Showing 14 results for ahmadi najafabadi
Navid Zarif Karimi, Hossin Heidary, Mahdi ahmadi najafabadi, A Rahimi, Mehdi Farajpur,
Volume 13, Issue 15 (Third Special Issue 2014)
Abstract
Drilling of composite materials is one of the major processes in the manufacturing and assembly of sub-component. However, drilling of composite laminates can cause several damages such as degradation in residual tensile strength. In this study, effects of cutting speed, feed rate and drill angle on residual tensile strength of drilled laminates has been investigated. For this purpose, the Taguchi method was employed for three factors at three levels. Acoustic emission signals and wavelet analysis are used to monitor residual tensile strength. The experimental results indicated that the feed rate has the most significant effect. Based on time-frequency analysis of AE signals, it was found that AE signals with frequency ranges of (62.5-125), (250-312.5) and (312.5-375) KHz were generated from matrix cracking, fiber slipping and fiber breakage respectively.
Milad Saeedifar, Mohammad Fotouhi, Reza Mohammadi, Mehdi ahmadi najafabadi, Hossein Hosseini Toudeshky,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (7-2014)
Abstract
Delamination is the most common failure mode in composite materials. It takes place in different modes, i.e. mode I, mode II or the combination of these modes. The present study is concerned with an investigation of mechanical and acoustic emission behavior of delamination. In this work, various lay-ups of glass/epoxy composite laminates have been used to study the delamination behavior when subjected to mode I, mode II and the mixed-mode I/II tests. First, the characterization of load-displacement curves of the specimens is done based on the AE parameters and mechanical responses and the curves were divided into three parts. The crack growth in the mode I was stable state and in the mixed-mode and mode II was unstable. In the next, interlaminar fracture toughness of the specimens, Gc, were measured using standard methodologies and acoustomechanical methodologies which is based on the mechanical behavior and AE information. It was found that the acoustomechanical method presents the lower limit of the interlaminar fracture toughness and agrees with the results that obtained from standard. The images were captured with Scanning electron microscope (SEM) from damage surfaces verifies the results that obtained from Acoustic emission.
Reza Mohammadi, Milad Saeedifar, Mohamad Fotouhi, Cevat Teymuri, Mehdi ahmadi najafabadi,
Volume 14, Issue 11 (2-2015)
Abstract
The AISI D2 steel is a high-chromium and high-carbon tool steel which has good mechanical properties such as high compressive strength and good through-hardening. Despite these advantages, fracture toughness of this steel is moderate. In this study, fracture toughness of AISI D2 steel was determined using Finite Element and Acoustic Emission methods. Selected steel (AISI D2 cold-work tool steel) was heat treated and tempered at different conditions. Then Compact testing specimens were prepared according to ASTM E399 standard and fracture toughness of the specimens was specified according to the standard method. The specimens were modeled in the commercial FE software (ABAQUS) and fracture toughness of the specimens was determined using FEM. Determination of fracture toughness using AE technique was carried out according to three methods: Acoustic Emission Energy Rate (AEER), Acoustic Emission Count Rate (AECR) and integral of sentry function. The results obtained from ASTM E399, Finite Element and Acoustic Emission methods were compared with each other. It was found that fracture toughness values which were obtained using AECR and integral of sentry function techniques are lower bound and the results obtained from FEM are upper bound values of the fracture toughness. Furthermore, fracture toughness values obtained using AEER were the most consistent with the results obtained from ASTM E399 standard method. Finally, it could be concluded that Acoustic Emission method can be used as a useful method for determination of fracture toughness of engineering materials.
Mir Mohammad Mousavi Nasab, Milad Saeedifar, Mehdi ahmadi najafabadi, Hossein Hosseini Toudeshky,
Volume 15, Issue 8 (10-2015)
Abstract
Despite the fact that fiber reinforced plastic composites have excellent mechanical properties, various failure mechanisms can be occurred in these materials. Delamination is the most common failure mode in laminated composites that can be occurred under quasi-static and fatigue loading conditions. The present study is concerned with the investigation of mechanical and Acoustic Emission (AE) behavior of delamination in glass/epoxy composites under mode I quasi-static and fatigue loading conditions. First, the unidirectional and woven specimens were subjected to mode I quasi-static loading. The behavior of the delamination in the specimens was investigated and interlaminar fracture toughness of the specimens was calculated. Then, according to the information that obtained from quasi-static loading, the similar specimens were subjected to the fatigue loading. The mechanical and AE behavior of the delamination under fatigue loading was investigated. A linear relationship was established between cumulative AE energy and fatigue crack growth and fatigue crack growth curve was predicted using the AE method. Then, energy release rate variations curve and fatigue crack growth rate diagram were predicted using AE method. The predicted results by AE have a good compatibility with the visually based data that recommended by standard. The results indicate that, the AE method has good applicability for health monitoring of composite structures that subjected to quasi-static and fatigue loading conditions.
