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Critical Thinking (CT) which has been defined as the employment of cognitive skills or strategies for obtaining sound conclusions (Halpern, 2013) has been the subject of different Second Language (L2) studies at national and international levels. The aim of the present study was to provide a meta-analysis on the (quasi) experimental studies of critical thinking in second language education in Iran. To this end, from a total of 168 studies published between 2011 and 2020, 24 studies were selected based on the inclusion-exclusion criteria. The included studies were coded to calculate the mean effect size of the studies. The results show that 1) L2 teaching was positively effective for the CT development in Iran; 2) the most beneficial aspects of L2 teaching on CT promotion were related to teaching L2 speaking and L2 rhetorical strategies; 3) concerning L2 proficiency level, L2 instruction was most advantageous for advanced students’ CT developments; 4) regarding the age groups, L2 teaching contributed the most growth in CT levels for learners in the age group of 10-14 years, and 5) L2 teaching was most effective for the undergraduate students compared to other educational levels. The findings can be beneficial for pursuing the next moves in L2 research, education, and planning educational policies in Iran.

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Imagery is one of the basic subjects in the domain of aesthetics of text, which has been noticed by the men of literary taste and art from the past.  The poets have regarded imagery as the integral part of their poetry and the critics have analyzed and investigated the literary works from this perspective. Imagery criticism, especially in the temporary era, has been attended to by the men of literature. Furthermore, Ashurai poetry, as an enormous portion of the nationally committed literary heritage, has always represented Ashura. This literary art has always been after beautiful and obvious depicting in form and content of the events and causes of this enormous movement.      Clarifying this part of the literary beauties in the contemporary Ashurai poetry is the aim of the present study using an analytic-descriptive methodology and based on the American school principles of the comparative literature. For this purpose, we investigated the poems composed by over 40 poets in the last century of the two nations. To this end, after extracting metaphorical images from the selected poems of the two cited languages, with equal number of these poems, the researchers applied tables and figures to provide the reader with a suitable statistical view of the issue. The results revealed the width and variety of the images in Persian poetry, the innovation and presentation of the new images in Persian more that English, the outstanding presence of the romantic and mystical elements in Persian Ashurai poetry, and the variety and vastness of the elements composing these images in Persian poetry.

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Garden city idea as an important idea had emerged on 19 century. Creating sustainable complexes and having more relationship with natural environment were the main goals which had been defined for this idea. This idea was established in urbanism literature by Howards' research about creating a balance between city and village living; whereas in east, Garden City as a pure idea has had a metaphysic meaning which is used to create earthy paradise since 16th century. Respect and reverence for water and trees is institutionalized in ancient civilizations of Iran. Iranian people respect trees and water, both separately and in composite forms as gardens, which have been a well-known cultural value both before and after Islam. The oldest Persian garden that have been discovered dates back to the Achaemenid Empire and the quadripartite gardens (charbagh) of Pasargadae. By studying about existent historic gardens, Persian Gardens are divided into different types. The way people use special physical and functional features could also be used as a scale of this division. In Persian Garden category, Garden City has been defined as a well-known model for designing particular gardens in city scale. According to this model, gardens have used sacred and soft spaces as a combination of hard and heavenly, for defining body structure and the development of the city textures. In advanced (pre- designed) samples, the entire city has been formed as a big garden; composed of a set of small gardens with many symbolic features, such as pavilions and water ponds, as seen in the Persian Charbagh Garden. During Safavid dynasty, Isfahan, as the largest Persian garden city, had been supported by a green major axis; which is the so called Charbagh that has been remained as a green heritage so far. Gardens and trees were the most important natural and architectural elements in Isfahan's cityscape at that period. These elements usually have been considered as the traditional identity of the garden city; hence their sustainability had a key role in preserving the structures. Therefore, Designers manufactured particular urban infrastructures to provide useful irrigation system. They had to construct the channels that branched off from the central river of Isfahan (Zayandehrood) and made the water accessible all around the city. First section of this paper is about Safavid Garden City origin. This subject was studied from the politics and governance points of views. In the following, Howard's Garden City origin has been studied. It has formed according to the special Utopias, which had relationships with that time's believes. In addition, some principles of Safavid Garden City have been compared to Howard's. The special study has been done about Intellectual origins which have influenced these Garden Cities creation. In conclusion, the comparison of Howard and Safavid Garden Cities shows that these ideas had been developed based on the worldview and vision of creative Iranians during Safavid dynasty and in 19th century. Moreover, the special methods of plantation, the quality of social relationships and economic similarities were the main differences between these two Garden Cities.

