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Critical Thinking (CT) which has been defined as the employment of cognitive skills or strategies for obtaining sound conclusions (Halpern, 2013) has been the subject of different Second Language (L2) studies at national and international levels. The aim of the present study was to provide a meta-analysis on the (quasi) experimental studies of critical thinking in second language education in Iran. To this end, from a total of 168 studies published between 2011 and 2020, 24 studies were selected based on the inclusion-exclusion criteria. The included studies were coded to calculate the mean effect size of the studies. The results show that 1) L2 teaching was positively effective for the CT development in Iran; 2) the most beneficial aspects of L2 teaching on CT promotion were related to teaching L2 speaking and L2 rhetorical strategies; 3) concerning L2 proficiency level, L2 instruction was most advantageous for advanced students’ CT developments; 4) regarding the age groups, L2 teaching contributed the most growth in CT levels for learners in the age group of 10-14 years, and 5) L2 teaching was most effective for the undergraduate students compared to other educational levels. The findings can be beneficial for pursuing the next moves in L2 research, education, and planning educational policies in Iran.

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Since learning theories have been often ignored in translation education, the present study aimed to explore the impact of implementing principles of connectivism learning theory in translation training using an AI-powered translation tool, Matecat. Participants were thirty third-year students who enrolled in a course on the translation of Islamic texts from English. Before the commencement of the course, a pretest was given to the students to assess their translation skills. Then, on the basis of the results, two groups of experimental and control were formed. The homogeneity of the two groups was further checked by using independent samples t-test in SPSS. Unlike the control group, the experimental group was trained on the basis of the principles of connectivism and the tailored model designed for the present study. At the end of the program a posttest was administered, and the scores were subjected to statistical analysis using independent samples t-test. The results showed although both groups had started at more or less the same level, the quality of translations produced by the experimental group improved significantly more than that of the control group. Furthermore, the experimental group outperformed the control group in cohesion and coherence, structure, style and cultural aspects. In fact, the findings indicated that employing AI-powered translation tools per se will not lead to a significant improvement in learners' translation quality unless the training is integrated with pedagogical application of a digital age learning theory, such as connectivism.

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Aim and Introduction
Today, the environment is considered as one of the most important pillars of sustainable development, and the development of other economic and social sectors depends on its sustainability and proper functioning. Environmental pollution has become one of the main challenges of countries. Environmental health is currently one of the most critical concerns of people and officials round the world. Almost all managers and decision makers believe that this national wealth should be protected not only for the current generation but also for future generations, since the pollutants caused by industries are highly costly and detrimental to health.
Active industries are one of the main sources of environmental pollution. One of the necessary conditions for economic progress and the introduction of extensive structural changes in economic and technological fields is industrialization and industrial development. In the production process, using production inputs whose main source is the environment, in addition to desirable outputs such as consumer goods, undesirable outputs such as environmental pollutants are also produced. If the number of outputs is not controlled and disproportionate, the losses from undesirable outputs will be greater than the benefits of desirable products in such a way that damages to the environment would be irreparable and sustainable development less likely to be achieved.
One of the most important concerns related to industrialization is the effects and environmental consequences of industrial activities. Therefore, achieving the necessary solutions to control such consequences is vitally important. Minerals are essential for human survival, but their extraction and processing are not environmentally friendly practices which contribute to problems such as soil erosion, air and water pollution. On the other hand, mineral sector is one of the largest energy consumers which has active contribution to air pollution and global warming. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the economic effects of Gol Gohar mine in Sirjan. For this purpose, it is intended to determine the type and amount of pollutants released from this complex, and also to determine the amount of the green tax of the complex as a solution to reduce pollution and examine the social welfare resulting from reducing pollution.
Methodology
In this study, the economic effects of environmental pollutants of Gol Gohar Iron Mine in Sirjan (Southeastern Iran), is investigated using the input distance function model from 2001 to 2022. Through calculating the shadow price of pollutants, a criterion for determining the green tax is determined, and then the amount of social cost resulting from the emission of pollutants is calculated.
The shadow price of the undesirable output is the cost that the producer must bear if they plan to reduce the production of the undesirable output. In fact, it can be interpreted as the marginal cost of reducing pollution for each producer. Therefore, the shadow price of the desirable output is considered positive and equal to the market price of that output, but the shadow price of the undesirable output must be estimated to be less than zero.
Findings
The products of Gol Gohar Iron Ore Complex in Sirjan, include granulated iron ore, iron ore concentrate and pelletized in the production process. The most greenhouse gases and air pollutants are related to carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur oxides (Sox), nitrogen oxides (Nox) and particulate matter (SPM). According to the obtained results, the average shadow price for air pollutants in Gol Gohar complex for CO2, Sox Nox, and SPM was calculated as 11.15, 3,074.5, 5,529.62, and 1,875.62 rials per kilogram respectively. Moreover, the average total social costs resulting from the production of Gol Gohar Sirjan Complex was calculated as 92,710 billion Rials according to the amount of pollution produced over the period.
Discussion and Conclusion
The estimation of environmental costs is actually an introduction to providing solutions for internalizing and reducing environmental costs, using the input distance function model and the shadow price of environmental pollutants in the industrial and mineral complex of Gol Gohar, Sirjan. The title of the largest producer of iron ore in the country was calculated, and the social cost resulting from the emission of pollutants was also evaluated. Finally, in this study, solutions and mechanisms for reducing environmental costs have been proposed.
Considering that the ability to absorb pollutants by the environment is limited, the shadow price of pollutants, which represents their real social cost, should be taken into consideration. The damages should also be determined based on the shadow price of the pollutants. In other words, the amounts of pollutant emission should be calculated and while taking into account the allowed limit of pollutant emission and shadow prices, based on a legal plan, the environmental costs should be reimbursed. Taking such measures would surely require more studies and capable executive management system