Morteza ahmadi najafabadi, Mojtaba Sedighi, Manouchehr Salehi, Hossin Hossini Toudeshky,
Volume 15, Issue 9 (11-2015)
Abstract
In this study the delamination behavior of FMLs loaded under mode I and II conditions is investigated by using numerical modeling and acoustic emission (AE) data analysis. Test samples is made of prepreg (glass/epoxy composite) and aluminum 2024-T3 (chromic acid anodized). Detection of delamination initiation moment is required for calculation of interlaminar fracture toughness in mode I and II which this moment is detected by using AE technic. Initiation and propagation of delamination is modeled by Abaqus software by using cohesive element. Load-displacement curve, progressive debonding and delamination face are the results taken from FEM and are compared with test results. Signal frequency processing is done for identifying delamination propagation and classification of fracture mechanism. Delamination mechanism is validated by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images.
Mohammad Eftekhary, Mehdi ahmadi najafabadi,
Volume 15, Issue 9 (11-2015)
Abstract
In recent years, measurement of residual stress by ultrasonic method is developing because of nondestructive nature, portable equipment and being cheap and fast. In this research, the Capability of ultrasonic method by using longitudinal critically refracted or Lcr wave in measurement of longitudinal welding residual stress has been scrutinized. For this purpose, two plates of aluminum alloy series 5000 were joined by TIG welding method. Measurement of longitudinal residual stress by ultrasonic method was done in closeness of surface via 5 MHz transducers based on acoustoelasticity theory. In order to create Lcr wave and transmit it into specimen, an ultrasonic wedge was made based on Snell’s law. Also a triaxial table was used to control the wedge movement and keep the pressure on it fixed. In order to calculate residual stress and increase in accuracy, acoustoelastic constant for each three welding zones, including weld metal, HAZ and base metal was obtained separately from uniaxle tension test. In order to validate ultrasonic method results, measured longitudinal residual stress by x-ray diffraction method in 5 points on the specimen surface was used. Finally after comparing the results of two used methods with each other, good agreement was seen which indicates the good ability of ultrasonic method in measurement of longitudinal residual stress.
Morteza ahmadi najafabadi, Hossein Hosseini Toudeshky, Mojtaba Sedighi,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (4-2016)
Abstract
In this paper, acoustic emission monitoring of repaired aluminum 2024-T3 sheet with FML patch is studied. For the experimental investigation, 12 samples were made and classified into 4 categories according to the crack angle (zero and 45 degrees), and repaired or unrepaired state. To reduce manufacturing errors, composite prepreg is used for producing patches, aluminum surfaces is anodized and curing is done in an autoclave. In fatigue crack initiation process by using Acoustic Emission data acquisition, crack initiation moment is detected. By using Acoustic Emission signal cumulative energy parameter onset of delamination, growth of delamination and critical delamination growth is identified. SEM image and investigation of failure surface are used for detecting of failure mechanism. By introducing one frequency analysis method tried to classify frequency range of failure mechanism signals. Because of frequency range intersection of matrix cracking, fiber/matrix separation and delamination of patch from aluminum sheet, force-displacement curve is divided to 3 zone and frequency analysis is done in each zone that occurrence possibility of certain failure mechanism is higher than the others. Signal frequency range of aluminum plasticity and crack growth is in the range of 440-480 kHz, and signal frequency range of delamination is in the range of 100-150 kHz and 200-220 kHz.