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In a comparative study, this paper by using a descriptive analytical method seeks to examine the similarities and differences of the two drfferent cultuers and languages in terms of the type of the image ot the characters.
Depiction of the revolutionary and epic dimensions of image's personality,the extraordinary perspective of the two poets upon image, the link with the present time and society, the tendency towards complexity, and the avoidance of straightforwardness in the commonalities in the poetry book , and the diversity and broadness of aspects of the character, as well as combination of image of some of the characers with concepts of melancholy and grief are characteristics of the Arabic poetry book.
 

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Background:Knee osteoarthritis is a common disease that causes pain and impairment of normal performance. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the three combined training methods on pain and function in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Methods and Materials:This study is a semi-experimental research, and it makes use of pretest and posttest methods in which 30 male patients were selected and randomly assigned into three groups, namely the experimental group 1, the experimental group 2 and the experimental group 3. The groups underwent an 8-week period of training. Pain severity and functions were measured via Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and function through Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaires before and after exercise. Data were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) (P < 0.05).
Results: The ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference between groups about pain (F(2, 27) = 35.12, (P < 0.01) and function (F(2, 27) = 32.7, (P < 0.01)). Post hoc analysis revealed significant differences between experimental groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05) and experimental groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.01) regarding pain and function, but there was no significant difference between experimental group 2 and 3 for pain and function (P > 0.05).
Conclusion:Following the intervention, three groups showed a reduction in pain and improvement in function. The rate of recovery in the first experimental group was higher than other groups, and that a new approach in the treatment of patients suffering from severe pains was introduced in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to design a tool and to assess its validity and reliability based on native culture characterization to evaluate the health belief model (HBF) constructs about prenatal care.
Methods: 215 pregnant women covered by the health centers of Iranshahr in the age group of 18-35 years and the least ability of reading and writing participated in this cross-sectional study. After reviewing the literature, the tool was designed, and its validity and reliability were approved based on psychometric data of the target group and the view of a panel of experts through calculating the content validity ratio, content validity index, exploratory factor analysis, and internal consistency.
Findings: The validity of 42 items was assessed through calculating the index score of the item effect above 1.5, content validity ratio more than 0.80, and content validity index higher than 0.79. By using exploratory factor analysis with a special value greater than 1, six factors and 35 items remained that were classified into six categories based on the literature review and content items, which were able to predict 77.095 % of the total variance of the tool. The reliability of the research tool was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha equal to 0.816.
Conclusion: The results of this study provide proper evidence about the strength of structural factors and the reliability of the assessment tool for the structures of HBM about prenatal care. It can be considered by the researchers in developing a tool for research, education and action.

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The increase in energy consumption within modern societies in addition to expiration of fossil resources are two vital factors which compel the world to alter dangerously, while construction industry around the world consumes 25%-40% of energy in different countries. Above all postindustrial era causes the increase in number of employees as well as bureaus. As a result, the amount of energy consumption and also the quality of indoor offices has always been one of the main concerns of architects. Several studies represent that the thermal discomfort is the most common complaint in offices. The thermal aspect of indoor buildings, not only provides comfort for the residents, but also brings saving in energy, health, productivity, and also a significant morale improvement of the staff. Since most complaints of indoor environment are caused by failure in providing the adequate thermal comfort, researches concentrated on several offices around the world suggest that indoor quality of such buildings is about average; in which many are dissatisfied about their workplace and while many are suffering from building-related illnesses that negatively affect the productivity, duration of working and having economic consequences for those countries. The requisite of thermal comfort within the indoor environment is the existence of thermal comfort standards. These standards define indoor thermal comfort zone according to the physical and personal indexes. The most important international standards are ISO7730 and ASHRAE 55. Nowadays, various models are introduced for appraising thermal comfort within different standards of thermal comfort. According to ASHRAE Standard 55 (2010) thermal comfort is defined as "condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment". Therefore thermal comfort contains different physical and psychological aspects, which means several factors are in effect for this purpose. Thermal comfort is related to four controllable factors namely air temperature, radiant temperature, air speed and as well as humidity. thermal comfort also is influenced by three additional factors: activity, clothing and personal expectations. As mentioned above, there are several standards for thermal comfort in the world. The most important ones are international standards ASHRAE 55 (North America) and ISO 7730 (Europe). These standards congruous the theoretical analysis of heat exchange of the human body and gathering information regarding the climate chamber. These standards are appropriate for stationary and homogeneous conditions which are not suitable and hence not much used in the real world. This fact is evident by the disparity between the predicted thermal comfort by these