species) and Protodacnusa Griffiths, 1964 (two species) from the tribe Dacnusini.

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Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a highly polyphagous leaf miner that causes severe damage to different crops. Sampling on the Alysiinae (Braconidae) parasitoids of C. horticola was performed at various locations of Kermanshah province during 2009–2010. Infested leaves of host plants bearing the larvae and puparia of C. horticola were collected and placed inside the plastic rearing boxes and transferred to laboratory. The samples were preserved for 2–4 weeks, until the emergence of parasitoids. Three species of Alysiinae parasitoids were reared and identified in association with C. horticola in Kermanshah including, Chorebus (Stiphrocera) aphantus (Marshall, 1986), Chorebus (Stiphrocera) uliginosus (Haliday, 1839) and Dacnusa (Aphanta) hospita (Foerster, 1862). All three species have been recorded for the first time as parasitoids of C. horticola. In addition, C. aphantus is newly recorded for the fauna of Iran. An identification key to the parasitoid species is given.  

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Research subject:
Zinc is one of the most dangerous organic components in industrial wastewaters, which pollutes the environment as a result of human activities and various industrial operations. In the present study, the adsorbent prepared from Gracilaria Corticata algae was used for the first time to recover and remove heavy metal zinc and equilibrium study of the process were done.
Research approach:
In the current work, the effect of important parameters such as initial pH of solution, adsorbent dosage and contact time were investigated on the adsorption efficiency of the process. Additionally, Langmuir and Freundlich two-parameter adsorption isotherm models were used to model the equilibrium of zinc adsorption.
Main results:
The results showed that according to the calculated correlation coefficient, Freundlich isotherm was better than the Langmuir in fitting the experimental data. The highest point-to-point correlation coefficient for adsorbent percentage was achieved at 3 g/ml adsorbent dosage with contact time of min 360 and pH=7 and the lowest one was at 4 g/ml adsorbent dose with contact time of min PH=360 and 7. However, the highest adsorption rate was observed for the adsorbent dosage of 4 g/ml with contact time of 420 min at pH=9 and the lowest adsorption percentage was achieved at the adsorbent dosage of 2 g/ml with contact time of 300 min and pH=5. The maximum and minimum adsorption percentages were 76.88 mg/g and 49.25 mg/g, respectively

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The present study aimed to analyze affecting factors on agricultural experts moving toward becoming agricultural e-marketing users. During a correlation-descriptive research method, variables of the study were prioritized through Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and correlation between variables and adoption was computed and finally the most effective variables on adoption were determined using logistic regression. Results showed that behavioral belief (Attitude), normative belief (Subjective norm) and control belief (Perceived Behavioral Control) were affecting adoption. Among personal abilities and skills, engagement in agricultural jobs had the greatest effect on adoption which was related to control belief of the respondents. positive belief toward e-marketing and believing that had next great effect on decreasing traditional interferences respectively and variables related to behavioral belief had more important role in forming attitude of experts. Finally, agricultural companies were the most affecting variables on subjective norm of experts among other affecting components of agricultural market included in normative belief. Respondents selected network of agricultural advisory service companies which had an interference role between producers and customers as a proper option in e-marketing for local farmers. In this case, companies could merely deal with providing information of farmers’ products to suppliants through internet websites without playing direct role in buying and selling.     

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The porosity of electrospun nanofibers web is a significant parameter affecting various areas of nanofibers applications. Thus, at first, the effect of most effective parameters, the concentration of polymer solution and flow rate, on the diameter of polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers, as a dissolving component, were investigated. Afterward, the hybrid web of polyamide 6/polyvinyl alcohol (PA/P) was prepared via a two-sided dual-nozzles electrospinning method. The morphology, diameter, pore size of nanofibers web and the effect of dissolving constituent were studied based on images of the scanning electron microscope. To measuring the porosity of nanofibrous webs, three practical and straightforward methods that have been proposed in the literature were utilized. It was observed that when one component was dissolved, the diameter of the resultant web was decreased, and the porosity has been reduced to about 70% based on the best selected method of porosity. Additionally, the average pore size of electrospun PA6 webs has been decreased about 30-58% relative to the original hybrid webs.

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Glyphodes pyloalis Walker is a serious pest of mulberry trees in Iran. In this study, lethal (LC₅₀ = 19 ppm) and sublethal effects (LC_{10 =} 3.74 andLC₃₀ = 9.77 ppm) of lufenuron were evaluated against 4^th instar larvae of G. pyloalis. After treating the larvae at LC₃₀ and LC₅₀ level, most of them died during the molting process and only a few individuals developed to the 5^th larval instar. The highest rate of mortality wasobserved in 5^th larval (68.42%) and pre-pupal (59.57%) stages at LC₅₀ concentration. Also, lufenuron caused an increase in larval, pre-pupal and pupal developmental periods. The successful pupation decreased to 53.64% at the LC₃₀. Also, no prepupa molted to pupation after treatment of larvae at the LC₅₀. Larval weight was significantly reduced at 48, 72 and 96 h after treatment, compared to the control. Adult emergence and female longevity were also reduced at LC₃₀. The LC₃₀ of lufenuron negatively affected reproduction of G. pyloalis. Larval content of carbohydrate and protein were decreased significantly 48 and 72 h after treatment, however, lipid and glycogen content were decreased significantly only 72 h after treatment at LC₁₀, LC₃₀ or LC₅₀. Findings indicated adverse effects on some biological and biochemical parameters at lethal and sublethal concentrations of lufenuron which necessitate further investigations for its application in an integrated management of G. pyloalis.

