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Introduction: In every language, there are some constructions where two constituents are put together to form a lexical item. These constructions are called binomials. In this term, “ nomi” ( which means “name”) can refer to names, adjectives, verbs, adverbs and conjunctions. These constructions can be just the repetition of the same word, like “davan davan”, or can be reduplication, like “ketab metab” which has a phonological motivation. They can be onomatopoeia, like “tick-tack” or can be of a kind where there is a just a semantic motivation, like “jang and solh”. But terminologically, binomials refer to the sequence of two words pertaining to the same form-class, and ordinarily connected by some kind of lexical link. One point in binomials relates to the order of constituents and which factors or constraints determine their order. In this regard, there is a model called Constraints’ Model (2014). The model has some constraints which determines the order of constituents in binomials.
 Purpose:  The paper aims to investigate Persian binomials based on Constraints’ Model.
Study questions: In this regard, the study questions are:
1-To how extent the order of constituents in Persian binomials can be determined based on semantic-pragmatic constraints, non-metrical-phonological constraints, metrical-phonological constraints, and frequency and alphabetic order constraints which are mentioned in Constraints’ Model?
2- To how extent Constraints’ Model can be a criterion to determine the order of constituents in Persian binomials?
3-For those Persian binomials whose orders can’t be determined using Constraints’ Model, what constraints can be defined?
Methodology: The research is done using Constraints’ Model. The data were extracted from twenty Persian novel, the newspapers “Hamshahri” and “Iran” in a one year period, Persian dictionary and web. From the corpus, 1957 binomials were extracted, many of which were ignored because they were in the groups “repetition” and “reduplication”. Finally there were 593 reversible and irreversible binomials. To do the research, all these 593 binomials were divided into two groups “reversible” and “irreversible”. To determine the (ir) -reversibility of Persian binomials, Persian Language Data Base (Bijankhan Corpus) was used, so following Mollin’s method (2013), the binomials appearing just in one order were considered irreversible and the ones appearing in both orders were considered reversible. For reversible binomials, it was attempted to find their preferred order. To find the preferred order of reversible binomials, the researcher referred to the frequency in Persian Language Data Base and web and the frequency number of both order were found. If the frequency occurrence of one order was significantly higher than the other order, that order was considered as the preferred order, but if the frequency occurrence of two different orders in one binomial wasn’t different significantly, that binomial was removed from research, because there wasn’t any preferred order which can be determined by Constraints’ Model. Then the irreversible binomials and reversible binomials with a preferred order were analyzed using Constraints’ Model.
Analysis: Analysis of research data, considering the occurrence order of binomials in Persian Language Data Base (Bijankhan Corpus) and web showed that among 593 binomials, 534 ones were irreversible and 59 ones were reversible. The 534 irreversible binomials were analyzed using Constraints’ Model.
Conclusion: Data analysis showed that among 534 irreversible binomials, Constraints’ Model can determine the order of 520 binomials (97/3), but in research corpus, there were 11 binomials (2/7) whose order can’t be determined using Constraints’ Model. The analysis results for reversible binomials showed that among 45 reversible binomials (with a preferred order), Constraints’ Model can determine the order of 44 binomials (97/7), but there were one reversible binomial (2/3) which couldn’t be explained Constraints’ Model.
To answer the first question of the research, we can say that Constraints’ Model has determined the order of 97/4 of binomials (both irreversible binomials and reversible binomials with a preferred order) in Persian. So it is concluded that Constraints’ Model is suitable to determine the order of constituents in Persian binomials.
But for those Persian binomials whose order can’t be determined using Constraints’ Model, some constraints were proposed which are: dominance principle, initial sonority of second syllable principle, unstressed vowel length principle, analogy principle, importance principle, coda’s initial sonority principle,