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Abstract
Today, in the era of the domination of the virtual world over the real world, with the expansion of the Internet and social networks, social communication and subsequent elements of individual identity has undergone extensive quantitative and qualitative changes. Women, as the majority of social media users, are more exposed to threats and psychological harm than ever due to their physical and psychological characteristics. One of the types of harms that can be explained in the context of the knowledge of social psychology is "self-objectification".
     The present study is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation. The statistical population of the study is 271 high school girls in Kashan. By distributing a standard questionnaire with closed-ended questions, the necessary information was collected. In the process of objectification, women under the influence of media advertisements, draw ideals for themselves and in the same direction, they constantly evaluate and review themselves, and if they see their appearance closer to current patterns at the media, they gain self-confidence; otherwise, they become involved in physical shame. As a result, their self-confidence appears to be conditioned by the fact that it puts their mental health at risk, and this type of risky behavior based on criminological theories such as the lifestyle theory of Gottfredson and Hindelang is likely Increases victimization; Because the more recreational activities and leisure a person has, and the more she interacts with criminals or in criminal or dangerous environments, the more likely she is to become a victim.
 
Key words: Women Victimization, Social Networks, Self- objectification, Social Prevention

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Art in the form of visual arts, music, theater and cinema has become one of the most popular topics in human societies in the present age. Hence, the influence of art and artistic events in political, geographical and social relations is worth considering. The historical course of the word "art" also shows that the word "art" evokes a common meaning and concept in different geographical places and spaces. Hence, it can have a proper and direct relationship with geography. Iran's political relations with African countries, including Tunisia and other North African countries, have a long history due to common cultural and artistic features. Attending art festivals and creating memorandums of understanding in the fields of art, culture and education show the deep relations between Iran and Tunisia. The present study investigates the presence of theater artists in the events and festivals of Tunisia and the influence of cultural and artistic relations on the political and social relations of the two countries using a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources. What is clear is that Iran and Tunisia, as two Muslim countries, have a lot in common, and holding artistic and cultural festivals due to the peacefulness of such events also contributes to the enrichment of the relations between the two countries in the political and social arenas, and the country of Tunisia, the security of political relations and provide Iran's economy in North Africa and this will improve Iran's political relations with other countries in this region

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The stability of recombinant proteins has become an increasingly important as more protein therapeutics are developed.In this study, the stability of recombinant human interferon gamma was investigated under storage condition for 0-9 months after production time at 4 and 25℃. The evaluation of biological activity, covalent dimerization, deamidation and oxidation of protein was done by cell culture, HPLC and SDS- PAGE. The results showed represents that antiviral activity was not decreased at 4℃ but decreased as temperature increased to 25℃. The inormation rate of deamidated and oxidized forms and covalent dimers at 25℃ was more rapid than 4℃. Therefore, rhIFN-γ has high stability at 4℃ comparing to 25℃.