standards and the real sense of human comfort in different places. These standards specify comfort zones in which a large percentage of people perceive the environment thermally acceptable by certain personal criteria. According to these standards, acceptable thermal zone is defined based on satisfaction of at least 80% of the occupants. In other words, performing within the provided criterion of this standard does not mean the 100% satisfaction, as if it is difficult to satisfy everybody due to personal differences. It is to be mentioned that personal control of thermal environment or personal compatibility (by clothing or activity) also increases the satisfaction level. Considering the complexities of defining thermal comfort, several models are represented which are allied to the physical and psychological parameters as the physiological ones. Two forthcoming models are available for appraisal of thermal comfort: PMV model; which explains individuals' response to the thermal comfort in the physiology of the heat transfer. This model evaluates the indoor environments and constitutes the current thermal comfort standards. According to the aforementioned standards, environmental thermal conditions must be maintained homogeneously. Therefore, PMV model is not appropriate for appraising inert thermal sense in places like residential buildings which are not thermally homogeneous and have different thermal zones. However regarding several capacities of this model, many studies have been accomplished in order to adjust this model for such buildings by implementing some changes. The other model named 'adaptive' explains individuals' response to the thermal comfort considering behavioral, psychological and physiological aspects. The thermal comfort standards define the thermal environment conditions of residents based on data obtained by climate chamber experiments. Therefore, consequently, there are problems for using these standards and also thermal comfort models for those who are living in different climates. That is to say regions with different climatic conditions may need different levels of satisfaction parameters through these standards. In other words, due to different climates, cultures, and etc.,the thermal satisfaction conditions differ in different places. Hence, many countries all over the world have conducted field studies to introduce the most favorable thermal conditions that fit their location best. The lack of essential standards for determination of thermal satisfaction limits in office buildings in Iran, results in employees’ thermal dissatisfaction and overall performance reduction. This study uses field methods for measuring environmental variables (temperature and humidity) and also leading inventory (n=328). Kermanshah city is chosen as a case study. Since this city lacks a dominant type of office buildings and the only common aspect of such buildings is indoor offices, thus this feature is considered to choose the samples. To develop the questionnaire, that of ASHRAE 55 (2010) is used, however according to type of the research and the questions cover, some related questions are added. Moreover, answers are adjusted in seven scales in order to be analyzable using available scales of thermal comfort standards such as 7-point scale of ASHRAE. According to results, 81.7% of whole 328 respondents and 65.5% are satisfiedwithtemperature and humidity respectively. Adapting these results to ASHRAE 55, it is concluded that most staff are satisfied in their work place however the results are the opposite about the humidity. To determine suitable range of temperature and relative humidity in order to define comfort zone in offices in Kermanshah, measured data using FLUKE AIR METER are opposed to the results about temperature and humidity (questionnaire). Data analysis using SPSS represents that neutral temperature range through offices in this city is 20-26 centigrade and low relative humidity is about 19%.

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A broad definition of social life describes activities that require the presents of other individuals in a public sector; such as children playing; running into your neighbors; all kinds of local activities and most commonly passive interactions in which citizens see each other and listen to what they say. Social activities don’t just happen by themselves, as other people need be in the same place, meet each other, pass by or just happen to be in sight of one’s presence in a physical state. Environmental improvements significantly increase the selective interaction rates and accordingly the amount of social activities between people. Public space quality improvements, affects the daily/social interactions of the citizens, and this effect can be witnessed in pedestrian routs or home zone more than anywhere else. Most of our urban routs, from main roads to the local streets and alleys have turned into geometricallyaligned carriageways, all designed under one general structure (two sidewalks on each side and the roadway in the middle); without noticing that every urban space requires to meet a series of expectations being delivered through its urban functionality. Currently urban shapes only reflect the structural arrangements for vehicular accessibility, thus diminishing other aspects of human needs. Therefore social life has become territorial and resident activity has opted to leave the streets and other public spaces and focus more on the inside of homes and private courtyards. The significance of this issue as a historical process lies down within consideration of social life in streets and public spaces, and how their configuration reflects the values and excellence of our society. It seems as if it would be needed to avoid through traffic and crossing traffic to achieve traffic calming measures in residential streets. Also design practices for destination routs should be configured in a way so that access to collector roads becomes as short as possible. In addition, not only current residential streets have become a transportation route for un-local vehicles, but have also become a parking lot for on-street parking due to low parking capacities throughout the city. Thus streets and alleys turn into parking courts resulting in significant loss of space due to vehicle sizes. This space however must be in service for the social requirements of residence, such as children’s playground and rest spots. Traffic management and pedestrian interaction is an important case, studied is various resources. Therefore looking at the backgrounds, an analytic model should be introduced to demonstrate the standards and paradigms that impact the relation between traffic and social life. This model states the effect of four major components being: road hierarchies, parking, traffic management and pedestrian interaction, on the