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The use of Web 2.0 technology in language education has received much research attention quite recently. In an attempt to shed more light on the use of Google Docs as a kind of Web 2.0 technology in language learning, the purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of online collaborative writing using Google Docs and collaborative writing in a face-to-face classroom on the writing performance and writing self-regulation of EFL learners.  A sample of 38 homogeneous intermediate learners was recruited as the participants who were then randomly divided to an experimental group (N= 19) and a control group (N= 19). The participants of the experimental group received online collaborative writing using Google Docs while the control group received collaborative writing in the face-to-face classroom.  Two timed-writing tasks and the Second Language Writing Self-regulation (SLWS) scale were administered to gather the data. The results obtained from performing paired-samples t-tests and ANCOVA revealed that collaborative writing both via using Google Docs and in the face-to-face classroom significantly enhanced the writing performance and writing self-regulation of the participants. However, the gains experienced by the experimental group were significantly higher than those experienced by the control group.  Pedagogical implications for Google Docs supported collaborative writing are finally discussed.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the procedures of persuasion of judges by lawyers in the Iranian criminal and legal courts based on the critical discourse analysis approach. The methodological nature of this research is descriptive-analytic and the authors have collected the data by referring to courts, Tehran courts, and lawyers' offices, by studying hundreds of cases and observing dozens of interrogations in 1397, then analyzed 50 excerpts of conversations of participants (10 cases) based on Laclau and Mouffe's approach (1985,2001,2002). The main features of this approach are: signifier and signified, restlessness, antithesis, hegemony and fixation of meaning, power, myth and social imagination and metaphor, subject position and political subjectivity. According to the discourse of lawyers, it can be said that they use from the establishment of the semantic system of discourse including such words as client release, mitigation of punishment, proving the guilt of the accused, and seeking punishment for the accused, each of which establishes its own signifier with specific concepts, as influential cognitive and behavioral factors for persuasion. The main question of the present study is how the concept of persuasion is reflected in the conversations of lawyers in court discourse. The results showed that lawyers express their client's strengths and rival's weaknesses using backgrounding and foregrounding. So, in order to persuade judges to defend their client, lawyers use backgrounding to express rival’s weakness with the negative bias, and also they use foregrounding to provide their clients strengths with the positive bias.
 

1.  Introduction

Language is not only a means of communication between human beings, but also as a social act that encompasses speech and writing. It’s worth noting that every text is produced in special situations and with different degrees of selection and in a ratio of power and ideology. Thus, no text can be found that is devoid of the author's personal views, etc., and just as there is no pure social reality, there is no neutral discourse. Since forensic linguistics is also a process of examining language in law discussions, it finds an inextricable link with discourse analysis, and in this regard, critical discourse analysis can also be mentioned. Forensic linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics that deals with the application of linguistic knowledge and methods in the context of law, legal language, crime, interrogation, trial, and judicial procedure. The present study aims to investigate the methods of using persuasion in court and law processes using the critical discourse analysis approach.
     It should be noted that the research on persuasion methods can be fully examined based on the approach of Laclau and Mouffe (1985, 2001, 2002). From this perspective, it is most used in the discourse of lawyers to persuade judges based on the component of opposition (foregrounding and backgrounding) as well as the signifier and signified component that Lacla and Mouffe (1985, 2001, 2002) have dealt with. Therefore, lawyers try to persuade the judge by using their client's discourse factors such as expressing remorse, confession, lack of proper physical condition, participation with the court in the case process.
    On the other hand, if we look closely at the environment in which we live, we can easily see persuasive efforts. In fact, persuasion has become an integral part of our lives. Advertisers who use mass media to sell their products usually use this linguistic tool. A political candidate who buys newspaper ads or the health organization that encourages people to quit smoking through a radio station. Also, in general, persuasion is the basic and ultimate goal of all types of communication behaviors. And also, individuals' thoughts, judgments, and memories are strongly formed by their current feelings, by their different behaviors and biases, by their initial perceptions of the main participants (lawyers, defendants, judges), as well as by a set of social factors.
The present study consists of six sections. In the first part, we will discuss the introduction and generalities of the research. In the second part, we will get acquainted with the background of research and related studies. In the third section, we will introduce legal linguistics and the category of persuasion. In the fourth section, we will discuss the research methodology. In the fifth section, we will examine the lawyers' discourse in criminal cases and the category of the investigator’s persuasion, and in the sixth section, we will discuss the findings and results of the research.