Naeim Akbari Shah Khosravi, Ali Gholizade, Reza Mohammadi, Milad Saeedifar, Mehdi ahmadi najafabadi,
Volume 16, Issue 6 (8-2016)
Abstract
The laminated composites have many advantages such as high specific strength and specific stiffness. Despite of these advantages, they are prone to different damage mechanisms. This paper focuses on quantification of damage mechanisms in standard Open-Hole Tensile (OHT) laminated composites using Acoustic Emission (AE) and Finite Element Method (FEM). These damages include three main mechanisms, matrix cracking, fiber/ matrix debonding and fiber breakage. To this aim, OHT tests were carried out. The specimens fabricated from two types of glass/epoxy composite materials with [0]5S lay-up and [90]5S lay-up. AE accompanied with wavelet-based approach was then used to detect and quantify damage mechanisms of the specimens. FE analysis based on Hashin criteria was then utilized to simulate the damage mechanisms in the specimens and to validate the AE-wavelet based results. The comparison of applied methods show that the results of the AE-wavelet based approach are in very good agreement with the FEM results. Finally, it was concluded that the AE method has a good applicability to determine the damage mechanisms in laminated composite structures and to predict the remaining life-time of the structure.
Mehdi ahmadi najafabadi, Sadegh Hosseini, Mehdi Akhlaghi,
Volume 16, Issue 6 (8-2016)
Abstract
Poor lubrication is known as an important factor in the bearings failure. Therefore, it is very important to detect the lubrication condition. Hydrodynamic lubrication, mixed lubrication and boundary lubrication are the basic regimes of the fluid film lubrication. In a proper condition, development of hydrodynamic pressure is adequate to support the load and the bearings operate under hydrodynamic lubrication condition. However, in most situations, they operate in mixed lubrication or boundary lubrication regime and have metal-to-metal contact. To establish these regimes, using the so-called Stribeck curve is a useful method. In this curve, the oil film thickness is proportional to the lubricant viscosity and sliding velocity and inversely proportional to the applied load. However, distinguish of the exact range of hydrodynamic lubrication regime from mixed and boundary regime using this curve and relation related to the sliding bearings, due to high number of affecting design factors and operating parameters is difficult. The present study focused on the acoustic emission measuring method in order to monitoring the lubrication conditions in a type of journal bearings. Thus, condition monitoring of the journal bearing lubrication is provided and the numerical value of operating variables of the bearing for lubrication regime change from hydrodynamic to mixed is achieved. Using wavelet method, frequency features for each regime is identified. Then, for each lubrication regime, metal-to-metal contact detection is performed.
Mohammad Ghayoomi Mohammadi, Ali Mahdian Ahi, Jalal Yousefi, Mehdi ahmadi najafabadi,
Volume 17, Issue 7 (9-2017)
Abstract
One of the main issues associated with application of laminated composites in industrial applications is their brittle-type behavior under impact loading. The low velocity impact may lead to crucial internal damages without being detectable by visual inspection and can significantly reduce the strength of laminated composites. The main purpose of this research is to characterize the damage mechanisms in laminated composites under low velocity impact tests. For this purpose, a quasi-static test was first utilized out to achieve initial information about impact tests. Low velocity impact tests were then employed for unidirectional glass/epoxy composite specimens, and Acoustic Emission (AE) signals were acquired during impact events. Next, AE signals were examined using wavelet approach to discriminate released energy related to each distinct damage mechanism. Besides, a method was obtained to estimate threshold impact energy from the quasi-static test, beyond which damage meaningfully extends. As a final point, the AE based approach using wavelet transform methodology was suggested to forecast the total damage area. Finally, it was figured out that this AE method can be a reliable approach in damage evaluation under impact loads in composite structures.
Mir Mohammad Mousavi Nasab, Hamid Fotouhi, Reza Mohammadi, Mehdi ahmadi najafabadi, Hossein Hosseini Toudeshky,
Volume 17, Issue 8 (10-2017)
Abstract
Structures during their lifetime experience plenty of static and dynamic loads. These loads cause failure or undermine the structures. So, reinforcement or repairing failed parts is one way to repair out of service structures. Composite materials have been used to reinforce structures. These materials enjoy advantages such as the proportion of their strength to their weight. As these structures get exposed to some load a number of failures get introduced. This research investigates the failure mechanisms of a notched 2024-T3 aluminum plate repaired with a composite patch using visual and acoustic emission methods. After constructing the specimens, tensile test has been conducted, and acoustic emission sensors have been stocked on the surface of the plate, so that they can record acoustic data. At the first stage, mechanical data obtained from the specimens in different states based on the number of layering have been analyzed. At the second stage, acoustic data, obtained from recording of acoustic emission signals, have been compared with the mechanical data. Also the images obtained from SEM were used to investigation of damages. According to this research, it is identified that a reasonable correspondence between the results obtained from mechanical and acoustic data and the desired functionality of the acoustic emission method in determining failure mechanism in those specimens that are repaired with composite patches.
