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In this paper, for control Voltage of two chamber Microbial fuel cell, two-type PI controller and MPC controller are used. For this purpose, two compartments of the model presented by Esfandyari  et al. [1, 2] have been used to model the microbial fuel cell. Then, based on this model, a classic PI controller based on the internal model and a MPC controller was designed and implemented. Based on the designed controllers, it was adjusted by adjusting the flow rate of the substrate to changes usually introduced in turbulence, such as the concentration of input to the substrate, or the effect of the uncertainty in the parameters of the process model, such as r_max and K_s. The results show that the MPC controller has a better performance compared to the classic PI controller.
 

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Research subject:
Zinc is one of the most dangerous organic components in industrial wastewaters, which pollutes the environment as a result of human activities and various industrial operations. In the present study, the adsorbent prepared from Gracilaria Corticata algae was used for the first time to recover and remove heavy metal zinc and equilibrium study of the process were done.
Research approach:
In the current work, the effect of important parameters such as initial pH of solution, adsorbent dosage and contact time were investigated on the adsorption efficiency of the process. Additionally, Langmuir and Freundlich two-parameter adsorption isotherm models were used to model the equilibrium of zinc adsorption.
Main results:
The results showed that according to the calculated correlation coefficient, Freundlich isotherm was better than the Langmuir in fitting the experimental data. The highest point-to-point correlation coefficient for adsorbent percentage was achieved at 3 g/ml adsorbent dosage with contact time of min 360 and pH=7 and the lowest one was at 4 g/ml adsorbent dose with contact time of min PH=360 and 7. However, the highest adsorption rate was observed for the adsorbent dosage of 4 g/ml with contact time of 420 min at pH=9 and the lowest adsorption percentage was achieved at the adsorbent dosage of 2 g/ml with contact time of 300 min and pH=5. The maximum and minimum adsorption percentages were 76.88 mg/g and 49.25 mg/g, respectively

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Synthesis gas is a mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide, which usually contains carbon dioxide as an additive. This gas is the raw material in the production of many basic materials of the petrochemical industry such as methanol. Various raw materials have been used to produce synthetic gas, including natural gas (methane), hydrocarbons, and coal. This gas is also very suitable as an intermediate material for the production of industrial products, and depending on the reaction conditions and catalysts used, different chemicals may be produced in large industrial units. Modeling a synthesis gas production reactor as the heart of an operating unit in the petrochemical industry is of particular importance. Simulation of refinery units is always associated with many problems due to the complexity of the process and the lack of proper kinetics. In recent years, software such as Span Plus has been used to simulate and study refinery processes, which in this regard have to some extent facilitated and achieved the appropriate. In this research, the synthesis gas production unit is simulated with two methods of steam reforming and partial oxidation method using Aspen Plus V8.4 software. By examining parameters such as conversion rate, hydrogen to CO ratio, reactor temperature and pressure during the production process and other variables, the simulation results show that after adjusting the reaction coefficients, parameters such as inlet feed temperature, reactor length and time Residues affect the production of desired products that the use of steam reforming in terms of production of synthetic gas has a higher efficiency than the partial oxidation system.

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Diatoms biosilica shell, frustule, is substitute biostructures to mesoporous silica particles, which possesses their wide surfaces, nano-diameter porosity, mechanical strength, and thermal stability, optical capabilities, and the ability to bind to biomolecules can be used in biosensing applications. In this study, diatom species called Chaetoceros muelleri, was used for the fabrication of the Fe₂O₃-Au-Biosilica magnetic package. After micro-algae cultivation, the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on silica walls was carried out using the bio-synthesis method, which evaluations have demonstrated the continuous formation of spherical AuNPs on the walls and its surfaces. After this step, the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were attached to the silica surface of the diatom, this, in turn, leads to system guiding using a magnetic field. Surface modification of diatoms magnetic complex, by using the APTES, allowed the attachment of fluorescence Rhodamine and the Herceptin antibody (Trastuzumab) to the structure. As well as the attachment of the fabricated system to target cells (SKBR3) was confirmed by fluorescence microscopic analysis. The results of this study indicate the ability and specificity of the diatom silicone shell as a "multipurpose" package for diagnostic and therapeutic activities.

