---

The benefiting of the residents of the border areas from the appropriate facilities will lead to sustainable security and the lack of suitable conditions for the border residents will face the residents of the interior areas of the country with security threats. One of the most important border points in eastern Iran is the Mirjaveh border. The present study tries to evaluate the border security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in this area through field and documentary studies. Using the theory of the Copenhagen School, this article tries to answer this question: "what are the problems of border control policies at the Mirjavah border point with Pakistan and how it can lead to lasting security in the eastern regions, especially in the city of Mirjavah?". The findings of this article show that border control policies in Iran have mainly had hardware effects. The findings also show that the economic, social and cultural situation at this border point is lower than the national average, and this policy- making approach does not solve problems and even in some cases exacerbates insecurity in the region.

---

---

The various representations of the sanctity of tree and plant have long been recorded in mythology, literature and culture. In the culture of the Kohgiluyvu-Bouir-Ahmad tribe, certain representations of the mythology of tree and plant enjoy from evident exemplifications. These include swearing, the ritual of the freshening up the houses, the alighnment of the human race with the plant, the symbol of the death and livelihood of the local poems, and the rituals of these people. The aim of this study is towards an analysis of mythological indices of plant and tree in the Kohgiluyvu-Bouir-Ahmad people with respect to the literary facets of these indices in their folk/local poem. Being fundamental in type, using content analysis, this study has been conducted based upon library-local resources and studies. Many of the indices such as hair cutting, freshening up the house using the plant smoke, believing in the healing power of plants and vegetal pedigree of human have got mythological representation, which can also be found in the culture of ancient Iran. Swearing to the tree is done mostly by farmers, intended to put an emphasis upon the greanness of the tree and proving the truthness of his words. They use mountain plants to freshen up their home environment and to treat illnesses. This is believed to remove the evils.
 

---

Rituals are among the ceremonies that bring people together and preserve and reproduce cultural monuments in every nation. Among the people of Kohgiloye Vobir Ahmad, there are rituals, rooted in the ancient Iran, that represent plant themes. Among these rituals, which are still practiced today with the same style, are the Pol Borun, reading Sharbah, the sacrificial, Balagarduni, and Chalegarm Konun. The Pol Borun ritual is performed in the absence of a woman's spouse who cuts her hair and then buries it under an oak tree. In the sacrificial ritual, the animal is sacrificed under the oak tree at the top of the mountain or under the bush by the river to shed its blood as a sign of fertility. In the ritual of Balagarduni, in addition to planting patches on the tree to keep the evil eyes away, mountain plants are also used. In the Chalegarm Konun, while taking green plants to the tombs before the New Year's Eve, some Ash (food) is cooked with eight oak sticks and then divided among the locals. The purpose of this study is to analyze the vegetative signs in the rituals of the people in Kohgiloye Vobir Ahmad and explain the literary aspects of these local poems. This research is based on the field library study, qualitative content analysis, and the semi-structured interviews. Many elements of herbal plants, such as polypropylene, mulch and smoking, sheding blood in the sacrificial rites, and pruning the graves have mythological representation in the Iranian culture.
 
 

---

In this paper, an experimental investigation of fatigue crack growth behavior and fatigue life of Coach Peel (CP) specimens is reported. In this investigation, the CP specimens with 1 and 1.5 mm thickness and from mild steel are used. Specimens are tested by a 25 kN capacity INSTRON 8802 servo-hydraulic fatigue test machine under constant amplitude but various level loadings. During loading, the crack length and cycle numbers are measured accurately by a 100X light microscope. Initiation and propagation of spot weld specimens are measured by drawing vertical displacement of the specimen’s vs cycle’s curves. Results show that initiation and propagation of cracks often occur in the plate with less thickness. Also in low level loadings, cracks propagate longtitudinaly, but in high level loadings, usually nugget pull out and joints, fail catastrophically. The crack lengths during propagation, are nearly unique in both plates with the same thickness.