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Synthesis gas is a mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide, which usually contains carbon dioxide as an additive. This gas is the raw material in the production of many basic materials of the petrochemical industry such as methanol. Various raw materials have been used to produce synthetic gas, including natural gas (methane), hydrocarbons, and coal. This gas is also very suitable as an intermediate material for the production of industrial products, and depending on the reaction conditions and catalysts used, different chemicals may be produced in large industrial units. Modeling a synthesis gas production reactor as the heart of an operating unit in the petrochemical industry is of particular importance. Simulation of refinery units is always associated with many problems due to the complexity of the process and the lack of proper kinetics. In recent years, software such as Span Plus has been used to simulate and study refinery processes, which in this regard have to some extent facilitated and achieved the appropriate. In this research, the synthesis gas production unit is simulated with two methods of steam reforming and partial oxidation method using Aspen Plus V8.4 software. By examining parameters such as conversion rate, hydrogen to CO ratio, reactor temperature and pressure during the production process and other variables, the simulation results show that after adjusting the reaction coefficients, parameters such as inlet feed temperature, reactor length and time Residues affect the production of desired products that the use of steam reforming in terms of production of synthetic gas has a higher efficiency than the partial oxidation system.

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This study tries to examine the syntactic characteristics of imperative structures with figurative meaning in the Russian language and the manner of their translation and description in Persian. Grammatical forms in the Russian language, apart from their original meaning, can also be applied in auxiliary and figurative meanings. The imperative mood in this language is not exempted from this rule. The original meaning of imperative mood predicates to an action that has been requested i.e. when a person commands someone to do an action. The imperative mood in the Russian language, with giving away its original meaning,  is applied for expressing various grammatical meanings such as action conditions, necessity, possibility to perform an action, unexpected action and so on.  This research is aimed at finding an answer to this question, that whether such structures with figurative meanings have special syntactic characteristics, compared to the structures with direct meaning, and is there any relationship between direct and figurative meanings in these structures? In this article, we will analyze 11 most important figurative meanings of imperative constructions in the Russian language, embedded in more than 60 examples, and will study the most common methods of their translation into the Persian language. Analyzing the syntactic and grammatical characteristics of imperative constructions with figurative meaning in the Russian language and various methods of their translation into Persian, due to fundamental syntactic and structural differences of basic and target languages are the most important aims of this study.

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Background: Environmental stresses, especially salinity and drought, are effective on seed germination and growth.
Materials and Methods: After breaking seed dormancy by simultaneous use of leaching (48 hours) and gibberllic acid (1000 ppm), germination characteristics and seedling growth of Citrullus colocynthis from two ecotypes of Sistan-Baluchestan with six  levels of drought (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2, -1.5 Mpa) and salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM) were studied. This experiment was carried out in two different factorial experiments using completely randomized design with four replications. Statistical analysis was performed using version 18 of SPSS software and Factorial analysis of variance (general linear model) and mean comparisons were done using Duncan's multiple range test. Results: The results demonstrated that there were significant differences among different levels of drought and salinity in all measured traits (P<0.01) and a significant decrease in seed germination and seedling growth were observed with increasing levels of drought and salinity (P<0.01). The results revealed that there were significant interactions effect between ecotype and different levels of drought as well as salinity (P<0.01), so seed vigor of Zabol’ ecotype was higher than that of Saravan.
Discussion and Conclusions: This species has acceptable germination at -0.6 Mpa droughts and 50 mM salinity. These issues must be considered in its intense planting in Sistan-Baluchestan province and using of Zabol’ ecotype seed is recommended.

