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Beet western yellows virus (BWYV), a species of the genus Polerovirus in the family Luteoviridae, is an agriculturally important virus infecting over 150 plant species in 23 dicotyledonous families worldwide. A survey of BWYV in canola fields in Golestan and Tehran provinces of Iran using indirect triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) indicated 8.3 % infection. The presence of BWYV was confirmed by amplification of the coat protein (CP) gene of the virus via running a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on total RNA extracted from ELISA positive leaf tissues. DNA sequences of the BWYV coat protein (CP) gene of seven Iranian isolates were determined and compared at the nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) levels with those of twelve BWYV isolates from different countries deposited in GenBank. Sequence analysis data showed that the identity of BWYV-CP at nt and aa levels among the Iranian isolates were 93.4 % to 100 % and 93.2 % to 100 %, respectively. The maximum similarity of isolates at nt and aa levels were 97.2 and 96.6 %, which occurred among two Iranian isolates (Ir 8 and Ir 100) and four isolates from France (L39967 and X13063) and England (L39973 and L39970). The recombination analysis among the nineteen isolates including seven Iranian isolates revealed that there was no distinct intra-specific recombination event among BWYV isolates. This is the first report of sequencing and analyzing of the BWYV CP gene of Iranian BWYV isolates.

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Fungi belonging to the Mycosphaerella s. l. are widely distributed all over the world. Most taxa cause leaf spot diseases, and have considerable impact on cultivation of many economically important crops. On Eucalyptus species, for example, Mycosphaerella leaf spots are one of the major diseases responsible for severe damage in most parts of the word especially outside of their native cultivation range. Mycosphaerella leaf blotches on Eucalyptus have little been studied in Iran. During a study on fungi associated with leaf spots on Eucalyptus spp. several specimens of mitosporic fungi which have been collected from Guilan province were examined and two species viz. Kirramyces epicoccoides and Pseudocercospora eucalyptorum were found to be new records for Iran mycobiota. Moreover, another species of Pseudocercospora is described on Eucalyptus. This species is clearly distinguished from related taxa by its conidium morphology, and appears to represent a new species; however, due to complicated taxonomy of the genus Pseudocercospora (especially on Eucalyptus spp.) further information is required to confirm its taxonomical position.  

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This paper, using Government and Binding Theory, deals with resumptive pronouns in Persian. It is concluded that the resumptive pronouns in genetive structures are obligatory. Such pronouns can be absent in genetive position of topicalized structures in the old and literary Persian. They are obligatory in prepositional structures too. The presence of prepositon before the head of relative clauses is possible, if in the of both relative and matrix clause verbs there exist -roles needing a joint preposition by which they are represented. Otherwise, the preposition must be stranded in the relative clause with a resumptive pronoun in the complement position. Resumptive pronouns are optional in the object position of relative clauses but banned in topicalized structures. A trace is prefered in the unmarked subject position of relative clauses but resumptive pronoun occurs when this position is focused and shows a sort of uniqueness. Relative element in Persian relative clauses is a non-overt operator coindexed with resumptive pronouns or traces. Persian language is sensitive to complex noun phrase consraint, and accordingly, in cases where a resumptive pronoun inside a complex noun phrase is coindexed with a non-overt operator out of that complex noun phrase and yet the structure is grammatical, it is concluded that no movement happens. So Persian resumptive pronouns are base-generated. Non-clitic pronouns can not be resumptive in topicalized structures.  

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The experience of time, like anything else in the world, can manifest itself in the text. Time is regarded as a structural element of the text. One characteristic of narrative is that time is considered as the main element of representation tool and the represented object. Therefore, time is described in the light of the chronological relationship between story and the representing text. By analyzing the time of the story and the time of the representing text, it can be concluded that in all the four plays of Naghmeh Samininarrative has two kinds of temporalities: the cyclic and the linear. The linear temporality gives a dramatic characteristic to the text, while the cyclic temporality gives an epic characteristic to the text. The cyclic temporality is always connected to a particular place and somehow reveals the feminine subjectivity governing the text. This study aims to show that when the linear temporality is dominant, the text is dramatic, and when the cyclic temporality is dominant, the text becomes narrative, while both temporalities exist in these four plays simultaneously.

