---

Redbud (Cercis griffithii) is an Iranian native species that plays a crucial role in protecting soil and water in Zagros forestsareas. Although many reforestation projects of this species in this area were unsuccessful, the restoration of redbud must continue using new applied studies to help conserve this precious resource. This can be achieved through increasing the quality and quantity of seedling production in nurseries. This study thus aimed to evaluate the effects of various organic amendments on growth and efficiency of redbud seedlings in a nursery. Four treatments viz.1) control (standard nursery mix) (C) 2) control: cattle manure (5:1) (CCM), 3) control: leaf composts (5:1) (CLC) and 4) control: cattle manure -leaf composts (5:1:1) (CCML)were applied for the present study. After one year, all growth indices were significantly increased by organic soil treatments compared to the standard nursery mix. Thegrowth characteristics such as height, root dry weight, length of the longest root, stem length to diameter ratio and relative height growth of redbud seedlings were associated with an organic soil treatment. These positive results on growth indices were explained by the reduction in EC and pH of planting bed induced by the organic soil amendments.

---

“Tamiz” is a term getting used in Arabic and Persian syntax. The term in old Persian grammars was equivalent with its meaning in Arabic, but over time was getting used for object complement, mean a grammatical function which make verbs like “danestan” (to know), “namidan” (to name), “pendashtan” (to assume) etc. clear objectively. Today “tamiz” means the same grammatically in Persian. This paper means two, first to determine when the word, tamiz formed and by who? And what are equivalents of that? Second to describe tamiz and its related verb and object. In order to attain the first, the author  investigated Persian grammars (in a historical order), and to attain the second  the author used a corpus-based investigation. Some of the results are as such: Tamiz often appears in the format of noun phrase and in second place in the format of adjective phrase and prepositional phrase. It rarely appears in the format of pronoun and clause. Almost all, tamizs have direct object and a few have prepositional object. Object is a necessary component of a sentence; so these verbs in passive form lose their tamiz except verbs like “yad shodan” (be reminded), “gofte shodan” (be said) and “etlagh shodan” (be predicated) which keep their object in passive form too.
 
1. Introduction
Tamiz or object complement is a syntactic function that clears the ambiguity of verbs like “danestan” (to know), “namidan” (to name), “pendashtan” (to assume) etc., in other words it introduces and describes the object. In Arabic syntax, tamiz is an indefinite noun that removes the ambiguity of “zat” (instance) and “nesbat” (relation). In old Persian grammars, this term has been equivalent with its meaning in Arabic syntax, but in new Persian texts, it is defined as object complement.
We are going to investigate properties of this grammatical function comprehensively and study its concept and terminology. Also we have no pretension to apply a particular liguistic theory, but we sometimes use the theory of valency in dependency grammar, because only some verbs need tamiz or object complement in their valenies.
There are these questions in the study: when the word, tamiz formed and by who? And what are equivalents of that? which is the most common word category of tamiz? Two hypotheses are related to those questions: the term of tamiz - in the meaning of object complement - is almost new in Persian grammar, and tamiz often appears in the format of noun phrase.
It can be said that the paper has two sections according to its purposes and questions. The first section is terminology of tamiz and the second one is analysing the data. In fact, the literature review shows the history of tamiz term. The data divides into two parts too; statistical reports and grammatical analyzings.
 
2. Literature Review
Tamiz in the meaning of object complement that has been studied in the article, is nearly a new concept. Perhaps Dr. Khayyampoor (1966) paid attention to the concept and used the object complement for the first time. Then Dr. Shariat (1994) used tamiz instead of object complement. After that, the topic of tamiz appeared in Persian grammars with a concise explanation and a few examples. Some grammarians have used the term of tamiz (e.g., Arzhang, 1996; Tabibzadeh, 2007, 2012; Anvari & Ahmadi Givi, 2012), some others have used terms like predicative complement of object (Meshkat al-Dini, 2014), predicate (Vahidian Kamyar & Emrani, 2005) or compelement (Farshidvard, 2005). Moreover, four independent articles have been written about tamiz in great detail. (Rasekh Mahand, 2005; Sayyadi & Monsefi, 2009; Tabibzadeh, 2010; Pashabadi et al., 2015).
 
3. Innovation
In this article, the terminology of tamiz has been discussed, and Persian grammars has been invesyigated histotically for this aim. The studies state that Dr. Khayyampoor paid attention to the concept of the object complement for the first time, and Dr. Shariat used the term of tamiz for this concept, then the other researchers followed him. The term is familiar and common in linguistic writings nowadays.
The present study is the first corpus-based research about tamiz that has been studied 701sentences in it. This paper presents exact number of word categoies of tamiz and states grammatical information about its different forms. At last, we have illustrated that there is not tamiz or object complement in the form of passive verbs.
 