relation between social life in residential layouts and the vehicular traffic. The hierarchal parameter is to define the amount of through traffic and the parking parameter defines the number of vehicles estimated on plot by arranging end and on-site parking space. According to this model, each aspect in traffic management and pedestrian interaction is also assessed by two parameters. The parameters that help evaluate traffic management are Speed and Traffic volume. The pedestrian interaction aspect is evaluable by walk way and narrowing the optical width for drivers. The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of open-space traffic in residential layouts on social activity levels in those areas. Since records show that the design quality of residential layouts and the satisfaction of the residence is linked to the conditions of the open spaces between the blocks in residential layouts, in this research vehicular traffic has been described as one of the effective factors on environmental standards, which can affect life quality and residence satisfaction. Thus, the main question being “How does traffic affect the social lives of the residence?” In this study the effects of vehicular traffic on the quality and level of social activities in two similar neighborhoods in the same district of Mehregan in Qazvin were evaluate using a survey research method, in which the data is collected through survey questionnaires and analyzed by the Chi-square parametric test. Using this analytic model, the social life should be ratable through aspects such as road hierarchies, parking, traffic management and pedestrian interaction. Each one of these four aspects has been explained through other paradigms. The survey method was used to examine the outcome hypothesis from this analytic model. The samples were selected out of Mehregan urban county in Qazvin. Containing 9neighborhoods, this county was designed and built neighborhood-friendly. Since this complex was designed, built and operated during a close period of time, and planned equally under both social and urban parameters, therefore had the potential to avoid the effect of unwanted variables in the study. Two sites in two different neighborhoods were selected for study, both being statistically very close in terms of number of residence and size. To evaluate each of these subject aspects, multiple questions were set in a filtering style, so that the outcomes of each aspect would quantify the perception of social life in that aspect. In the frequency table, the social life levels have been described as “not at all, low, average, high and very high”. Face validity was applied to weighting the factors, meanwhile multiple distribution of factors due to various reasons, were managed to be avoided. Therefore even and simple distribution of elements has been considered. Results show that meeting social life under the aspect of traffic management in both of the selected samples has a meaningful difference with each other. Those residence who had more activities, had considered the traffic calming and traffic volume of their residency more than other respondents. In the first neighborhood unit, vehicular travel speeds were lower due to various utilized traffic management tools while pedestrian features were considered at higher priority. However the define of social life would be meaningless in both narrowing the vehicular readability and supplying surroundings parking. Results also show that the more through traffic is reduced on site by achieving road hierarchies, the more social activities grow. In the selected neighboring units, the impact of designing local parking lot in both residential complexes seemed to have no significant difference on people’s social life. Since parking for residence in both locations was provided outside, the respondents evaluated the site structure of their residency in terms of the effectiveness of narrowed driving optical width and provision of local parking, as “average”. Therefore the impact of these aspects on social life cannot be measured. What can be concluded overall is that the road hierarchy and traffic management emphasizes on creating potentials for efficient and effective activity in the site. According to results, the level of environmental response in traffic management, in both selected locations demonstrated a meaningful difference. Since residence of the first neighboring unit, had evaluated the traffic calming and traffic volume of their residency better than the other respondents, having considered pedestrian features at higher priority, it could be said that reducing traffic volume and speed by the implementation of traffic management tools and also turning all of negative spaces to pedestrian spaces in the layout, affects and promotes social life. It can be stated overall that traffic management reflects a great impact on social life. However being said that narrowing the optical driving width makes no significant difference in improving social life, thus no comment could be provided on its effects.

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A subfield of political geography is election geography, which investigates issues of election geography, including the spatial layout of elections, the diversity of spatial voting patterns, and the impact of spatial and geographical factors on electors' decisions. The neighborhood voting pattern is one of the diverse voting patterns that voters typically use to express their preferences for various candidates in accordance with their needs, convictions, and way of life. In accordance with this model, voters from a community who inhabit in a particular geographic location, such as a neighborhood, village, city, or province, identify with candidates who were born or now reside there and believe that the candidate from that particular area of their hometown, more aware of their challenges and issues then they support him more. This study aims to examine how neighborhood and tribe tendencies varied in the 11^th Islamic Consultative Assembly term in the Boyer Ahmad Dana and Margun constituencies. GIS and EXCEL software were employed in the descriptive and analytical study method to better represent the problem. The research's conclusions lead to the neighborhood variable, hometown tendencies, and tribal tendencies are the most significant influencing factors on the voting pattern of the electoral candidates of the aforementioned constituency. On the other hand, it was discovered that the impact of the neighborhood is greater in some cities and districts (Boyrahmad and Dana) and less in some locations and spaces by examining the quantity and intensity of neighborhoods among clans and ethnic groups residing in the cities of the said constituency (Margun). These differences are brought about by how many people live in the cities indicated.