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While searching for food, predators use herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPV), host plant volatiles and those related to con/heterospecifics to find their prey. Not only the volatile components vary among plant species, but also the predator perception of these components might differ among species and samples. Here, we compared the olfactory response of two samples (Turkey and University of Tehran) of Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) when received herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPV) from Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) infested cucumber and bean leaves, along with testing the effect of rearing experience of Turkey sample on its olfactory response in our laboratory conditions. Our data showed that P. persimilis of both samples significantly moved towards leaf odors (either cucumber or bean) when they received clean air from the alternative arm. For both samples, the predator did not make a preference between clean bean and cucumber leaves. When the predators were offered a choice between T. urticae infested bean and cucumber leaves, they significantly moved towards bean leaves in both samples. Rearing experience did not affect the predator choice of host plant species and P. persimilis from both samples preferred odors related to clean leaves rather than clean air. The number of experienced predatory mites moved towards T. urticae infested bean leaves was significantly higher than that preferred T. urticae infested cucumber leaves in both samples. We discussed whether their similar olfactory responses would be related to their experience of previous rearing conditions.

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a catastrophe happened years ago in the palace of rich and famous family of Cenci in Rome that ignited the creation of a play named The Cenci by two significant playwrights with different approaches and writing ideas. This study is a comparative analysis of different approaches of these two writers: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s theory, regarding the popular romanticism movement in the 19th century England and Antonin Artaud’s theory, considering his beliefs on the theater of cruelty. The purpose of this paper is to find the intellectual similarities and differences between these two writers in their approach toward the same historical event and their standpoint on its link to the theater and the text. Poetic verbal descriptions are significant in Shelley’s work; while Artaud, with his opposition to the literature of theater, tries to emphasize on directing and performance and writing the play with his favorite functions and performing methods. The comparative analysis of these two plays will describe their thematic differences. The results of this study suggest that in order to subtract the violence of Cenci’s event, Percy Bysshe Shelley has limited himself to the events that only take place in dialogues and those which show the actions of characters in different acts just in speech; however, Antonin Artaud presents the violent actions in the present time and with a redoubled rage by using mute characters and omitting subsidiary scenes.

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Research subject: Osmosis membrane bioreactor is one of the best industrial wastewater treatment methods. The main advantage of using osmosis process is its operation at low hydraulic pressures which has a better performance in removing pollutants and low energy consumption than other methods                        
Research approach: In this research, Nano porous Titanium dioxide powder with a specific surface area and anatase wall was synthesized through a thermal process using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant directing agent and a pore-creating agent.Ultrafiltration nanocomposite membranes were made using modified titanium dioxide (TiO₂) (MT) and polysulfone (PSf) by phase the inversion method. The morphology and structure of the prepared membranes and nanoparticles were investigated using by atomic fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy(FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this research, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as simulated wastewater for the feed solution. The fabricated ultrafiltration membranes were tested in osmosis membrane bioreactor (OMBR) system due to lower energy and fouling. 0.6 % solution of poly (sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) was used as an osmotic solution. Comparative separation performance and antifouling properties of both nanocomposites in several analyzes such as water contact angle measurement, pure water flux and filtration of different concentrations of bovine serum albumin solution. BSA and fouling resistance have been investigated


Main results:  TThe results that Due to the addition of MT nanoparticles to the polymer matrix, the hydrophilicity and surface energy of the membrane increased, which led to the improvement of the membrane performance. The membrane containing 1% titanium oxide nanoparticles showed the best result. For example, for feeding with a concentration of 200 ppm, the water flux increased from 20 to 38.5 L/ m² h, and the percentage of returning lethal solution decreased from 19.6 to 30 g/ m² h. The flux recovery in this membrane was 96%, which indicates the antifouling property of the modified nanocomposite membrane.                                                                
              

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Aims: Due to the high consumption of Pickhandle Barracuda, it is necessary to prepare its amino acid profile. The aim of this study was to investigate the proximate composition and amino acid profile of Pickhandle Barracuda and Yellowtail Barracuda fillet in autumn and spring.
Materials & Methods: The present experimental study was carried out on Pickhandle Barracuda and Yellowtail Barracuda in autumn and spring. The fish were equivalently divided in 2 groups of male and female in 3 clusters, each containing 7 fish. The total amino acid composition was performed by liquid chromatography. The data were analyzed by GRAPHPAD-PRISM 5 software, using unpaired T test.
Findings: In two species, moisture in autumn was higher than spring, but, compared to autumn, the amount of fat, protein, and total ash had a significant difference in spring. In spring, the essential/nonessential (E/NE) amino acid ratio and aromatic amino acids did not have any significant differences in two species, but other measures had significant differences. In autumn, the E/NE ratio and acidic amino acids did not have any significant differences. Chemical indices were more than 1 based on the needs of the adult human. In two species, Leucine showed depletion in the range of 2 to 5 years in autumn and spring.
Conclusion: Both species have a higher moisture in autumn, but the amount of fat, protein, and total ash in spring is higher than autumn. The most common amino acids in both seasons are Glutamic acid and Aspartic acid. Regarding the essential amino acids, there is no depletion in adult human necessity in two species in two seasons. Based on the needs of children aged 2 to 5 years, Leucine has depletion in both species.