---

This paper presents an analytical solution for steady state conductive heat transfer in a cylindrical composite laminate. The results of this solution can be pretty useful in investigating heat transfer in pipes and reservoirs. In this research, tensor of thermal conductivity coefficients for composite materials is presented and the procedure of determination of the coefficients is described based on the properties of fibers and matrix material. Then, the equation of heat transfer of composite materials has been determined in cylindrical coordinates. The research has been done for conditions that fibers are wound around the cylinder and the heat transfer equation has been solved via separation of variables method.

---

---

Background: COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in early 2020. The spectrum of clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients, including asymptomatic and symptomatic cases, includes dry cough, fatigue, fever, shortness of breath, and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, increased immune inflammatory responses to stimuli could result in overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunopathological complications, and death in patients with COVID-19. Given the anti-inflammatory effects of naproxen, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of naproxen on IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TGF-β in COVID-19 patients.
Materials & Methods: Serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TGF-β were determined by a commercial ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) kit before and after naproxen treatment.
Findings: According to the results, serum levels of IFN-γ and TGF-β cytokines significantly decreased in patients after treatment with naproxen. In addition, naproxen treatment was effective in reducing the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in patients with COVID-19; however, it did not significantly change the serum level of TNF-α.
Conclusion: Overall, the findings demonstrated the effectiveness of naproxen on regulating the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients.

---

Results of the studies done by the Soco - economic Research Division of the former ministry of agriculture [1, p. 3-82] in mid - 1990s indicate that weaknesses of management system in rural areas specially after the 1962 land reform have created a number of pathological problems in agricultural production and rural social relations. These weaknesses have also brought about damaging consequences to the country's development process and to the agricultural production of Iran villages. For this reason, this paper funded by Institute for Planning and Agricultural Economy, is an attempt to design a measuring tool (through transformation of socio - economic variables to mathematical elements in a universal formula) to measure the functions of rural management based on the economic activity of the village so that through a periodical application of the formula one can identify the weak points of the rural management and use the necessary variables to repair the weak points. In order to design this mathematical tool, we will first identify the factors that cause any fluctuation in effectiveness of rural management by using a theoretical and psycho - sociological approach and then we will classify these factors with an analytical model. This approach was empirically validated through an explorative study done in areas such as Shahmeerzad, Sargost of Bandar- Abbas, northern strip from Noor to Ramsar, Zarrin- dasht of Firuzkooh and rural areas of Shahroud and Kelardasht. The theoretical elements were then transformed to measurable variables along with their indicators. The operational precedence of this model and its formulae is that in the process of its application if any changes in socio - political, cultural and economic indicators occurs, one can replace the new indicators with the previous ones. So, this model and its measuring tools have a distinctive feature of being self- modifying and cannot be affected by elements of time, space, the geographical dimension of its application, or type of the economic activity of the village under consideration. Hence, after a tentative application of this model for a period of three to five years and after modification of its elements, it can be used in any socio - economic setting compatible with rural characteristics.

---

---

---

In this paper, ratcheting behavior of stainless steel 304L cylindrical shells under cyclic combined and axial loadings are studied, experimentally. Tests were performed by a servo-hydraulic INSTRON 8802 machine and the shells were fixed normal and oblique under 20 degree and subjected to cyclic loads. In this paper, the effect of length of cylindrical shell and the effect of angle of cylindrical shell on ratcheting behavior were investigated. Based on the experimental results, it was found that bending moment plays a crucial role in waste of energy and increase in plastic deformations. Seen that due to the existence of bending moment in different cross section of oblique cylindrical shell, there are more plastic deformation and accumulation in comparison to normal cylindrical shell. Also, analyzing the loading history of cylindrical shell under combined loading, it has been seen that by keeping the mean force at constant value while increasing the force amplitude, the ratcheting displacement became higher and by the prior load with higher force amplitude retards the ratcheting behavior and plastic deformation with samller force amplitude.