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The establishment of new Isfahan by Shah Abbas was the climax of Safavid architecture. Isfahan wasn’t a new built Islamic city. Actually new capital was constructed beside the ancient city by safavid monarchs aimed to show the glory and Victory of Shiite Islam as opposed to Ottoman dynasty’s capital city. Safavid developed the city Space and added new urban areas to previous one , but new development was aimed to exhibit a great vision of Shiite capital that show both the religious belief and the power of Safavid Dynasty. The main part of new development is Naghsh e Jahan square as the greatest example of Persian Architecture in which the most important public buildings organized around the square: on one side stands the Shah›s mosque , on the other one the Shah›s oratory, called the mosque of Sheikh Lutfallah , opposite side, Ali Qapu royal pavilion that opens in behind onto a large pleasure walkway (Chahar Bagh) and the grand bazaar led to the old mosque on Fridays, the symbolic relationship of religion , government and trade as the various social Factors in public life. This urban square is the most significant and most elegant composition of Safavid world view and Isfahan School philosophical belief to combine the Mystical and religious aspects of human life with everyday life, as a representation of most important Islamic orders that reject the retreating of everyday life in order to worship god. Cooperation a large number of artists and philosophers Shaped one of the most significant periods of Iranian art and architecture in the Safavid capital and the architecture of Isfahan in Safavid era is an obvious sample that shows the close relationship between architecture and philosophy. Affected by thoughts of philosophical school of Isfahan, previous rules of architectural and urban design changed and the role of the audience in perception of space became more important than before. Probably in this period the pure Shiite architecture was represented in all levels, from urban space to architectural atmosphere and even architectural ornaments, but the most important innovation of Architectural design of this era was the enhancement of Audience role as a part of meaning making process of spaces. In other word, Isfahan Safavid Architecture participate persons with their spatial flow of Dynamic spaces to show and allow him to practice the metaphysical sense of Architectural concepts in various contexts from urban area to interior spaces. In this way, the form and space arrangement designed to fulfill the designer’s aim simultaneously. this paper focuses on the combination of form and spatial arrangement design in sheikh Lutfallah mosque how leads in to a new concept , in which not only the structure doesn’t comply with site limitation or inner architectural design necessities, but also the asymmetrical arrangement of dome and main portal contradict main Islamic design principles , in order to create a symmetrical that changes the audience usual mental / visual behavior to understand the building concept and right spatial flow of unusual interior design. Sheikh Lutfallah mosque was the first structure constructed in the new Isfahan. Around the mihrab are the names of the Twelve Shi’i Imams, and the inscription contains the names of Shaykh Lutfallah, Ostad Muahmmad Reza Isfahani (the engineer), and Baqir al- Banai (the calligrapher who wrote it). Its construction stretched over sixteen long years. Mihrab date’s show that it was completed around 1618. The plan of this mosque is rather unusual , compared with the Shah Mosque, the design of the Sheikh Lutf Allah Mosque is quite simple. There is no courtyard and there are no interior iwans. The building itself consists of a flattened dome resting on a square dome chamber. Though, in contranst to the simple structure of this mosque, the decoration of both interior and exterior is exceedingly complex, and in its construction the finest materials were used and the most talented craftsmen employed. Ali Reza Abbasi, the leading calligrapher at the court of Shah Abbas , has decorated the entrance, above the door , with majestic inscriptions with the names and titles of Shah Abbas, the Husayni and the Musavi, that is , the descendants of Imams Husayn and Musa.The inscriptions of the Mosque reflect matters that were preoccupying the shah around the time it was built ; namely the need to define Twelver Shiism. In Sheikh Lutfallah Mosque , the emphasis on the role of theaudience and his participation in process of perception of space seems that has been done by creating a dynamic equilibrium method. Placement of the dome and portico of this mosque, Is such that the audience faces from the beginning with a series of interconnected perceptions linked so makes it possible to detect the concept of interior space within the outdoor area. This study tries to show how this continual perception process designed to shape the audience perception to understand the building as continuity. Article tries to show the role of dynamic equilibrium visual perception of outdoor form of building and inner spaces to create this sense and how the asymmetrical placement of dome in relation to mosque portal creates that. Research used descriptive –analytical method and library resources , to show the reasoning process of this different architectural design as a case study that changes the lateral symmetry and static equilibrium design as a dominant rule in Persian architecture to create a special relationship between audience and building in Shah Abbas’ private mosque as an important building of Isfahan school of Safavid architecture. Results shows that environmental constraints and square master plan don’t play any role in shaping the mosque plan and the designers have a clear goal to change it to achieve their special spatial and visual structure they intend derived from views of philosophy school of Isfahan. The buildings in whole, is such that audience as subject, be faced with a set of continual dynamic equilibrium that shapes audience perceptions so he would become part of process that create the meaning of space.