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Backgrounds: Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection is mainly manifested as erythema infectiosum in children. Primary B19V infection during pregnancy is accompanied by a 30% risk of fetal infection, especially in epidemic conditions. Given the important impact of parvovirus B19 infection on maternal and neonate health, this study assessed parvovirus B19 susceptibility among women of childbearing age in Mashhad, northeast Iran.
Materials & Methods: Serum samples were collected from 185 women aged 20-35 years living in Mashhad. Cluster sampling was performed in different health centers located in the city to cover the main city area. A commercial ELISA kit was used to measure IgG antibodies against B19V. This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards mentioned in the declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was taken from all participants. A questionnaire was filled by each participant. SPSS software Version 11.5 was used for statistical analyses.
Findings: Anti-B19 IgG was observed in about 31% of women. Seroprevalence of anti- B19 antibodies among different age groups (with 5-year intervals) was not significantly different (p=.839). Also, there was no significant difference among different city areas of Mashhad in terms of anti-B19 IgG seropositivity (.39, p>.05).
Conclusion: The prevalence of parvovirus B19 infection varies in different parts of the world. Comparing to other reports, the present study revealed a rather low immunity against parvovirus B19 among women in Mashhad. These findings highlight the potential risk of B19 infection in non-immune/susceptible mothers, which may lead to sever outcomes, especially during epidemics.

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Efficiency and productivity are conception that input and output proportions one economic system determine. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is suitable instrument for calculation efficiency one establishment, but one of the difficulties this model is decision maker can not interment terms of risk and uncertainty in result, in one hand in searches in agricultural sector decision maker hardly with terms of risk and uncertainty confront. Interval data envelopment analysis method (IDEA) a useful instrument in efficiency of evaluation so much establishment take into terms of risk, uncertainty and inexact data. In this search with use of IDEA model provinces of country efficiency in basis animal husbandry in country with consider key input and output in this industry studied. Conclusion say Ardebil province most efficiency and Booshehr province lower most efficiency in basis milky cow-keepers and also Khozestan province most efficiency and Chahar Mahal Bakhtiyari province lower most efficiency in basis fattened cow-keepers in country. Statistics that used in this search it concern five years.

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Humans way of life is placing an increasing burden on the planet. We are damaging the natural environment and imposing on the nature for excess of needs dictated by ecological and biological dimensions. This implies, damaging the life of the next generations and negating the principles of sustainable development. Humans detrimental behavior is based on principles of growth paradigm , in which , human comsumption patterns have negative effects on the environment . The current model of development is unsustainable and can not secure the future of human beings on the planet. This article identifies similarities and differences of the paradigms of growth and sustainability. The main contribution of the article is to develop a new conceptual framework for sustainable development by including political parameter as an extra dimension and presenting two conceptual frameworks : 1) for humans and eco-systems wellbeing and 2) for the process of change.

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1. Introduction

Eye-tracking research on language, media and translation has gained ground over the last three decades. Due to their multi-semiotic nature, subtitles have been the subject of a number of eye-tracking studies. Many influential factors such as stylistic features, translation method, lexical frequency, etc. have been analyzed. However, there is still an exponential need for further research on this area, especially in the context of Persian language.

2. Research Objectives

This research aims to compare the attention given to function and content words in Persian subtitles by analyzing four eye-tracking data.

3. Research Questions

Is there any significant difference between attention allocation to function and content words in Persian subtitles in terms of four eye data (fixation duration, fixation number, first fixation duration and skipping)?

4. Research Hypothesis

H: Fixation duration, fixation number and first fixation duration are significantly larger for content words compared to function words, while the number of skipped function words is significantly higher compared to content words.

5. Method

Forty random participants (23 females and 17 males) participated in the study randomly. They had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. A written consent was obtained from the participants prior to the experiment. A scene of Elle was chosen as stimuli for the experiment. The subtitles were made by Subtitle Edit Software. SMI eye tracking device with a sampling rate of 60 Hz was used to collect the eye data after performing a three-point calibration. The areas of interest were determined and BeGaze software was used to extract the data. Finally, the eye data were examined in SPSS software.

6. Conclusion

The results of the test showed that there was a significant difference in attention allocation to lexical and functional words. The fixation duration, fixation number and first fixation duration were significantly larger for the content words compared to the function words, while the number of the skipped function words was significantly higher compared to the content words.
 