Ali Gholizade, Naeim Akbari Shah Khosravi, Reza Mohammadi, Mehdi ahmadi najafabadi, Hossein Heidary,
Volume 17, Issue 8 (10-2017)
Abstract
Nowadays fiber reinforcement composite are highly regarded, because of their proper mechanical properties and low weight. One of their main ways to assemble is drilling. Drilling causes to many failures such as: delamination, hole shrinkage, fibers pull-out and thermal failures. These failures reduce composite strength specially in fatigue loading. Using of carbon Nano tubes improve mechanical properties such as: hardness, strength, young module and stiffness. This investigation focuses on effect of added carbon Nano tubes Wt% on lifetime of glass/epoxy laminated composites under tensile - tensile fatigue loading. To main this purpose specimens whit different carbon Nano tubes Wt% have been made. They have been drilled by same condition. Then these specimens were subjected to tensile - tensile fatigue loading. AE sensors and microscopic camera were used to validate results. The results indicate that carbon Nano tubes Wt% increase, increase specimens fatigue life.
H. Safikhanlu , S. Alimirzaei , M. ahmadi najafabadi ,
Volume 20, Issue 5 (May 2020)
Abstract
Critically refracted longitudinal (Lcr) wave is the refraction of the longitudinal waves emitted from the first medium parallel with the surface of the second medium. The relationship between stress and wave velocity is expressed by acoustoelastic law. The theoretical relations for calculation of the acoustoelastic coefficient are so complex because of the need for measurement of material second and third-order elastic constants. The purpose of this research is the introduction of an accurate experimental method for acoustoelastic coefficient calculation, the effect of thickness of emission environment on the Lcr waves and, finally, the investigation of the stress measurement in shells and thin plates. By transmitting waves at the surface of the substance and investigating the waves received by the receiver transducers, the breakdown and the formation of different groups in the propagation of Lcr waves were detected. While the transmitted wave is composed of only one group. The results of this study show that longitudinal wave propagation in low thickness causes the formation of components of symmetrical and antisymmetric Lamb waves. By applying tensile stress on the sheet in which an Lcr wave was sent, it was determined that all groups received in the middle of the receiver transducer having a critical longitudinal nature behave identically to stress variations, while the Lamb's components behave differently to stress changes. Also, the study of variations of waves with stress less than yield point (up to 30MPa) shows that in a sample with a thickness of 0.5mm, the variations the flight time of the Lamb's S0 and A0 waves are 3.75 and 1.91 times the changes in the Lcr waves.
Amir Bani Mohammad Ali, Sajad Alimirzaei, Mehdi ahmadi najafabadi,
Volume 22, Issue 11 (November 2022)
Abstract
Thin-walled composite structures are increasingly used in vehicles where light weight and high energy absorption capacity are important. Fiber reinforced composites, such as glass/fiber reinforced polymers, have attracted attention in automotive engineering due to their properties such as light weight and high mechanical properties. Fiber reinforced composites use the energy in various ways to damage their structure, which in terms of structural failure; delamination, fiber breakage, and matrix cracking are the predominant conditions. According to the literature, design parameters and optimal dimensions of glass/epoxy composite tubes were determined. After that, by using experimental testing, acoustic emission technique, and finite element method, various failure mechanisms of 45 ° filament wound composite tube were investigated. Examination of failure by acoustic emission method showed that the predominant mechanism for 45 ° samples is fiber breakage. In order to simulate the behavior of the samples, the VUMAT subroutine was used with the help of 3D Hashin criteria for the onset of damage and the continuous damage criterion was used to simulate the spread of failure. The agreement of the obtained experimental diagrams with the subroutine developed for the composite simulation confirmed the ability of the model to predict the behavior of the composite sample even after the maximum tolerable force. By comparing the force-displacement diagrams with the energy data obtained from the acoustic emission method, it was found that the acoustic emission method can be used to predict the behavior of composite pipes under lateral loading.