2. Literature Review
For decades, we have witnessed a growing methodology and an increasing number of linguists appearing in court as expert witnesses. Nevertheless, not even the name of this new science has been heard in the Iranian judicial system, which makes the need to study and introduce this science in the field of the Iranian judicial system important. Accordingly, the present study is one of those researches that can be used in this field and can be helpful. In the following, the authors intend to introduce some of the research related to the forthcoming research.
 Baghinipour (2004) in an article entitled "Persuasion and some of its measures: a discussion in critical discourse" examines the process of persuasion and considers it a phenomenon that can be used to overcome the mind and create the discussion of power. Findings have shown that different speech structures can be effective in shaping and changing mental models and social representations.
Kia and Saeedi (2004) in a study entitled “The principles of communication, propaganda and persuasion” have stated that persuasion is a mutual linguistic factor whose purpose is to respond to the needs of the persuaded person, and generally in persuasion there is a two-way communication.
Motavali (2005) in his research entitled “Public Opinion and Methods of Persuasion” has tried to make us familiar with the issues that deal with public opinion in such a way.
Nami (2009) has also stated that in foreign language teaching academies in Iran, writing English with proper cohesion, coherence and suitable persuasiveness is a major challenge for those language learners who are studying English. This is because, writing is usually considered a secondary skill and is pushed to the margins of language classes due to its time consuming nature.
Studies show that so far no research has been done on the methods of persuading judges based on the ideas of Laclau and Mouffe (1985, 2001, 2002). Therefore, in this article, we will address the question of what are the linguistic strategies and factors involved in the lawyers' discourse to persuade judges based on the approach of Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis.

3. Research Methodology
The methodological nature of this research is descriptive-analytic and the authors have collected the data by referring to courts, Tehran courts, and lawyers' offices, by studying hundreds of cases and observing dozens of interrogations in 1397, then analyzed 50 excerpts of conversations of participants (10 cases) based on Laclau and Mouffe's approach (1985,2001,2002).

4. Results
The tool of the lawyer is word, sentence and discourse and s/he uses this tool in the form of speech and writing. Therefore, the lawyer must have cognitive and behavioral components that make his/her speech and writing expressive, effective, logical and effective in order to convince the judges. It is clear that these cognitive and behavioral components must be compatible with the law system in which the lawyer works, as well as with the social, moral, and cultural structure of the lawyer's workplace. Therefore, there are similarities between advocacy, teacher, sermon and some other professions, but in attorneyship, expressing or creating special concepts in the mind of the addressee is not the goal. Rather, it is important to use these characteristics, such as clauses and utterances, to prove the claimant and to prove right or wrong. This is where the presence of linguists in legal and judicial matters can be helpful. In general, the findings indicate that in the analysis of Laclau and Mouffeh's discourse, backgrounding is the expression of one's own weaknesses and strengths of the rival, and foregrounding is also the expression of one's own strengths and weaknesses of the rival. Thus, the results showed that lawyers express their client's strengths and rival's weaknesses using backgrounding and foregrounding. So, in order to persuade judges to defend their client, lawyers use backgrounding to express rival’s weakness with the negative bias, and also they use foregrounding to provide their clients strengths with the positive bias.
     Finally, among the fifty lawyers' interviews in the court discourse to convince the judges based on the components of Lacla and Mouffe (1985, 2001, 2002), the authors have stated the most common use of the available components as follows:

Percentage	Components
48%	Foregrounding
44%	backgrounding
8%	Signifier & Signified

 

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Objective: In this project, our aim was to construct a novel expressing vector harboring a new sequence from overlapping region of NS3 gene of HCV from infected Iranian patient. Materials and Methods: The partial NS3 (pNS3) gene was amplified by Nested-RT-PCR method using sera of HCV infected patients harboring genotype 1a. After purification and cloning the pNS3 into TA-cloning vector, the best colony was selected based on Blue/White screening and colony-PCR following by confirmation with sequencing and restriction digestion with BglII. The sequenced gene was compared with other reference sequences using alignment softwares. The resultant pNS3 gene subcloned into the expression vector, IRES vector, followed by selection the suitable clones by 2 different colony-PCRs. The gene expression was evaluated using GFP detection, RT-PCR and western blotting techniques after transfection of the IRES-pNS3 vector into the 293 cell line. Results: After pNS3 sequence amplification by RT-PCR, sequencing results showed high homology among the sequences with other reference sequences. This result also showed that it belonged to genotype 1 of HCV. Colony-PCR showed the insertion of gene into expressing vector with the right orientation. GFP expression, RT-PCR and western blotting confirmed transfection of vector, expression of pNS3 gene and production of its protein in 293 cells respectively. Conclusion: This novel expressing vector harboring partial region of NS3 gene in compare to full NS3 gene maybe more useful in immune induction by antigen presenting cells due to absence of genes responsible for protease activity of the protein in the setting of HCV vaccine.