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Sustainable ecotourism is a nature oriented tourism that maintains a sound relationship with the natu-ral environment, and contributes to its conservation. Ecological understanding is a prerequisite of sus-tainable ecotourism. Nature conservation and ecotourism are interdependent. There should be a sym-biotic relationship between the two, in which, both derive sustainable benefits in a lengthy period of time. In order to decrease natural deterioration, the present ecotourism economic and financial assess-ment should be challenged. Sustainable ecotourism demands new managerial methods that can esti-mate both environmental inputs and outputs in every single ecotourism venture and meets the required criteria of both. Triple-bottom-line accounting approach provides a foundation for assessment of envi-ronmental, social, and financial costs and benefits of ecotourism ventures. Ecotourism companies can allocate some of their resources to the nature conservation and people education. This is how they can obtain a positive triple bottom line. Developing environmental management strategies, programs and procedures with measurable objectives, and allocating adequate funds for their effective implementa-tion is recommended in this article. Effective financial management system with capable accounting mechanisms would provide the ecotourism organizations with the necessary foundations for transition towards sustainability.

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This study was conducted from April 2017 to June 2018 in a Trout aquaculture farm in Firoozkoh, Tehran province, to distinguish environmental and managerial risk factors affecting incidence of viral diseases in the fish farm under study. Averaged visit from fish farm was 2 times a month and all biosecurity measures were advised and applied during every visit. Some of the physico-chemical parameters were recorded daily. Samples from all cargoes of eyed-eggs imported from abroad and also from larvae after active swimming and absorption of yolk sac were taken for RT-PCR test. Virology, bacteriology, parasitology and mycology tests in the farm and authorized laboratory were done. Clinical observations, macroscopic and microscopic examinations, checking all the sanitarian and productional managerial factors, also checking all the physical and chemical factors affecting the outbreak of viral diseases were done. During clinical observation of fishes, these symptoms were observed; anorexia, gathering at the raceway’s side and outlet, cachexia, one and two side exophthalmia, melanosis, integument ulcers, hemorrhage in ventricular and ocular areas, petechia in ventricular area, fecal casts, high mortality and also presence of a large number of moribund fishes. The result of the laboratory examinations was IHN positive of Rainbow trout fries. This disease caused about 80% mortality of the fries produced from the imported eyed-eggs cargo. The other fatalities with different reasons were also recorded such as; the Lutra’s attack at nights, the farm’s personnel running amongst other farms and transferrin pathogens, the transportation vehicles not being proper disinfected while inter to and exit from the farm and the severe food intoxication of fries. Regarding the results of this study, instruction of scientific and practical models has presented to decrease the effect of environmental and managerial risk factors in the incidence of the disease.

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The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), is one of the most important pests of crops. Like other insects, this insect has an immune system against external threats such as various diseases, parasitoids, and chemical compounds. Phenoloxidase is a key factor in the immunity of insects and other arthropods. The present study investigated the lethal effects of four insecticides, indoxacarb, profenofos, chlorfluazuron, and hexaflumuron, and their effects on phenolic oxidase activity in cotton bollworm. Among the studied insecticides, in two bioassays (mixture of insecticide with artificial food and immersion of sugar beet leaves), Chlorfluazuron had the highest toxicity (LC₅₀ = 1.71 and 3.11 mg ai/liter, respectively). Also, the highest phenol-oxidase activity at 24 h was for larvae treated with chlorfluazuron and hexaflumuron. Also, when treated with chlorfluazuron and hexaflumuron, the larvae fed on an artificial diet had higher phenoloxidase activity than those fed on sugar beet cultivars.

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In this paper a methodology for design optimization of foundation of structures has been proposed. The structural model comprises three different finite elements, i.e. plate elements for mat foundation, solid elements for soil and some compression-only members for connection of foundation to soil. To facilitate the optimization algorithm, a 3D analysis is performed in the elastic range under one design loading. Due to numerous finite elements and accordingly considerable number of design variables, the classical topology optimization algorithms become inefficient for solution of the problem. Therefore in this paper an innovative topology optimization algorithm, which does work based on efficiency of foundation elements, is proposed. This new algorithm cuts out the foundation elements that do not bear (or bear low value) compression under design load(s). The overall optimization methodology consists of two phase optimization: namely topology optimization and size optimization. After every topology optimization, an analysis is done and a size optimization algorithm is used to proportion the thickness of the foundation and corresponding reinforcement. The consequent topology and size optimization processes are repeated until no enhancement is obtained in the design. The capabilities of the proposed method have been shown by four design example.