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In last two decades, the misuse of the word participation as a nice adding to the title of most urban projects in Iran has become customary and habitual. Most of these projects would not even begin to measure up to the actual meaning of this word and even if they claim that they do, it is hardly possible to evaluate their work as there could be loads of misunderstanding in what they would define an absolutely qualitative concept like participation and how should it be measured. Considering the abundant of the incorrect use of the term participational Urban Renovation and its Ambiguous meaning due to the vastness of scope, this paper is aiming to create a framework that can qualify participatory aspect of urban redevelopment projects and calculate it to a quantitative value which would be shown in percentages. This framework can be extremely helpful in creating a measurement of real participation in urban renovation projects, and work against non-participatory actions in these projects. In this paper, first, there is an elaboration of participation and explanation of the process of participational Urban Renovation. We emphasize the importance and the necessity of public involvement in these projects and explain how this constant public participation translates into a process of Renovation and introduces The Step-Wise-Logic of the LUDA Regeneration Process. This process is a set of tasks and related activities for diagnosis of the urban distress, visioning the desired future by engaging and involving stakeholders, programming this vision, implementation of the program, and monitoring the success of the program. In the next part of the literature review, the variations of involvement in these regeneration programs are discussed; and classifications of such participation is represented based on the participation ladders from Arnstein’s first ladder in 1969 to the more recent ladders. Arnestein’s participation ladder focuses on three main levels which are Nonparticipation, Tokenism, and Citizen Power or Partnership. On the other hand, other researchers have also organized various participation procedures according to the degree of public involvement, varying from the public right-to-know to public partnership in decision-making. They also recognize that the nature of participation can change over time, and different engagement approaches may be more suitable for various stages of this process. After discussing participation processes based on the participation Ladders, We developed a chart to compare the ladders and match the levels of participation that they represent, while trying to be as discreet as possible not to ignore the differences between them but to strengthen the very core of each level by finding new participatory instruments that could be defined within each step. The goal of Combining these various approaches in form of a chart was that the combination could provide a more comprehensive picture of the degree of participation that was actually occurring rather than each one of them individually. In the developed chart, the rows represent the scope of participation, and the columns include participatory tools and methods which are graded by their importance based on three primary levels of Arnstein’s ladder itself. Therefore, the rows of this chart include three main levels of Nonparticipation, Tokenism, and Citizen Power, and three sub-levels for each level. The four columns of this table include the participatory instruments and methods represented in four different main approaches, including UNDP’s, and also Dorcey, Wiedemann & Femers, Conner, and Pimbert & Pretty›s views on the subject. For example, the Arnstein’s highest level of participation, called “citizen control,” in which citizens have full power to plan, make decisions and manage is parallel to the “self-management” level in UNDP’s approach which indicates the interactions of stakeholders in learning processes, which optimizes the well-being of all concerned. This row of the chart is also level to “self-mobilization/ active participation” and “on-going interactions” in other approaches. Another example could be the last row of this table, which represents the lowest degree of participation or non-participation, and is level to manipulation, informing, and passive participation; and is characterized by one-way communication with stakeholders, with neither channel or feedback nor power for negotiation. In this paper, to use this chart as a framework for evaluating the case study, we changed adapted it for evaluation of an actual urban Renovation project by assigning colors and hatches to each step of the renovation process and showing the methods of public participation which were used in each step by different colors. The steps of Urban Renovation were defined according to The Step-Wise-Logic of the LUDA Regeneration Process, as explain before. Therefore, we have considered participation acts in these steps, and assigned colors and hatches for presenting each of them, which include “participation in Diagnosis,” “participation in Visioning,” “participation in Programming,” “participation in Implementation”, and “Participation in Monitoring.” The case study of this paper is “the special Renovation project of SHAHID KHOOB-BAKHT’S neighborhood” and this project was defined by “The Urban Renovation Organization of Tehran City”, as a pattern to be followed by other urban redevelopment projects as well; and therefore, it was imperative to evaluate the level of real participation that this pattern made possible. By reviewing the existing data and formally published reports on this project, we extracted the participatory tools and methods which were used during various steps of this project and developed the adapted version of the explained table for it. Then the number of colored or hatched cells for each step of the project was multiplied by the previously assigned grades and the final results which will evaluate the general rate of participation by percentage were calculated. The results show that in the case of this particular project, the most degree of participation occurred in the programming step and this participation belonged to the “citizen control” and the “tokenism” types of participation in general and specifically to the sub-types of partnership, consultation and informing, which are placed on the 4th, the 5th, and the 6th level of the table. The results also showed that there were moderate degrees of participation in the visioning and the implementation steps of the project, at the “tokenism” level and the “consultation” sub-level of participation. It was apparent that involvement of stakeholders in the monitoring and the diagnosis of this project was non-existent. This is especially alarming because it shows that the residents are not held responsible for supervising the process of the project nor surveilling the vitality of their neighborhood as a thriving community. Improving the levels of resident involvement in the monitoring and diagnosis steps could ensure that the decaying cycle of urban fabric would eventually slow down as the residents would get much more sensitive to the quality of space in their neighborhood. The general rate of participation in this project is measured to be 65.4 percent, which shows that considering all the obstacles that this project had to overcome – legal, financial, social obstacles, etc. - as a new experiment, there is hope for the other projects which are following this project’s particular process as a pattern.