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Introduction
Regional planning as an interesting and very important topic in the planning system of many countries around the world, is in the middle position of the planning hierarchy; It may sometimes be placed in a wrong position, which is often created under the pressure of powerful national and local elements of the planning system. In this way, its position is sometimes declining and sometimes growing. But what has drawn attention over time is the enduring nature and existential nature of this issue, which, like many other issues require this level of intervention. Therefore, it is believed that due to the increasing problems and challenges of today's society, there is a greater need for regional planning. Based on the studies done, balanced and sustainable development has been one of the main goals of the country for a long time. So that, with fluctuations, attention has been given to the category of "regional development" in the policies and development planning before and after the Islamic revolution, and in a sense, they have been among the components that the analysis of their effects on the face of the national system is very important at the level of micro-lawyers.
Methodology
The research method is descriptive-analytic, and library resources such as first-class sources, case-oriented articles and researches, and documents and documents available in the program and budget organization are used; Specifically, inferential methodology should be used to understand and explain the place of "regional planning and development" in the development programs before and after the revolution, and the possibility of comparison between them should be provided.
Research findings
What has attracted attention over time is the enduring nature and existential nature of this issue, which, like many other issues, requires this level of intervention. Therefore, it is believed that due to the increasing problems and challenges of today's society, there is a greater need for regional planning. Also, based on the field of regional perspective in development plans, it can be said that with regard to the general missions of land development and regional development in providing spatial justice in regions and creating equal and fair opportunities, access to resources, services and development achievements for all and in line with the implementation of the general policies of resistance economy and in order to creating a balance and benefiting the regions and provinces from facilities and improving their ability and flexibility against all kinds of environmental and external threats, competitive advantages must be created in the provinces and their relative advantages should be used optimally. Since, industrial investment in less developed areas should be promoted, the links between the border territories with the interior of the country should be strengthened, and in line with the national and trans-national role determined for the regions and provinces of the country, the role of medium and small cities should be strengthened, and also the metropolises should maintain their role, but decentralizing their national policy making is vital.
Conclusions
It can be seen that regional planning is a matter of interest and very important in the planning system of many countries around the world, since it is in the middle position in the planning hierarchy; It may sometimes be placed in a wrong position, which is often created under the pressure of powerful national and local elements of the planning system. In this way, its position is sometimes declining and sometimes growing. But what has drawn attention over time is the enduring nature and existential nature of this issue, which like many other issues require this level of intervention. Therefore, it is believed that due to the increasing problems and challenges of today's society, there is a greater need for regional planning. As can the current research findings shows, the failure of regional development planning and the division of spatial work with intensity and weaknesses in the programs before and after the revolution, causes the increase and widening of the areas of inequality between different regions. In general, fluctuations in the concept and function of regional planning in Iran is rooted in the country's structural obstacles both before and after the revolution. The ever-increasing centralization structure and the dominance of the planning procedure from top to bottom, departmental approach in planning, ambiguity in the legal status and executive guarantee of regional planning, lack of belief in planning and lack of planning culture and planability at different levels. The country's management, the lack of necessary and desirable platforms in order to attract the participation of the people and the private sector, the lack of organization in the regional Echelon, the non-compliance of plans with the existing realities, the non-compliance of upstream documents, the dominance of the abstract aspect on the plans and the like are among the main obstacles in the way of the development of regional planning in Iran

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The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is an imported pest and serious threat to tomato production in farms and greenhouses of Iran. Use of genetically engineered plants expressingcarbohydrase inhibitors is one of the non-chemical methods for controlling insect pests, and knowledge about enzymatic properties of carbohydrases will help us to achieve this goal. Therefore, in present study we characterized biochemical properties of digestive carbohydrases in the midgut of last larval instar of T. absoluta fed on different tomato cultivars (Kingston, Riogrande, Super Luna, Super Chief, Super strain B and Calj). While the highest amylolytic activity was on Super strain B, the lowest was on Super Chief. The optimal pH and temperature for α-amylase were found to be at pH 9.0 and 45 °C, respectively. As calculated from Lineweaver-Burk plots, the highest Km and Vmax values for α-amylase obtained in Super Chief and Super Luna cultivars were 0.565 ± 0.11mM and 2.287 ± 0.4mM/min, respectively. The effects of different compounds on amylolytic activity indicated that CaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl and KCl increased amylase activity, whereas EDTA, ZnCl2 and BaCl2 decreased the enzyme activity in Super Luna cultivar. The highest activity of α-/ß-glucosidases was observed at pH 6.0 and 7.0, respectively, whereas the optimal pH for α/ß-galactosidases was at 5.0. The highest specific activity of α-/ß-glucosidases was determined in Riogrande-fed larvae, whereas the highest α/ß-galactosidases activity was in the larvae fed on Riogrande and Calj cultivars, respectively. By the native- PAGE, two bands were clearly detected for α-amylase. Since the larvae reared on Kingston showed lowest carbohydrase activities, this cultivar could possibly be suggested as the least suitable host for feeding of T. absoluta.

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Set in the realm of politics and religion in the Safavid period’s approaches, The Sadat have a significant presence in this era. This presence can be followed in specific and non-specific postions.in this context, Kalantar in the Safavid research was included as non-specific postions. Studies show that the presence of Sadat in this post ion is more comprehensive than in other non-specific jobs. This phenomenon has been observed even when inheritance was considered. This study is an attempt to provide statistical analysis and causal explanations to check the significant presence of Sadat in Kalantar position, so, extraction of the names of all Kalantar Sadat has been taken into account.  The results show that Kalantar position with intermediate overlay (government-people) had a direct relationship with Siadat that contained social status and state function. So both Safavids and the then society in the equal opportunity used to choose Sadat for this job. This study further reveals in this phenomenon, inheritance is considerd.