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Airflow over a passenger train has been investigated experimentally and numerically in this research. The experimental model was a 1:26 scale model of a real train including a locomotive with one wagon behind it. A total of 16 pressure tabs for train were employed to measure the air pressure at various points on the model for different air flow velocity. Turbulent, incompressible and 3D model of air flow has been applied in numerical simulation. The numerical results of pressure coefficients were compared with the results obtained by the experimental investigation for the numerical simulation verification. The wagon number affect on the train drag coefficient and air pressure distribution on the symmetry plane of the train have been investigated numerically. The results show that the drag coefficient increases to 1.2336 for a locomotive and 7 wagons behind it but the air flow velocity has not a sensible affect on the drag coefficient. The averaged drag coefficient of each intermediate wagon has been obtained 0.1321.

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In this study, experimental tests were performed to evaluate the effects of axisymmetric cylindrical projectile nose shapes and initial velocities on ballistic performance of laminated woven glass epoxy composites. Projectile initial velocity and nose sharpness changes, absorbed energy, delamination area, etc. are investigated by six blunt, hemispherical, conical and ogival projectiles. Hand lay-up method has been used to manufacture composite targets with 18 layers of 2D woven glass fibers of 45% fiber volume fraction. The epoxy system is made of epon 828 resin with jeffamine D400 as the curing agent. The results show that the maximum influence of projectile geometry on target behavior, occurs in ballistic limit area. In this range of initial velocity, ogival (CRH=2.5) and Blunt projectiles show the best and the worst ballistic performance. The delamination area decreases as the projectile nose sharpness increases or its initial velocity decreases. Ballistic curves for different projectiles show that the difference between projectiles behavior decreases in higher impact velocities. Because of target shear failure in blunt projectile impact, the amount of target absorbed energy for this projectile is less than other projectiles in higher impact velocities away from ballistic limit velocity.

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In this paper, the tensile properties of 2D woven glass epoxy composite reinforced by two different nanoparticles have been investigated and compared. Hand lay-up method has been used to manufacture nanocomposites with 12 layers of 2D woven glass fibers with 40% fiber volume fraction. The nano-epoxy resin system is made of epon 828 resin with jeffamine D400 as the curing agent. The composites were reinforced by adding organically modified montmorillonite nanoclay (Closite 30B) and nanosilica (SiO2) particles. The nanoclay particles were dispersed into the epoxy system in a 0%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% ratio in weight with respect to the matrix, while the spherical nanosilica particles were dispersed into the epoxy system in a 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 3% ratio in weight with respect to the matrix. The results show that low loading of nanoclay decreases the mechanical properties of nanocomposite, while significant improvements of nanocomposite mechanical properties are shown in low loading of nanosilica. Tensile strength and toughness of nanocomposite increase by 7% and 10% after adding 5 wt.% nanoclay. Loading of 0.5 wt.% nanosilica cause 10% and 27% improvement in tensile strength and toughness of nanocomposite.

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This paper, experimentally evaluates the effects of indenter geometry on quasi-static perforation process of laminated woven glass epoxy composites. Low loading rate tests were performed, using six indenters with blunt, hemispherical, conical (cone angle of 37˚ and 90˚) and ogival (caliber radius head of 1.5 and 2.5) nose shapes. Composite behaviors like energy absorption, contact force, failure mechanisms and friction force were investigated for different indenter shapes. Hand lay-up method has been used to manufacture composite targets with 18 layers of 2D woven glass fibers of 45% fiber volume fraction. The epoxy system is made of epon 828 resin with jeffamine D400 as the curing agent. The results show that the load displacement curve is divided to five areas. Some of these areas may have higher or lower magnitude, depending on indenter nose shape. The highest contact force is exhibited by unsharpened indenter. The lowest contact force and so the best performance is seen in ogival (CRH=2.5) indenter. Comparing absorbed energies shows that for an identical dent depth, the amount of absorbed energy is major for unsharpened indenters. The 37˚ conical indenter needs the highest energy for perforation, which is 2.6 times more than blunt indenter’s.