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Production of recombinant proteins such as β-NGF using prokaryotic hosts is the topic of many recent researches. However, bacterial cell culture media are cheaper than eukaryotic cell culture media, but in industrial production scale they are not cost effective at all for biotech companies. Therefore, survey to find inexpensive cell culture medium that bacterial cells not only can grow in it but also produce recombinant proteins is very important. In this study, for the first time date syrup and yeast extract mixture was used as an inexpensive medium. In RSM (response surface methodology) studies different concentrations of date syrup and yeast extract were used as carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. The results indicate that the 20 g/lit of carbon and 5 g/lit of nitrogen are optimum for bacterial growth. Also the data show that recombinant bacteria not only can grow but also can produce recombinant proteins such as β-NGF using this synthetic medium.

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Will you not then think? (Al-A›raf/ 169), Almighty God has invited the man to think and reason out anywhere of Qur›an. Intellect and reasoning are concepts that always have been reflected purposively, by philosophers and thinkers, in a different world view and to fit within the definition of man and his distinction from other creatures (animals). For in Shi›ism as a result of the impact of these substantive issues, it became distinguishing school from other schools of thought.» Shia Intellectual Thought» is as a distinctive element of other Islamic thought, affects Shia philosophers, result the definitions of intellectual worlds, and has been manifested in the physical or tangible world. In the meantime, manifests and arts of man-made due to manifesting glories of intellectual world in the world of the senses, the downward trend (trend from God), as well as preparing the ground for development of the human soul in the arc of ascent (trend to God) was considered by many thinkers. So the study, assuming that the art of landscape architecture of the Safavid period, with an emphasis on Shi›ism and thought of philosophers such as MullaSadra as Shiite thinkers could qualify as lasting in the minds of Iranian- Islamic national identity, survey the idea that the rational is this thought. This article attempts to answer this question that components and dimensions of the field of rational thinking and the how Safavid Shi›a architecture are reflected in landscape architecture? This article by considering the implications of appearance and reality, truth and the world of justice, magnitude and geometry as influential concepts in Islamic thought and Shia, is trying to find the relationship between these concepts in landscape architecture of the Safavid period. As the studies show that the Islamic world view has considered for anything outward and inner meaning, as know the birthplace of this world and introduce their meaning in the worlds of meaning and understanding of the essence of the person, even though at the levels of perception. If, as in all affairs are the internal and external traits, man also has the rational soul, not isolated and has both of these attributes. It can be concluded that the effect of landscape architecture and generally any man-made will stay good and durability that is capable of understanding it for appearance and reality. It looks trend or pass from appearance to reality of the body of architecture; means that the matter at the possession of architect became a material distances of its physical mode and closes up to its inner mode. Therefore, the requisite of this trend in the face of material is that to make their essential physical aspects hidden and this could be done by smoothing the levels, generally transparent and delicate, ”removing featuring physical adjectives». Artist man by using the capabilities and capacities of its existence (appearance) and also by resorting to inside can after ascending trend in the world receive intellectual intuition, with the creation of the signs of the world’s top witness in the world (by art and architecture here), be the underlying growth of origin, intellectual and other creatures is to receive the vision. And in these ways need to be able to exhibit these meanings in it. Of the other reviewed concepts in this article can be referred to the concept of justice; Islamic philosophers, hold noumenal true for justice, so that the stability of the world as it is and whatever it outside is doomed to fall and straying and it mediates communication with the realm of the sensible world knows and expresses the position of each object in its place. Islamic thinkers have been written books and numerous articles on this subject and many fields have expressed to justice but here it is enough to pay attention to only the meanings of justice and equity that the purpose of the article and indicate its relationship to the words, and its relation to the brains. With regard to the characteristics and meanings of the word of righteousness and justice, we can fit the words, the balance (for stability), survival, intermediate between the sensible and intelligible world in a set. On the other hand some of these words could have physical meanings, in space design and landscape architecture influence as a result of the intelligible world and the world of the senses are