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Background: In recent years, the presence of large amount of research isolating and detecting Arcobacter spp. from animals and humans with diarrhea and from food samples highlights the importance of Arcobacter spp. as emerging food-borne pathogens worldwide. Recently, independent studies have been conducted, making significant progress in the understanding of the classification and pathogenicity of this group of microorganisms. However, the incidence of Arcobacter infection is likely to be underestimated mainly due to the limitations in current detection and identification methods. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of staining method (Gram stain using 1% fuchsinein direct smear) versus PCR as the gold standard.
Materials and Methods: A total of 150 stool samples were collected from under 6 years of age children with diarrhea from clinical centers of Arak. Direct smears of samples were stained with a modified gram staining method (1% fuchsin for 5 minutes with heat). Concurrently, PCR amplification method was performed for all DNA samples.
Results: Arcobacter spp. was isolated by PCR from 28 out of 150 stool samples. Direct staining method identified 79 samples as Campylobacter-like organisms with a sensitivity and specificity values of 100 and 65.50%, respectively.
Conclusion: Detection of Campylobacter-like organisms by 1% fuchsin is simple, inexpensive, and fast with high sensitivity and specificity. Laboratories with limited resources can employ modified gram staining method to detect Campylobacteriaceae infection in early stages.

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This paper reports some species of Ameroseiidae from various habitats in different parts of Iran. Ameroseius bassolase (Vargass, 2001)has been reported from Iran, but it was a misidentification of Sertitympanum aegyptiacus Nasr & Abow-Awad, 1984. Redescription of Ameroseius lidiae Bregetova, 1977 based on female specimens is also presented.  

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The present study was to evaluate the impact of feeding level and fish size on the growth factors,carcass composition and digestibility of rainbow trout. Six experimental treatments were assigned by the use of three feeding levels (maintenance, medium and satiation levels) and two fish sizes (43.02 ± 2.93 and 231.32± 6.74g) according to a 3×2 factorial design.  There were three replicates for each treatment and the experiment lasted for 59 days. The results showed that there is a significant interaction effect between fish size and feeding level for body weight gain, final body weight and specific growth (p<0.05). Body composition (dry matter, energy, moisture, fat and protein) was affected by feeding level and size of the fish (p<0.05). However, the interaction effect between fish size and feeding level for body composition was not significant (p>0.05).The digestibility measurements showed that fish size and feeding level  changed  significantly digestibility of protein, lipid, energy and dry matter in rainbow trout (p<0.05). Maximum growth at satiation feeding level can reduce feed conversion ratio and increase waste production at both fish sizes.

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Research subject: Mazut is widely used in petrochemical, power, and marine industries. The use of these fuels, in addition to causing widespread air and sea pollution in the country, has also led to severe international penalties, rising costs, and corrosion of equipment. Therefore, the use of mazut fuel with sulfur compounds of up to 0.5% in the world, as a refining mazut fuel at the origin (in refineries) and taking into account all aspects, is more important. There are limited industrial methods for the hydrotreating of mazut (Due to the heavy oil cut and the complexity of sulfur compounds in it), the most common of which is hydrogen desulfurization (HDS).
Research approach: The goal of this research, The simulation and economic evaluation of the hydrotreating plant from Mazut fuel with a capacity of 13.75 million barrels per year. The simulation of this process was performed in Aspen HYSYS petroleum refinery software. In this simulation, the effect of effective operating parameters such as pressure, hydrogen to mazut ratio, and finally catalyst consumption on the removal of sulfur compounds, production of by-products, net production costs, and total investment costs are investigated.
Main Results: The results showed that for the hydrotreating process of this mazut with sulfur compounds 3.5%, total capital investment is 308.9 million US$ and the net production cost of treated mazut fuel is estimated to be 114.5 million US$ per year. Also, economic sensitivity analysis showed that the operating parameter of the hydrogen to mazut ratio had the greatest effect on increasing the total capital investment and net production cost, which should be minimized as much as possible.