4. Methodology
For the first aim, terminology of tamiz, we studied Persian grammars according to a historiacal order. For the second purpose, analyzing the function of tamiz, we applied Persian Dependency corpus by the advance research section on Dadegan website (search.dadegan.ir/advance/). Everyone can search grammatical functions and word categories by this tool. The data was input to the Excel software, and linguistic information was classified by that. We have sometimes needed to know the valency of verbs to define tamiz, in these situations we have used valency dictionary. The dictionary has produced by Peykaregan Center, and it is available on this website: https: //peykaregan.ir.
 
5. Results
Tamiz is a common term in Arabic syntax, and the term with the same meaning has been stated in older Persian grammars, but the new concept of tamiz (object complement) had been neglected until this century. Perhaps for the first time, Dr. khayyampoor paid attention to the concept. Dr. Shariat prefered to call object complement tamiz, and then tamiz became common in perian texts. Linguists apply both of the terms, but professors and students of literature often use tamiz.
Among Persian verbs, that which was getting used with tamiz more is “danestan” (to know), and in the second place verbs like “didan” (to see),“namidan” (to name), “shomordan” (to suppose) and “goftan” (to say) more than the others. Most of these verbs appear in different valencies, but some have just a unique structure which is ; verbs like “name” and “suppose” are so.
Tamiz often appears in the format of noun phrase and in second place in the format of adjective phrase and prepositional phrase. It rarely appears in the format of pronoun and clause. Almost all tamizs have direct object (with “ra”: the grammatical marker of object), and a few have prepositional object. The object precedes the tamiz but tamiz is rarely followed by object, because of discourse reasons. Object is a necessary component of a sentence; so these verbs in passive form lose their tamiz but it has predicate except verbs like “yad shodan” (be reminded), “gofte shodan” (be said) and “etlagh shodan” (be predicated) which keep their object in passive form too, and the same object is named tamiz.
Table 1: The frequency of verbs and grammatical categories related to Tamiz

	verbs	the number of sentences	the number of tamizs in the noun phrase form	the number of tamizs in the adjective phrase form	the number of tamizs in the prepositional phrase form	the number of tamizs in the clause form
	avaz dadan	1	1
	ehtesab kardan	2	2
	erade kardan	1				1
	arzyabi kardan	1	1
	etlagh shodan	1				1
	elam kardan	2	1	1
	engashtan	9	4	4	1
	bazshomordan	1	1
	bazshenasi kardan	1			1
	bang kardan	1	1
	baravord kardan	2	1		1
	barshomordan	3	2		1
	bargozidan	2			2
	be hasab avardan	1		1
	be (dar) shomar avardan	10	7	1	2
	pendashtan	12	4	8
	tashkhis dadan	1		1
	tasavvor kardan	5	3		2
	tabir kardan	5	2		3
	tarif kardan	1	1
	talaffoz kardan	3	2	1
	talaghghi kardan	15	6	5	4
	talaghghi nemoodan	1			1
	tosif kardan	3	3
	ja andakhtan	1	1
	ja zadan	8	5	2	1
	jelve dadan	2	2
	hesab kardan	3	2	1
	khetab kardan	11	6	4		1
	khandan	13	8	6
	dashtan	11		11
	danestan	127	63	56	16	2
	dar nazar avardan	1	1
	dar nazar gereftan	4	3	1
	didan	28	9	19	2
	zekr kardan	1	1
	shomordan/shomardan	18	3	13	2
	shenakhtan	3		1	3
	seda zadan	1	1
	onvan dashtan	1	1
	onvan kardan	1	1
	farz kardan	5	4	1
	fahmidan	1	1
	ghalamdad kardan	12	7	6
	gereftan	12	2	10
	goftan	16	13	2	1
	gofte shodan	7	3	3	1
	lehaz kardan	1	1
	laghab dadan	7	7
	laghab gereftan	7	5	2
	laghab nahadan	6	5	1	1
	mahsoob dashtan	5	3	1	1
	mahsoob kardan	7	5	1	1
	moarrefi kardan	10	5	2	4
	mani kardan	2	1			1
	nam bordan	5			5
	nam gozashtan/gozardan	7	8
	nam nahadan	8	7		1
	namgozari kardan	7	3		4
	namidan	19	25
	neshan dadan	5	2	3
	negah kardan	1			1
	negaristan	4			4
	nemayandan	4	1	2		1
	vanemood kardan	1	1
	vasf kardan	2	1		1
	yad shodan	1	1
	yad kardan	5			5
	yaftan	10		10
sum	69	495	260	180	72	7