---

In this paper, buckling and energy absorption behavior of stainless steel semi-sphere, cylindrical and conical shells under axial loading are studied. Every shell with the same mass and different shapes with and without groove is designed. In this paper the effect of shape, thickness, height, groove of shells and distance between grooves, on buckling and energy absorption were investigated. In experimental test, Samples had same mass and thickness and also grooves had same depth and distance. Experimental tests were performed by a servo-hydraulic INSTRON 8802 machine. Numerical analysis is carried out by ABAQUS software and is validated with experimental results.

---

In this paper, the buckling of rectangular plates subjected to non-uniform in-plane loading is investigated. At first the equilibrium equations of plate based on the first order shear deformation theory have been extracted. The kinematic relations have been assumed based on the von-Karman model and the Hook’s law has been considered as the constitutive equations. The adjacent equilibrium method has been used for deriving the stability equations. The equilibrium equations which are related to the prebuckling stress distribution, have been solved using the differential equations theory. To determine the buckling load of a simply supported plate, the Galerkin method has been used for solving the stability equations which are a system of differential equations with variable coefficients. In this paper, four types of in-plane loading, including the uniform, parabolic, cosine and triangular loading, have been considered and the effects of the plate aspect ratio and thickness on the buckling load has been investigated and the results have been compared with the finite element method and the classical plate theory. The comparison of the results show that for all loading cases, the buckling load computed by the classical plate theory is higher than the value obtained based on first order shear deformation theory.

---

In this research, accumulation of plastic strain and softening behavior of stainless steel SS316L cylindrical shell under cyclic bending and combined loads (bending-torsion) are studied. Cyclic bending was under force-control and displacement-control but Combined loading was under displacement-control. Experimental tests were performed using an INSTRON 8802 servo-hydraulic machine. Under force-control loading with non-zero mean force, plastic strain was accumulated in continuous cycles that it was called ratcheting. Based on experimental results, linear relation was observed between plastic energy and rate of plastic deformation that shows the rigidity of fixtures using in experimental tests. Under displacement-control loading, softening behavior was observed due to growth of ovalization and the rate of softening became higher by using of the higher displacement amplitude. The crack growth up to failure is oblique in combined load due to torsion and bending loads whereas the crack growth is peripheral in bending load. The numerical analysis was carried out by ABAQUS software and nonlinear isotropic/kinematic hardening was compared with isotropic hardening and observed the nonlinear isotropic /kinematic hardening model simulates the softening behavior and accumulation of plastic strain of cylindrical shells under cyclic bending accurately.

---

Although,the physical activity in the cold condition causes the body temperature to rise,it can be a significant factor in the occurrence of thermal discomfort due to increase in the perspiration rate and water gathering in the fabric.Moreover,the accumulated water at the inner side of the clothing can cause a difficulty in the skin respiration. So, the amount of accumulated water and interior surface wetness are important indices for evaluating the suitability of clothing for winter activity. The aim of this study is to determine the amount of accumulated water in various arrangements of multi-layer clothing assemblies containing of three bathing layers of Polyester and Viscose in a very cold environment (with -20C temperature).For this reason,the clothing has been modeled as a porous media with multi-phases and multi-species flow by considering the sorption and condensation phenomena.Also,the implicit finite volume numerical method has been used for discretizing and solving the governing equations.The results show that locating the non-absorbing polyester fabric at the layer adjacent to the skin causes the wetness to decrease at this region. Also, locating the polyester at the outer layer can help to maintain the clothing temperature at the proper conditions.Also,the results indicate that using the viscose fabric as the middle layer leads to decrease in the water content value at the center of clothing. Therefore, the “polyester-viscose-polyester” arrangement can properly remove the perspiratory moisture from the skin to environment, with the minimum of inner water content index (0.02) and maximum inner surface temperature(33C) and average clothing temperature(16.1C).