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In this article bubbly flow under the specified axial pressure gradient in a curved channel is studied numerically. To do so, a second order parallelized front-tracking/finite-difference method based on the projection algorithm is implemented to solve the governing equations including the full Navier-Stokes and continuity equations in the cylindrical coordinates system using a uniform staggered grid well fitted to the geometry concerned. In the absence of gravity the mid-plane parallel to the curved duct plane, which is the symmetry plane in the single fluid flow inside the curved duct, separates the bubbly flow into two different flow regions not interacting with each other. Twelve bubbles with diameters of 0.125 wall units are distributed in the equally spaced distances from each other. The numerical results obtained indicate that for the cases studied here, the bubbles reach the statistical steady state with an almost constant final orbital motion path due to the strong secondary field. Furthermore, the effects of different physical parameters such as Reynolds number, and curvature ratio on the flow field at the no slip boundary conditions, are investigated in detail.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional properties and production of ultrasound yoghurt using collagen skin of Sangar. The results of collagen samples showed that the lowest reducind power was observed in normal collagen samples (0.2%) and the highest in collagen hydrolysis (5%) (P<0.05).The least antioxidant activity belonged to normal collagen (0.2%) and normal collagen (1%). The highest antioxidant activity was observed in collagen hydrolysis (5%) (P<0.05). The highest solubility belonged to the collagen hydrolysis sample (pH=4) and the lowest solubility belonged to the collagen hydrolysis sample (pH =10) (P <0.05).The results of tests of yoghurt samples showed that the pH of sample code 5 was significantly higher on day 1 and pH of treatments of code 2 (containing 1% of normal collagen) and 3 (containing 1.5% collagen hydrolysis) There was a significant low level of other treatments (P<0.05). Antioxidant activity of code 4 (containing 50% collagen + 50% capsule) was highest and antioxidant activity The samples were higher than the control sample.On the 14th day, the highest index of Associated Thiobarbituric acid belonged to the control (no collagen) and the least amount belonged to code 5 (containing 100% capsule). On day 1, it was found to be lowest in code 4 (50% collagen content + 50% capsule) and 5 (100% capsule contents). On the 14th day, the highest control group was observed and the lowest was observed in code 4 (containing 50% collagen + 50% capsule) (P<0.05). In both days, a significant difference was found in the color score the taste; odour of the samples were not observed. Only on the first day, the taste and odour of the code 2 sample were significantly lower than other treatments. (P<0.05). Treatment of code 4 (containing 50% collagen + 50% capsule) was introduced as a superior treatment.
Key Words: Yoghurt, Collagen, Microcapsulation, Pectin

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In this paper heat transfer through argon gas between two stationary walls of a nano sized channel, is investigated by the use of molecular dynamic method. Comparison between two and three-dimensional solutions shows that for accurate modeling of wall force filed on heat transfer, the accuracy of two-dimensional molecular dynamic solution is inadequate. Two-dimensional solution predicts the value for density and temperature less than the value of three-dimensional solution near each wall. Considering the effect of domain size on accuracy of thermal solution shows that domain size should be extended at least for one mean free path in periodic direction to have domain independent results. Distribution of fluid properties in the width of the channel shows that independent of implemented temperature difference, presence of the wall force field changes the temperature and density profile in one nanometer from each wall drastically. In addition to variation in density due to the wall force filed, temperature difference between the walls cause additional variation in density profile near walls. Increasing the temperature difference between the walls to value more than 20 degree, make a notable density variation to more than 5 percent in comparison with gas density distribution in isothermal walls case. Variation in density near walls due to temperature differences leads to mismatch between the non-dimensional temperature profiles and calculated thermal conductivity coefficient of the gas for various temperature differences.