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The substantial share of informal employment in Iran, on the one hand and the growing use of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models in analyzing economic policies by central banks and eliminating the flaws of these models, on the other hand, necessitate designing a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with dual labor market based on Iran's economy. To do so, the current study divides labor market into formal and informal sectors. In addition, it classifies firms in formal and informal ones regarding the type of the production function and labor. The annual data used in the model are collected from the Central Bank and the Statistical Center of Iran during 1974-2010. After calibrating and solving the model with numerical method, the shock effects of total factors productivity, government expenditure, oil revenue, and money growth on real variables of the model have been analyzed with and without nominal wage rigidity. The results of the study suggest that the informal sector of the labor market in different business cycles acts as a buffer with countercyclical shift. The money is not neutral in the short run due to lack of rigidity in a model of monopolistic competition, so money supply affects real variables of economy.

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The objective of this study was to determine the inbreeding depression on growth traits in Moghani sheep. Pedigree information of 8836 animals collected during the years of 1987 to 2006 by Moghani Breed Center in Jafar Abad Moghan, were used for analysis. The base population year was 1988. Analysis of the records was performed by ASReml software. Inbreeding depression was estimated as the regression of performance on the individual inbreeding coefficients via fitting an animal model. The mean inbreeding for all animals, females and males, were 0.500, 0.515 and 0.484 %, respectively. Totally, 24.22 % of all the animals were inbred. The mean of inbreeding for inbreed animals was 2.062 %. The rate of increased inbreeding per year for all animals was 0.05%. The inbreeding depression for body weight traits at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age was , respectively, -0.007, - 0.291, - 0.026, -0.018 and -0.041 kg, per 1% increase in individual coefficient.

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In this paper, a real time simulator of the engine-generator for a series hybrid electric bus is designed which can be used for hardware in the loop testing of the hybrid bus control unit. As an important step for designing a hardware in the loop simulator, messages that the engine and generator receive from the vehicle control unit are identified. Design of the simulator is based on these received messages and dynamic behavior of the components. Since the engine and generator receive speed or torque commands from the vehicle control unit, two PID controllers are designed to bring the engine or generator to the desired speed. By applying appropriate inputs, different modes of operation of the diesel-generator is simulated including the soft start process and steady state operation. For a simulator, the ability to interface with a real hardware requires a real time simulation. To do so, the design process is implemented in LabVIEW environment and results show that the designed simulator gives responses close to real test results and it is suitable for developing the hybrid vehicle control unit.

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Due to the complexity in the control system of hybrid vehicles, the electronic control units should go through extensive testing before getting installed in a prototype vehicle. In the first stages of the development process, Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) simulation can not be performed because the hardware components of the vehicle are not yet available. In this case, Model-in-the-loop (MiL) simulation is used which couples the designed control software with an environment simulation with no need for a special hardware. In this paper, the MiL simulation is introduced for verification of the vehicle control software in a series hybrid electric bus. To do so, considering the dynamic behavior of various components of the vehicle, a simulator of the hybrid bus is designed by going through with the input/outputs of the vehicle control software. Using the designed test bench, the user can act as a real driver and experience different driving regimes and analyze the control software commands. In the designed simulator, all subsystems are simulated separately in LabVIEW environment and real-time simulation is achieved with an acceptable error. Therefore, it can be used in a HiL test bench for testing each of the vehicle components. The designed simulation model has been validated using real test results. Using that, results show that all control functions in the vehicle control software can be tested and verified with no cost and in the shortest possible time.

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Objective: In recent decades, β-glucans have been used as important complementary and alternative medicines for numerous immunocompromised individuals and those with end stage of cancer terminal. The most active form of β-glucans is β(1,3)D-glucan and its  most common source is cell wall of Candida albicans. Recently it has been introduced as a nano particle design to be used as a carrier for drug delivery. The current study researches a rapid method for the extraction of β(1,3)D-glucans. Methods: The present study was conducted atTarbiatModaresMedicalUniversity in 2012. Candida solubilized β-glucans were obtained by oxidation of the cell wall with sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide. The particle part could be solubilized by treatment with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and zymolyase digestion to extract β(1,3)D-glucan. The soluble fractions were lyophilized. We performed the Callose test to verify the presence of β(1,3)D-glucans. Solubilized fractions were dissolved in D2O and 1H-NMR spectra were measured. Results: The soluble β(1,3)D-glucan fraction which was derived from 1 g of dried Candida albicans germ tube weighed 190 mg. β(1,3)D-glucan was verified by the Callose test and ¹H-NMR test compared with Curdlan (standard). ¹H-NMR spectra verified the existence of β(1,3)D-glucan in the final product. Conclusion: In the present study, extraction of β(1,3)D-glucan by oxidation of the cell wall using sodium hypochlorite yielded more pure β(1,3)D-glucans in comparison with other extraction methods. Thus it might represent a rapid method of extraction.