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Public service advertises are an important issue in social marketing, increase public awareness and develop possible solutions to issues relating public and beliefs, attitudes, and affecting behaviors. This study aims to review the impact of public service advertises on intention to donate, considering the role of mediator secretion of oxytocin hormone. Considering Experimental study, this research designed having retest and posttest with an experimental group and a control group. Statistical populations were female students of Mazandaran University. Through the matched sample for the test group and control group, 10 cases were detected. In this study, people exposed to film type of public-service advertising. blood sample was taken from each individual before and after each film.  Finally, participants were answered a questionnaire that aims to measure the variable of intention to donate. To analyze the data and test the hypotheses, SPSS18 was used.  results show that there was no significant difference and public service advertising has no effects on intention to donate with and without mediator secretion of oxytocin hormone and research hypotheses were rejected.  

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A 30-day experiment was carried out to comparison the effect of carrot and beetroot as natural pigments and synthetic astaxanthin on growth performance, hematological parameters, and tissue color in rainbow trout fingerlings. 150 juvenile rainbow trout with initial mean weight of 21.44 ± 1.25g fed diets containing 50 and 100 mg/kg carrot; 100 mg/kg beetroot; 100 mg/kg synthetic astaxanthin and a control diet. Body weight increasing and specific growth rate were higher in fish fed the diet containing 100 mg beetroot than those of the control diet. Hematological study including red blood cell, white blood cell, hematocrit and hemoglobin showed significant differences between treatments (p<0.05). Carrot and beetroot had higher values of red blood cell, white blood cell, hematocrit and hemoglobin than those of the synthetic astaxanthin and control diet. Triglyceride and cholesterol value were significantly higher in diet containing 100 mg beet (p<0.05). Carotenoid content analysis from skin, tissue and blood revealed that inclusion of plant source of carotenoid including carrot and beetroot resulted in a significant increase in carotenoid concentration (p<0.05). The study concluded that plant source of carotenoid such as carrot and beetroot could improve immune systems in rainbow trout by increasing white and red blood cells and also, fish fed diet supplemented with natural carotenoid (carrot and beet) showed better coloration.

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 The effect of vitamins C and E in enhancing the shelf life of the algal paste during 12 weeks cold storage (4^°C) was assessed. The microalga, Nannochloropsis oculata, was grown in Conway media under 24ºC temperature, 25ppt salinity, and continuous light intensity of 1000- 2000 lux with) and harvested at the logarithmic phase by cream separator  centrifugation at 12000 rpm in the form of paste. The algal cell viability was determined by Evans blue dye. The algal paste samples were treated with different vitamin treatments, including: vitamin C and E (0.1%w/w), and an equal proportions of mixed vitamin E and C, and then stored in refrigerator for two months. The results showed that the 95% cell viability of vitamin C treated paste was significantly higher than the control group (p>0.05).  FFA and pH in vitamin C treated group was lower than the control treatment. The comparsion of between different treatments during the storage period indicating that it contains vit E had a slower increase than the other treatments in during the storage the time. Overall, it was demonstrated that vitamins functioned as suitable preservatives for the microalgal paste in cold storage (4 ^°C).

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Data and information play a special role in the transparency of water governance. On the other hand, witnessing contradictions in water resources data and information, inconsistent readings and narratives about water assets, outdated hardware equipment, and to some extent software enhancement in the preparation and presentation of water resources information compared to global advances, necessitates a serious review of water resources data collection and processing systems. In this regard, artificial intelligence methods, sensors, and remote sensing technologies are considered in accurate water resources accounting. This article is a systematic review of about 100 international articles that present the latest findings related to software and hardware equipment for monitoring hydrological cycle meta-indicators. These meta-indicators include precipitation, water depth/water level/flow velocity and discharge of rivers, and groundwater level. In each case, while providing a list of the most important technologies, the application level of these technologies in monitoring surface and groundwater resources in Iran was evaluated. The conducted studies prove the unfavorable application technologies in monitoring hydrological cycle in Iran. For example, out of a total of twenty-six known technologies related to surface flow measurements, only two technologies have been widely used Iran; four technologies have reached the knowledge frontier and widespread production by domestic knowledge-based companies, and eleven technologies have not yet reached the knowledge frontier Iran. In this paper, suggestions were presented to outline the path for developing new technologies for water cycle data collection and transformation in the modernization of Iran's water resources data collection and data processing infrastructure.