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In order to simulate the heat transfer process from wall to fluid in nanochannel numerically, extensive range of spring constants with regard to wall material is used. In this paper, the effect of variation in wall spring constant on the heat transfer and distribution of the macroscopic properties of fluid has investigated. In this regard, heat transfer in argon gas between two stationary walls of a 5.4 nm nanochannel with Knudsen number 10 has simulated using the molecular dynamic method. Comparison between the results shows that by reducing the wall spring constant, the amplitude of wall atoms vibration increased so it makes the gas atoms to become closer to the wall surface that results in an increase in the heat flux and thermal conductivity coefficient of the gas. Evaluating the result reveals that while the spring constant reduces from k_s=1100εσ^(-2) to k_s=100εσ^(-2), the thermal conductivity coefficient of the gas changes from 0.11 mW⁄(m-K) to 0.27 mW⁄(m-K). Furthermore, the reduced distance between the gas atoms and wall surface results in a decrease in the temperature jump on the wall so it increases the gas density near the cold wall while it decreases near warm wall. Comparison between temperature, density and pressure profiles in the nanochannel height shows that regardless to the amount of spring constant variation, the maximum of these properties has occurred at σ⁄2 from the walls.

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In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of nano coating of basil gum with black cumin essential oil (Bunium persicum) was investigated in order to increase the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets. For this purpose, black cumin essential oil was prepared using Clevenger device and the antioxidant activity of different concentrations of it (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ppm) was investigated. According to the results, black cumin essential oil has high antioxidant properties, and as the concentration increased, antioxidant properties were increased too. The cumin essential oil was then nanocapsulated with a basil gum coating. The nano coating, along with the essential oil (according to the electron microscope image), had a spherical and uniform surface with a low porosity percentage. Then, in order to investigate the effect of nano-coating with essential oil on the shelf life of rainbow trout fillet during a 16-day refrigeration period, 4 treatments including control and nano-coating with different concentrations of black cumin essential oil (1, 1.5 and 2 %) produced and periodic chemical parameters (peroxide, thiobarbiotic acid and volatile nitrogen bases) and microbial (total bacterial and total psychrotrophic count) were studied. The results of chemical and microbial analysis showed that, the nano-coating along with the essential oil slowed down the increasing process of oxidation and microbial indices compared to the control treatment. Until the end of the storage period, they had the allowed chemical and microbial range. Therefore, it seems that this treatment can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial in the meat and fisheries industry.

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This research aimed to demonstrate that Ali, a Muslim Volga Bulgar poet, drew inspiration from Bahr al-Mahabbah fi Asrar al-Mavaddah and al-Settin al-Jame' le-Lataif al-Basatin (or Qissa-I Yusuf) in composing Qissa’i Yusuf (The Story of Joseph). Then, the author's writing style and method of adaptation of the two works were analyzed. In so doing, the French School of Comparative Literature, which is based on direct effect, was utilized. This study asserts that Ali's Qissa’i Yusuf has many similarities with and few differences from Bahr al-Mahabbah and al-Settin al-Jame' in the plot narrative (and even sub-narratives). Moreover, some parts are entirely similar to the two said works in expression and the arrangement of story details. In some non-fictional aspects, he has also adapted the two works. In some instances, in addition to similarity with al-Settin al-Jame' in expression, Ali has used its Persian words in his book. Ali has also pointed out that he was proficient in Persian and Arabic. In general, it seems that Ali has considered the two works and, in disagreements, has gathered and versified the narratives of the two works together, and at times has selected a more detailed narrative, and wherever appropriate, he has elaborated on emotional dialogues and descriptions.
 

