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Nafsat-al-Masdur by Shahab-al-din Mohammad Zeidary Nasavi, is one of the Persian euphemistic masterpieces. An examination of the structure of this text, from the perspective of language, reveals that the poetic and emotive functions of the text are more highlighted than the historical information. From a linguistic standpoint, a message could either be directed towards the addressor or the message itself. Therefore, the addressee is basically confronted with a literary text whose language often has an emotive function. As a result, the addressee understands the author’s soliloquy all the time. On the other hand, the author, through using his regular extra-regularity, produces numerous musical parallelisms and invigorates the internal music of a lyrical text, which is an essential component of any lyrical text. The pinnacle of lyrical language in Nafsat-o-al-Masdoor is where the author adds poetic and emotive functions to his text and makes use of a variety of parallelisms. In such cases, where the author expresses his spontaneous overflow of feelings in a given poetic and lyrical text, the prose of the book is quite simple and eloquent. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of lyrical language focusing on the structure of Nafsat-al-Masdur.

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Hedging is a rhetorical strategy which speaker employs for lack of a full commitment either to the full category membership of a term or expression (content mitigation), or to the intended illocutionary force of the utterance (force mitigation). Hedging must be considered as an intentional action. The speaker chooses a linguistic device over the propositional content of the message which will affect the interpretation of the utterance; either modifies the content of the utterance or its force. Although hedges have no certain lexical meaning; they have powerful functional and pragmatic meaning. This research has been done by means of descriptive-analytical method with purpose of definition, introducing of applications of hedges based on Fraser(2009) , and finally a case study of hedges  in political discourse of  press conferences  of president Ahmadinejad within the framework of critical discourse analysis .The results show that the president (Ahmadinejad) has used hedging as a political language strategy to express vagueness and evasion which are one of the skillfully policies in political speech. He applied passive voice and impersonal pronouns more than other kinds of hedges.

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Abstract The movement of sand dunes in desert railways has various harmful effects, which reduces operational safety and speed and causes great maintenance and renewal costs. To encounter the movement of sand dunes, different traditional and modern methods are implemented, none of which covers completely the problems, especially the ballast solidification and line closuring as the major ones. In this paper, a new system called "humped slab track" is introduced, in which the ballast solidification problem is obviated with the application of ballast-less superstructure. The problem of track closuring with sand dunes is also mitigated by means of elevating the rails higher, using uncases reinforced concrete called "humps", and letting the sands traverse from the generated superstructure space between the humps and beneath the rails, just like fluid. To show the efficiency of the proposed system, the simulation of sand movements from the track section was performed using two-phase analysis in the FLUENT finite element software.

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Downy mildew is one of the most important diseases of cucurbits in the world and Iran. The development of the disease was investigated in a commercial variety (Sakata^® F1 Hybrid Saso), three hybrids and eight pure lines of cucumber, four pure squash lines, and one commercial cultivar of watermelon (Sakata^® F1 Charleston Gray 243) in two consecutive years (2017 and 2018 spring and summer) at the experimental field of the University of Guilan, Iran to identify the sources of resistance. Plants were regularly inspected until the downy mildew symptoms appeared. The disease was measured using standard scale and Image J software at five stages in the plant growing season. Comparison of disease progress curves, final severity of the disease, and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) showed that cucumber B10 and A12 pure lines were the most susceptible and resistant in both years, respectively. None of the squash lines were infected in the first year, but in the second year, two lines showed the disease symptoms, and the severity of the disease in these lines was close to each other. The commercial cultivar of watermelon was not infected in both years.

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In this paper, the effect of window weighting functions, such as Hamming, Hanning and Nuttulwin, on the Oppermman code is investigated. These codes are used in the poly phase pulse compression technique in radar applications. The results indicate that weightings reduce sidelobes and false alarm extremely. In addition, the target detection ability is increased in this code

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Abstract: Because of the complicated nature of track and train, investigation of interactions between them has been always an complex problem in railway engineering. Perceiving of this interaction is an complex problem only in track with various defects but also in the track without defects. Estimating of the forces exerted on track and train will be much difficult when a defect such as rail corrugation is added to this interaction. If an accurate computer model is available, we can have a good forecast of these forces. However, precise estimating of them is only reached field measurement. In this study, we tried to present a good estimation of passenger and freight wagon forces on track with rail corrugation defect. The pressure between sleeper and ballast was calculated by these forces. Afterwards pressure (on ballast surface)-rail corrugation wavelength diagrams was determined. By using these diagrams, the rail corrugation wavelength where ballast stresses were beyond the permissible limit for each type of operation, was determined (it was named critical corrugation wavelength). A computer model was developed in ADAMS/Rail software for passenger and freight wagons with various speeds to estimate the forces exerted on the ballasted track with corrugation defect.