---

Equal channel angular pressing is one of the most effective severe plastic deformation processes for fabrication of ultrafine grained or even nanostructured materials. Among the metallic biomaterials, commercially pure titanium exhibits the best mechanical properties, compared with other alloys. In this study, the effect of work-piece cross section on the mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium produced by this process has been investigated. The work-pieces in two types of cross section(square and circular) are pressed one pass in the square channel with angle 120° at room temperature and effects of cross section on the forming load, grain size, hardness, strength and toughness was studied. Finite element simulation by using the ABAQUS software has been performed for forecasting the forming load, equivalent plastic strain and investigation of effects of geometry parameters of die channel on these. The simulation results have shown good agreement with experimental results. Through analysis of results, it is found that by using the work-piece with circular cross section at equal channel angular pressing process, not only decreased the required pressing load, but also significantly improved the mechanical properties of the materials such as hardness and strength as compared to using the work-piece with square cross section.

---

In this paper, Taguchi statistical method is implemented in the design of energy-absorbing composite shell structures with cylindrical geometry. Six energy-absorbing structure design parameters considered in this study are: geometric parameters including internal diameter, length and thickness; the other parameters are the stacking sequence of layers, fiber reinforcement type and manufacturing process. The first three parameters and the remaining ones have four and two levels respectively. So the orthogonal array L16 (4 ** 3 2 ** 3) was used for analysis of Taguchi. The purpose of design of experiment in this study was to maximize the amount of specific energy absorbed in the structure. The result shows that the stacking sequence of layers and geometry parameter include internal diameter and thickness had an effect on the opposite side, the other parameters had Minimal effect on specific energy absorbing. The first three parameters had most important role in design of energy absorbing structures. Another important result of this analysis was to determine the optimal characteristics of composite energy absorbing shells with stacking sequence of layers (90/0), internal diameter 63 mm, thickness 2 mm, vacuum bag molding process (VB), the fiber reinforcement type carbon and the length 160 mm.

---

The problem of two wheeled self-balancing robot is an interesting and challenging problem in control and dynamic systems. This complexity is due to the inherent instability, nonholonomic constraints, and under-actuated mechanism. Dynamical model of two wheeled self-balancing robot can be presented by a set of highly coupled nonlinear differential equations. Authors, previously, developed the modified dynamical equations of the robot. The governed equations have some differences with the commonly used equations. The main difference is due to the existence of a nonlinear coupling term which is neglected before. In this paper we used an adaptive sliding-mode controller based on the zero dynamics theory. The controller objective is to drive the two wheeled self balancing robot to the desired path as well as to make the robot stable. By some simulations the behavior of the robot with the proposed controller is discussed. It is shown that if the nonlinear coupling term is ignored in designing the controller, the controller cannot compensate its effect. Using Lyapunov theorem and the invariant set theorem, it is proved that the errors are globally asymptotically stable.

---

In this research, softening and ratcheting behavior of SS304L thin-walled shells under cyclic pure bending load were investigated. Experimental tests were carried out by a servo-hydraulic INSTRON 8802 machine under force-control and displacement-control conditions and the effect of different parameters such as mean force, force amplitude, length of the shells existence and position of cutout were examined. Under displacement-control loading, softening behavior was observed and under force-control loading with non-zero mean force, accumulation of plastic deformation or ratcheting phenomena was occurred. Based on experimental results, linear relation was observed between plastic energy and rate of plastic deformation, which shows the rigidity of fixtures used in the experimental tests. It was observed that increase of the force amplitude accompanied with an increase in maximum force and plastic deformation, finally. Also, analyzing the existence of cutout, ratcheting displacement of cylindrical shells with cutout in the middle of shell is higher than that of the shell without cutout and crack propagation occurred in this area. Under displacement-control loading, reaction of thin-walled shells under cyclic pure bending load is divided into four areas, incubation, transition, steady-state and crack propagation.