the belts and this is exactly (= proportion, balance and fit everything in its place) is what itcan be used as one of the physical dimensions of rational named one hand, the importance of the sense in Shi›ism (If you are a member of the Shiite religious principles) is next marker of Shiite rational thinking. Designing landscape architecture by worldview of Islamic thinkers and philosophers of Islam, to become inner meanings and the meanings supernatural world of the senses, and to reach outward to the inward journey and vice versa and also a manifestation of the concept of justice requires a tool by which a body of material life, and the divine spirit in which brightens up this way, architecture is a platform for the emergence of rational universe works, and flowering of reason and intellection of its audience, to feed in much higher existence. Organize the space through architecture and landscape architecture, with the aim of reason (and connect with the divine) requires a quality space that is associated. In this regard, according to the divine attribute such a geometry that semantic connection between the sensible and intelligible world is established, the words of the Quran and hadith assistance is intended, and the word ”Magnitude» according to the research conducted and appropriate interpretations of this theme. If more researchers, the geometry of Islamic science in the Quran is so closely linked to the concept and it recreated some sort of divine destiny and determine architectural and geometric forms of art introduced. The relationship between the magnitude and the world, for example, that the importance of the traditions of Islamic art on the principles verify. And in a sense, geometry noted the creation of permanent freezing of the sensible world to the world of the intellectual world that exists and is a language of reason. According to pave the presence of Shi›ism in the Safavid period, causing physical manifestation we see these concepts in landscape architecture, which have a rich concepts, as well as the potential impact of philosophical views during this period, have managed, lasting element in strengthening and lead to enhancing the rational perceptions . This paper tries to rely on the Qur›an, the traditions and ideas of Mulla Sadra, examined landscape architecture of Shiite Safavid of Isfahan within the realm of thinking, reasoning and criteria and physical manifestations of it under rational human perception. This research by using library studies, delving into the philosophical and religious studies, seeking to provide interpretation based on rational thinking in terms of Shia Safavid period. Findings show that the Iranian landscape architecture, especially Iran garden, which has well-known and long-lasting historical background, is a pattern for different centuries; during this period, by using the concepts emerging from this thinking, to concepts like world of justice and much greater.

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The present research explores the “wæl”, “tɑ” and “ærɑ” prepositions in Gurani Kurdish within the framework of cognitive semantics. One of the recent models in semantic analysis of prepositions is Principled polysemy model (Tyler & Evans, 2001, 2003; Evans & Tyler, 2004a, 2004b; Evans, 2004, 2005, 2006) that suggests explicit and applicable criteria for determining the distinct senses as well as the primary sense of prepositions. We aim to analyze the semantics of three mentioned prepositions, to determine their distinct senses and primary sense, and to represent their semantic networks. The results suggest that the primary sense of “wæl” is “companionship” and its semantic network contains 9 distinct senses and 2 clusters of senses. The primary sense of “tɑ” is “ending” and its semantic network contains 4 distinct senses and 1 cluster of senses. The primary sense of “ærɑ” is “for and sake” and its semantic network contains 4 distinct senses and 1 cluster of senses.

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Environmental sustainability is one of the crucial issues considered by practitioners of environment conservation. One of the major factors which affect the environment is land use management. Consequently, adaptive reuse of industrial vacant buildings has achieved great acceptance among developing countries in recent years, whereas it can provide economic, sociocultural, and ecological benefits to the environment. This research aims to identify the significance of adaptive reuse in sustainability of the environment, especially in neglected industrial areas. The aim is achieved by means of a principle-based approach: defining the meaning of adaptive reuse and its significance in a sustainable environment; then, evaluating sustainability factors among those neglected industrial buildings conserved by adaptive reuse. To gain an understanding of the issue, a “historical interpretation” research method relying on analytical- description techniques was adopted and interviews through questionnaires were conducted with a variety of professors and students. The findings indicate that the concept of environmental sustainability is considered significantly in the adaptive reuse of industrial heritage of Iran. However, ecological aspects are neglected because of the buildings having low energy efficiency and not using renewable energies in the renovation process.

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