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In this paper, a novel directional super wide band micro strip antenna based on a simple and new geometry has been proposed. The antenna exhibits the widest bandwidth ever reported to the authors’ knowledge from 50 GHz to 200 GHz. Its radiation pattern is approximately steady in the frequency ranges of 50 GHz to 200 GHz. The antenna consists of a club-like radiating patch, a combination of three circular patches, and a partial ground structure. Moreover, the proposed antenna has a compact volume of 24 mm × 18 mm × 0.787 mm on a RT Duroid substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 2.2. RT Duroid has very low loss characteristic and therefore the loss of the antenna will be very little. The simulation is performed by CST Microwave Studio simulator. Antenna design and the simulation results of radiation pattern and gain are presented and discussed in detail. Results show that the performance is very excellent in full band.  

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Studying of connection between a carbon nanotube (CNT) and its surrounding matrix is an important issue in investigation of the behavior of nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes. In this paper, the carbon nanotube and its surrounding matrix is considered as a volume element and its mechanical behavior is analyzed using finite element method. Interface joints are modeled utilizing nonlinear spring elements; and effective force between CNT and matrix is determined based on Lennard-Jones equation. The interface thickness is changed between 1.7-3.8Am, to study its effect on the volume element behavior. Tensile loading of volume element is applied in two ways to investigate the perfect connection between nanotube and matrix. Subsequently, tensile longitudinal elastic modulus of volume elements with different aspect ratios of nanotube and thickness of interface are calculated and compared with the results of rule of mixture theory in micro mechanics field. The results of this research indicate that for low aspect ratios, the amount of elastic modulus is near to individual resin or nanotube. But, increasing the aspect ratio causes the connections to be more efficient and results converge to rule of mixture

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Abstract: Ballasted railway track are of the most common types of railway in our country. The aim of this paper is study of three-dimensional suitable model for railway ballasted track and Dynamic analysis of that using numerical Runge-Kutta 4th Order Method. After the dynamic analysis is performed the responses related to railway components are determined. To analyze the effect of passing railway train on track, a function of time variant moving load on the railway line is applied and the effect of dynamic response under loading is evaluated. Previous researchers in the field of this activity have worked on modeling and analyzing of railway track system and train-track interaction problems on the two-dimensional models and the dynamic time domain problem for 3D models has not completely examined before. But this study is trying to consider the extra transverse nodes on previous models and come in three-dimensional dynamic analysis by numerical method. In other words, a new perspective in this article, is considering the nodes for transverse model of railway track and also numerical analysis of that. In this article, a 3D analytical model of Moving Load‐Track interaction is organized by elements of mass, spring and dashpot. Since, railway track structure can innovatively be simulated with a continuous model of mass‐spring system. Then by using the principles of structural dynamics and finite element method, equations that governing the motion of components of this model are identified and final equations are extracted. Brief description of the numerical method is use of solving algorithm to solve the track- moving load interaction. In this research, simulation and modeling for rails, tie, connections and railway superstructure layers, is considered as elements of lump masses, springs and dampers. Traditional methods used for design of rail elements, have been based on static loading and quasi-dynamic analysis, but in this paper, according to the structural dynamics phenomena in relation to rail component vibrations and study of dynamic loading effects on track components, are the issues to more realistic analysis. Responses obtained from dynamic analysis can be utilized as inputs for designing concepts and optimizing the track components.

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Ballasted track are of the most common species of railway in our country. The aim of this paper is study of three-dimensional models suitable for railway ballasted track and Dynamic analysis of those using numerical method Runge-Kutta 4th Order Method, after the dynamic analysis is performed and finally responses related to railway components be determined. To analyze the effect of passing under the railway train, a function of loading time on the railway line is applied and the effect of dynamic response under loading is evaluated. Previous researchers in the field activities of the railway system modeling and analysis of the dynamics on the two-dimensional models have been done. But this article is trying to consider the transverse nodes, on previous models and comes in three-dimensional dynamic analysis of the numerical method to be done. In other words, a new perspective in this article, consider nodes for transverse railroad modeling and numerical analysis of it. Brief description of the numerical methods mentioned along with the solving algorithm is mentioned in this article. In this research, simulation and modeling for rails, tie, connections and railway superstructure layers, is considered as elements of lump mass, spring and damper is used. Traditional methods used for the design of rail lines, based on static loading and quasi-dynamic analysis, the line components are analyzed, but in this article, according to the theories discussed in relation to rail component vibration, and study of dynamic load effects on track components into the issue to be more realistic. Responses obtained from dynamic analysis can be as input and issues designed to optimize rail components.

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In this paper, annealing processes for stress relaxation and removing residual stresses from polycarbonate sheet are studied and evaluated using experimental tests. Then, by making some alterations and modifications in the previous heating cycles thermal operations are performed on different samples in a try and error process. Appraising the obtained results, a modified thermal cycle is presented which can remove the residual stress from the polycarbonate sample, while reducing the time and cost of the annealing process. According to this process, the temperature is raised to 100˚C at the heating rate of 20˚C/h. The samples are kept at this temperature for 3 hours and then, the heating is continued up to 140˚C at a slower rate of 5˚C/h. Then, the specimens are heated at the rate of 1˚C/h until maximum temperature of Tmax = 156˚C. After reaching this point, the samples are cooled immediately, and the cooling rates are same as the heating rates.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are rolled form of graphene sheet with unique properties due to the covalent bonds between carbon atoms. In this research, different structures of CNTs are studied for a wide range of diameter and length to determine the influence of chiral angle on their shear and bending modulus. Covalent bands between carbon atoms are simulated using linear beam elements based on molecular mechanics and finite element method. By using finite element analysis, the effects of diameter, length and chiral angel of nanotubes on mechanical properties under torsional and bending loading conditions are studied. The results show that zigzag CNT has the least shear and bending modulus comparing the armchair and chiral structures. Chiral nanotubes with angles smaller than 17 degrees has less shear modulus comparing armchair ones. But, for larger angles, chiral nanotubes has the largest shear modulus. Also, bending modulus of chiral CNTs is larger than armchair and zigzag structures.