 

 

---

The fabrication of nano‐composites is quite challenging because uniform dispersion of nano‐sized reinforcements in metallic substrate is difficult to achieve using powder metallurgy or liquid processing methods. Friction stir processing (FSP) is a new solid-state process used to modify the refinement of microstructure, improvement of material’s mechanical properties and production of surface layer composites. In this investigation via friction stir processing, metal matrix composite surface (MMCs) was fabricated on surface of 5083 aluminum sheets by means of 5 μm and 80 nm TiO2 particles. The friction processed surface composite layer was analyzed throughoptical and scanning electron microscopical studies. Effects of reinforcing particle size and FSP pass number on the microstructure, microhardness, on tensile and wear properties of the developed surfaces were investigated. Results show that the created nanocomposite layer by TiO2 particles exhibits a microstructure with smaller grains and higher hardness, strength, and elongation compared to the composite TiO2 layer by particles. Increasing FSP pass number results in improved distribution of particles, finer grains, and higher hardness, strength, elongation, and wear resistance. The surface composite layer resulted in four passes with change in rotation direction with nano particle reinforcement exhibited better properties in hardness, tensile behavior and wear resistance compared tothe behavior of the base metal.

---

Biochar and activated carbon, as carbon-rich porous materials, have wide environmental applications. In the present research, rice husk (RH) was used for preparation of biochar at 400, 600, and 800 °C under simple pyrolysis, physically-activated carbon with water steam, chemically-activated carbon with potassium hydroxide (KOH), and physiochemically-activated carbon with KOH and steam. Physical and chemical properties of biochar and activated carbons were characterized using nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm, Fourier transform, infra-red analysis, and Boehm method. The results showed that carbonization temperature and activation agents had significant effects on the characteristics of the samples. Activated carbon produced by KOH activation had the highest surface area (2201 m² g^-1) and total pore volume (0.96 cm³ g^-1). High concentration of sodium (Na) is an important limiting factor to reuse poor quality water resources in arid and semiarid regions. The sorption capacity of biochars and activated carbons was investigated by performing batch sorption experiments using Na as adsorbate. Na sorption was increased with increasing surface area and pore volume. The highest Na sorption capacity of 134.2 mg g^-1 was achieved by the KOH activated carbon, which has the highest surface area and pore volume. The kinetic data were well-fitted to pseudo-first order and intra-particle diffusion models.

---

In this study friction stir welding was used to perform butt joint of Al5083 and simultaneous production of Al-ZrO2 nanocomposite in weldment. Welding parameters such as rotational speed, travel speed and tilt angle were varied to obtain optimum weldment with no defect and high tensile strength, and then by adding zirconia nanoparticle to welding zone of optimum sample, the effects of pass number on microstructure, mechanical properties and wear characteristics of welded specimens were investigated. In order to investigate microstructure, optical and scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope was used. Results showed that by increasing pass number, the distribution of nanoparticles in the matrix become more homogenous and grain size in the stir zone has considerably decreased. The reason of this phenomena could be attributed to the presence of reinforcement nanoparticles which it causes pinning the grain boundary, enhancing nucleation of new recrystallized grains and the effect on breaking of initial grains. The maximum microhardness and tensile strength of weldment were obtained for composite weldment after four pass of 111 Hv and 328.3 MPa, which these values were 24 and 26% higher than weldment without reinforcement. Wear resistance of the weldment was determined by pin on disk test and revealed that by increasing pass number of FSW, the wear resistance increased.

---

Developing materials to improve the efficiency of fertilizers and increase their performance is one of the main areas of research in the agricultural science. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that Mg-modified zeolite is used for modification of composting process of urban organic solid waste. Natural zeolite was clinoptilolite with a particle size smaller than 250 μm modified with MgCl₂.6H₂O salt. Different ratios (i.e. 5, 10, and 15% , on a weight basis) of natural and/or Mg-modified zeolite were used to modify the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) compost. Experimental results revealed that the pH of the final compost product with the Mg-modified zeolite was effectively buffered at 7.7. Furthermore, in comparison to the control treatment (without zeolite), the compost with natural and Mg-modified zeolite showed 32.13 and 41.25% reduction in electrical conductivity, respectively. Ammonium retention of the compost containing 15% natural and Mg-modified zeolite was increased by 64.51 and 110.10%, respectively. Metals mobility test of the matured composts also revealed that adding zeolite, especially the Mg-modified zeolite, could decrease the mobility of Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Ni, and Mn metals. The most decrease in the mobility of metals was observed in Cu, which was about 44.16 and 47.82%, in the compost with the natural and Mg-modified zeolite, respectively.