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Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is a measure for assessing the productivity of a firm or organization. The level of productivity score of a firm shows that how the firm succeeds in optimizing the usage of sources and producing more outputs by certain level of inputs. Nowadays the productivity growth has a crucially important role in economics and firms competition. The industrial countries increase their outcomes not necessarily through more inputs but, by making growth in productivity. Some of the duties of executive organizations of Iran which is explained in the 4th program of development is to determine the productivity growth rate of the related products, organizing the programs, making some solutions for increasing the productivity such as that of GDP growth to be at least 31.3% and average growth of labor, capital and TFP to be at least 3.5%, 1%, 2.5% respectively. For achieving these targets, firstly, the productivity score should be calculated for every organization during previous periods of their activities. Then the effective factors of productivity growth should be determined and forecasted for the next period, to increase the productivity at least by 2.5%. In this paper we present a method based on productivity growth indexes and generalize inverse DEA. Using the proposed method, the productivity score of previous periods are calculated. Then the value of input and output changes for the next period is determined. This method is applied for a case study at National Iranian Oil Company

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Monetary and fiscal policies are the main macroeconomic instruments, so the most important step in programming for national development is to know how they affect economic variables. On the other side, agricultural sector is the main sector in economic growth and development and a strategic sector for supplying food for growing population, so this sector has a great importance in development programs. In this research, the effect of monetary and fiscal policies on the major factors of agricultural sector in Iran i.e. added value, price, and export are investigated by using Vector Auto-regressive Model (VAR). Results show that monetary and fiscal policies have positive effect on added value, price and export in agricultural sector but negative effect on investment in this sector. Furthermore, short-run effect of monetary policies on added value, export and investment is more than that of fiscal policies but long-run effect of fiscal policies on the added value, export and investment in agricultural sector is more than that of monetary policies. Furthermore, a one-S.D. liquidity innovation has a positive decreasing effect on the added value and price in agriculture sector but its effect on investment is positive in the first year and will be nearly consistent in the next years. In addition to that the effect on the export is positive in the first year and negative in the next years. Each government budget innovation has a positive effect on added value, export and price in agriculture sector but its effect on investment is positive in the first year and negative in the next years.

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This article analyzes the rate of electoral participation during ten periods of presidential election in Iran within 1979-2009. The rate of electoral participation in Iran’s presidential elections has been problematic and not based on a regular pattern of change. Having proved this claim, the theory of democratic political system was chosen as the theoretical foundation of the paper in order to find a solution to the problem. The problem was related logically to the theory and inspired by the theory, the research question was formulated. On the theoretical level, it was argued that there is a relationship between party competition and electoral participation such that by an increase in the extent of party competition, the electoral participation will also increase. This argument was put through a regression analysis. Available evidence indicates that there exists a 45% positive correlation between electoral participation and party competition.  

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Backgrounds: Arcobacter is an emerging bacterium that may cause watery diarrhea and septicemia in humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in diarrheal stool specimens using culture and molecular methods, their genetic diversity, and their resistance to different antibiotics in patients referring to clinical centers in Arak, Iran.
Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, diarrheal stool specimens were collected from 230 patients over a two-month period from July to September 2016. The samples were tested for the presence of Arcobacter species. Suspected colonies were subjected to biochemical tests and identified by phenotypic methods. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Arcobacter spp. were also directly detected  by multiplex-PCR.
Findings: Out of 230 samples, 20 samples (8.69%) were positive in culture method, and 44 samples (19.13%) were positive in PCR method, all culture-positive samples were also positive in PCR method. Rep-PCR indicated 14 different rep types among Arcobacter spp. isolated from patients with gastroenteritis. All Arcobacter isolates were resistant to cefazolin, ceftazidime, and nalidixic acid. The isolates showed high susceptibility to tetracycline, gentamicin, ampicillin, amikacin, meropenem, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin.
Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in Iran to isolate Arcobacter spp. from patients with gastroenteritis. The results indicate that Arcobacter spp. are one of the main causes of acute diarrhea in humans. The research outcomes show that Arcobacter spp. could be considered as the etiology of gastrointestinal infections in humans.