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Today, with the rise of awareness and changing attitudes, the demand for healthy foods has increased. The effective compounds of black seed with its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties are of interest to many researchers. The aim of this study was to benefit from the functional properties of black seed oil in a food model. In the first phase, the peroxide index, color and antimicrobial properties of free and alginate encapsulated black seed oil were investigated. In the second phase, microbial and sensory properties of 4 chocolate ganache samples (preservative free (G or Control), preservative free + inoculated microorganisms (GM), containing 3% free black seed oil + inoculated microorganisms (GOM) And containing 3% of encapsulated black seed oil + inoculated microorganisms (GOM)) were compared. The results of the first phase showed that MIC and MBC of free black seed oil on Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were higher than the encapsulated black seed oil. Also, the highest and lowest antimicrobial effects of black seed oil were observed on Candida albicans and Escherichia coli, respectively. The peroxide index and color of free black seed oil was more than encapsulated black seed oil . Also, the results of the second phase showed that the presence of black seed oil in the chocolate ganache formulation reduced the microbial load of the produced samples. However, the antimicrobial action of free black seed oil on the microbial load of the food model was more than encapsulated black seed oil. Finally, the results of sensory evaluation showed that chocolate ganache containing encapsulated black seed oil had better sensory properties compared to the sample containing free black seed oil.
 

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 The use of medicinal plants or the components extracted from them in different sectors of the food industry has received special attention. Therefore, in the present research, linseed oil was used in two forms, free and microcoated with alginate, in the formulation of cocoa cream. The aim of this research was to produce an functional chocolate ganache containing natural preservatives. The extraction efficiency of linseed oil was 27.73 %. The main component of linseed oil was α-linolenic acid (47.1%) and the least fatty acid detected in it was myristoleic acid (0.06%). The results showed that both evaluated oils had considerable antibacterial effects against tested microorganisms (S. Typhi, E.coli, S. aureus, A. niger, and C. albicans) and gram-negative bacteria were more resistant to linseed oil than gram-positive ones. In this regard. Black seed oil showed higher antibacterial activity and both linseed and black seed oil microcapsules had lower antibacterial effects than their free form. The sample containing 3% encapsulated linseed oil had more favorable sensory peroperties than the sample containing this oil in free form. However, the free form showed higher antibacterial activity but in the regard to the protection of bioactivity of oils from the undesirable condition, controlled release and marketability of product, loading the oils in alginate bead is a suitable way for application of black seed and linseed oil in food products.
 

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In this simulation study, Mate Allocation (MA) strategy using combined genomic-pedigree information was compared with Random Mating (RM) aiming at controlling the level of inbreeding (ΔF) with minimum impacts on the amounts of Genetic Gain (ΔG) in poultry breeding programs. Five equally-sized subpopulations of chickens (P₁ to P₅) were simulated. A genome encompassing five chromosomes involving 15,000 bi-allelic markers was defined for each bird. Potentially, 500 QTL impacted a trait, which had a heritability of 0.1. Only pedigree information was assumed to be available in P₁ while the percent of genotyped birds were 10% in P₂, 20% in P₃, and 50% in P₄ and P₅. Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) were computed using the traditional approach (PBLUP) and the Single-Step method (SSGBLUP). In P₅, early predictions were applied to estimate GEBVs. Comparisons were made based on the reductions in ΔF and changes in ΔG between two mating scenarios and two evaluation methods within and across subpopulations, respectively. After seven generations, MA resulted in 20 to 30% less ΔF within subpopulations compared with RM with negligible impacts on ΔG. Furthermore, in both mating scenarios, SSGBLUP brought about 11 to 61% less ΔF compared to PBLUP across subpopulations. Results indicated that the benefits of using combined genomic-pedigree relationships could be more than improving the accuracy of EBVs through the SSGBLUP as they can also be used in mating designs to restrict ΔF with a minimum impact on ΔG. Also, this study verified that SSGBLUP could bring about lower ΔF compared with PBLUP.

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Persian Kurdish Horse constitutes a group of horses traditionally bred and used by Kurdish People who have lived and occupied today's western provinces of Iran for several millennia. Although very well-known for their unique characteristics, standards of this so-called breed of Iranian native horses have never been established. This study was designed to document and validate anecdotal information that has been passed along generations of Kurdish Horse breeders about unique physical characteristics and performances of this native horse breed of Iran. The first author traveled to provinces with larger numbers of Kurdish Horses in Iran and conducted personal interviews with 114 of well-known Kurdish Horse breeders. Questioners were completed. Then, the degree of concordance on various physical and performance characteristics of Kurdish Horses that were anecdotally considered as more important traits to identify and define Kurdish Horses was established. Based on such validated data, characteristics with a higher degree of agreement were formatted into a proposed “Breed Type and Standards” for Iranian Kurdish Horses.