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In this paper, in order to avoid the problems induced by cutting liquids like higher cost, environmental pollution and dangerous for operator health in milling process and also using the benefits of them such as increasing tool life and machined surface quality, machining by minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL) or near dry lubrication was introduced and that’s effects on main outputs (consumed power and surface roughness) was compared with other lubrication methods such as lubrication by cutting fluids and by air. In order to perform a series of experiments and investigate the effects of different process parameters such as tools rotational speed, feed rate, gas pressure and liquid flow rate on main outputs, the Taguchi method of design of experiments was employed and then the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the most important factors effecting main outputs. The results obtained by experiments showed that employing near dry lubrication leads to lower electrical power and comparable surface roughness as compared with other lubrication methods. The analysis of variance showed that feed rate is the most important factor affecting consumed power and liquid flow rate is the most important factor influencing surface roughness.

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In this paper, friction of the contacted surfaces with random roughness distribution in nano scale has been modeled and simulated. So, firstly the modified friction model, AMM, was derived for the contact of the flat/rough surfaces based on the JKR contact, HK friction model and random distribution of Greenwood-Williamson (GW) model. The results show, modified AMM model predict higher friction force. It is more accurate than the earlier AMM model due to considering of the surface forces. Following, the obtained model was extended for evaluating of friction between a flat particle and the rough surface, and especially for the tip of the atomic force microscopic on the rough surface. Then the effect of geometric parameters of surface such as standard deviation of the asperities height and radius of the asperities peak on the friction between tip and rough surface was done. It was observed that normal load and friction force are increased with growing of the standard deviation of the asperities height while as the friction coefficient will be reduced. Furthermore, the normal load, the friction force, and also the friction coefficient are raised by increasing of the asperity peak radius. Finally, it was observed that variation of standard deviation of the asperity height has more influence on the friction than the radius of the asperity peak

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In this study a safe and smooth path planning containing the slightest risk is considered for an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV). To do so, three smooth and continues functions resembling the three dimensional path are introduced and then their parameters are optimized using the particle swarm optimization method to find the safest possible path. For each point in space a numeric value is considered as vulnerability and the objective function is the integral of the vulnerability over the path produced. This path forms controlling signals which through a TSK fuzzy controller, the UUV is guided. The new arrangement of the propulsion vehicle subsurface was modeled. Since for the design of the controller, the parameters of the Under Water Vehicle dynamic system not used, so the control system is robust with respect to parameter Uncertainties. In the last section three environments with different complexities are considered to illustrate the creating process’s performance of the path and it is concluded that this method demonstrates desired performance in the development of a safe and smooth path through a harmful environment and the design of an adequate controller.

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The purpose of this article is the implementing the upper stage design according to multistep sequential optimization design process for specific maneuvers with less mass in reality. In this method there is two optimization and design loops which are connected to each other in mass analysis. So all the output parameters in inner loop are used as input parameters of outer loop. In the inner loop, optimization control algorithm is used to optimize the target function, as for two control factors including thrust vector angle and thrust magnitude for putting upper stage into final orbit. In outer loop, subdivision designed separately according to design matrix using input parameters from inner loop. Design convergence checked in mass analysis. Innovation of this article is implementing a fully systematic upper stages design. Also a system-based method is provided by cooperation of human and machine (multistep collaborative design) which in addition to system design discussed subsystem design such as orbital optimization and subdivision algorithms. Results of this design are verified according to result of statistical analysis.

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Thin sheets stiffened with lattice structures are used widely in many engineering industries. Investigation of stability behavior for the grid structures and determination of the buckling load under compressive loads is an issue that has attracted the attention of many researchers; and extensive studies have been done in this field. In this paper, a new grid called Diacube is introduced and its buckling load is examined. For this aim, first, the buckling behavior of 5 common types of stiffened flat lattice panels containing hexagonal, triangular, square, diamond and kagome grid are investigated under compressive axial load; and the results are compared with Diacube grid. The effect of network density used in each structure on the buckling of these structures will be studied under different boundary conditions. In addition to common grids,. Regarding to the mass difference of samples, specific critical load parameter (the buckling load to mass ratio) is used for comparison between the structures. Using the finite element modeling and numerical analysis, the grid that has the highest buckling load in each boundary condition is determined It is found that if unloaded edges in lattice panels are simply supported, this new Diacube grid will have the highest buckling load among all structures. Finally, validity of the numerical result obtained for two samples of the structures including hexagonal and Diacube grid is evaluated experimentally; and the numerical results are confirmed.