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Abstract: This paper investigates the polysemy of the Persian word /širin/ from the perspective of cognitive sociolinguistics. It starts with introducing the principles of cognitive sociolinguistics, then investigates the polysemy of the Persian adjective /širin/ within the framework introduced by Robinson (2010), (2012a), (2012b), and (2014), to show that polysemy cannot be reduced to a static state, one and the same for all speakers of the language. In fact, social variables like age and gender affect the way people perceive different senses of the polysemous word. The data is gathered using documentary and field method(library research, interviews, and questionnaires). The research method employed is mixed(quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population is all monolingual Persian speakers living in Tehran, and the sample includes 200 subjects, 100 male and 100 females, in four different age groups of under 18, between 18 and 30, between 30 and 60, and above 60 years old. The results show that different senses of the polysemous word do not have the same distribution among different speakers, both male and female, belonging to different age groups, and are not accidental but explainable in terms of gender and age of the speakers. The results also indicate that cognitive sociolinguistics is more adequate in giving more exact explanations concerning meaning variation in polysemous words and the effect of social variables of age and gender on the number and salience of each sense.

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With the advancements of numerical upstream and central difference methods in modeling the subsonic and supersonic flows in different paths including the flow inside turbine blades, employing the numerical CUSP technique in the Jameson’s finite volume method can simultaneously benefit from the positive features of both mentioned methods. The novelty of this paper is first, improving Jameson’s finite volume method in modeling a 2D supersonic flow between the blades of a steam turbine using the CUSP method, and second, defining the most optimum control function mode using the Marquardt-Levenberg inverse method and by accounting for the mass conservation equation. By considering the importance of the shock regions in the blade’s surface suction side, the focus of the mentioned method is on this part which results in the significant improvement of the pressure ratio in Jameson’s finite volume method. The results of the first combined method (Jameson and CUSP) at the shock region of the blade’s suction surface desirably agree with the experimental data, and a decrease of numerical errors at this region is resulted. Furthermore, the results of the second combined method (Jameson, CUSP and inverse method) shows that in comparison with original Jameson’s method and the first combined method, by average, the conservation of mass condition is improved 15% at the shock region of the blade’s suction surface.

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Dry Steam flow at blade passages of steam turbines' low pressure stages occurs due to rapid expansion, delay in condensation and the condition of supercooled dry steam and finally after nucleation and condensation shock, phase change from vapor to liquid droplets occurs which is called two-phase or wet steam flow. In this paper, the aim of developing finite-volume flow of wet Jameson is considered for the first time in two-dimensional study by using the advantages of CUSP's numerical method. In this paper, equations governing the formation of liquid phase are combined with equations of survival and by using CUSP's numerical approach in Jameson's finite-volume method (the integrated method) the positive features of both of these methods can be simultaneously used in the modeling of two-phase flow. To calculate nucleation, the classical equation of nucleation with appropriate correction and also Lagrangian solution for growth of droplets are used in integrated method. Additionally, condensation shock effect on the pressure distribution and the droplet size has been calculated and compared with experimental data. Given the importance of areas of shocks on the suction surface of the blade, the focus of integrated method is shifted to this area. The results of integrated two-phase model are examined in subsonic and supersonic flow output .In the shock area on suction surface blade, using the CUSP's method (the integrated method) shows a better coverage in predicting attributes of flow in target area in comparison with the experimental data by a reduction of 20 percent in numerical errors.

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The present paper aims to investigate the polysemy of the Persian word /šax/ from the perspective of cognitive sociolinguistics. The study begins with introducing the tenets of cognitive sociolinguistics, and then goes on to investigate the polysemy of the Persian adjective /šax/ within this framework. In cognitive sociolinguistics, it is believed that polysemy cannot be reduced to a static state, one and the same for all speakers of a language. Rather, social variables like age and gender of speakers affect the way they perceive different senses of the polysemous words. This paper, in line with cognitive sociolinguistic, studies on polysemy, specifically those of Robinson (2010, 2012a, 2012b, and 2014), employed advanced statistical methods of Logistic Regression and Cross Tab to study the polysemy of Persian adjective /šax/ among 200 Persian speakers, both male and female, of different ages, selected from the Narmak neighborhood, Tehran, Iran, within the time span of spring and summer 2018. The results show that the cognitive sociolinguistic approach works desirably in lexical polysemy studies. In addition, the use of advanced statistical methods revealed a number of important facts about different senses of /šax/ in terms of age and gender, which provide a better description of polysemy in Persian language.