---

Realism addresses and explores the truth in different approaches. These approaches involve expressing details, accurate analysis of society and illustrating personality in combination with social environment. Mahmoud Teymour and Jamalzadeh are establishers of Arab and Persian storytelling. They were writing most of their stories in the form of realism. In this paper, we first discuss about the biography of Mahmoud Teymour and Jamalzadeh and their position in Arab and Persian story literature; then we argue about their similarities and differences realism approaches. Then we explain their dominant realism approach and attitude. This envestigation looks for the similarities and diffrences in their realism approach considering the American school of comparative the literature as a comparative research approach.    

---

Hans Christian Anderson (1875-1805) is a prominent Danish poet, storyteller and scriptwriter with 160 stories and legends, 800 pieces of poetry and 6 novels. One characteristic of Anderson's writings is his attention to popular literature, verbal and speech language. He most of all affects folk tales. To write these myths, he is inspired more by the legends of the Thousand Words and the legends of other nations of the world. In this article, only four of Iran's sources of Andersen stories are mentioned and their adaptation to Iranian stories. These four stories are: Mandel's fantasy and Emperor's new clothes, Gibreel Jolla and the flying box, Big Claus and Little Claus, Judge and Jail, Tomblinia and Aunt Souske. Previously, it talks about the characteristics and origins of Andersen's stories and the background of the subject. In the narrative of these four stories, from different dimensions to adaptation of narratives are discussed. We find that for a variety of reasons, including the familiarity of Anderson with the Thousandists, through his translation of the word "A" to lunch and interest in the literature of the Orient, he is well acquainted with the Iranian myths and is well versed in it, and for his religious and educational purposes With part of the story.

---

The oath has long been manifested in culture and literature in a variety of ways. In this study, the patterns of swearing in Bakhtiari people is analyzed. Oaths of fire, fire stoves, blades of sun, running water, bread, nuns, temples, devotees, underworlds, and thugs are the most important examples of swearing among the people of Bakhtiari. The importance of taking an oath to this people is the last way to prove the truth of the word and to distinguish the righteous from the wrongdoer. In this study, while studying the types of oaths in Bakhtiari people, the literary characters and their mythological aspects are investigated as well. This research is fundamentally based on the field-based library study and qualitative content analysis. After examining various sources and analyzing the literary and mythological aspects of swearing among the Bakhtiari people, it can be said that the ritual is a remnant of the same ritual in ancient Iran. Also, the oaths of fire, bread and salt, time, running water, sun and souls of the beloved ones are among the most important and common manifestations of oath taking among these people that have many literary and mythological aspects. The function of oath is to prove the truth of the word and recognize the true from false.
 

---

The toxicological and biochemical properties of four organophosphate (OP) insecticides, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, phosalone and dichlorvos, were examined in terms of the diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) susceptible (Gu-S) and resistant (Kar-R) to OPs. The Kar-R population had significantly high resistance to chlorpyriphos (69.3 fold), medium resistance to diazinon (14.49-fold) and phosalone (10.3-fold), and had less resistance to dichlorvos (5.17-fold) compared to Gu-S population. DEM and TPP reduced Chlopyrifos resistance of Kar-R population as an inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and esterases (EST), respectively. Biochemical studies clarified that GST and EST kinetic parameters in the Kar-R population were significantly higher than parameters of Gu-S population. Moreover, this study examined the Kinetics of hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide, butyrylthiocholine iodide as artificial substrates by AChE of resistant and susceptible population. IC₅₀ of monocrotophos, neostigmine bromide and eserine were also determined on AChE of resistant and susceptible populations. Kinetic analysis and inhibition tests indicated that an alteration in AChE of Kar-R population has an effect on both kinetic and inhibition results. The results distinctly showed that multiple mechanisms such as GST, esterases and altered AChE created chlorpyrifos resistance in the Kar-R and insensitivity of AChE is a significant factor for resistance to conventional OP compounds.
 

---

Abstract
Entertainment is one of the most well-known purposes of a story. In this article, it will be shown that in addition to entertainment, stories played an important role in the political and social goals and conditions of the Safavid era. To this end, the proverbial tales of the Safavid era have been content analyzed. The first major goal in the story of this period is to "propagate the ideological foundations"; the critics of this period aim to promote religious discourse among the masses by propagating the prevailing political ideology. Another purpose of the stories is related to the "political and social" issues in two areas: "Naql, in the role of stabilizing / shaping Iranian identity" and "Naql, in the role of socio-political preacher". It could also be mentioned that the stories have "psychoanalytic" themes, full of fantasies to raise people's health through the imagination or forgetfulness. Another aim of the proverbial tale of the Safavid era is "fun and entertainment." Based on the statistics extracted from the stories, it is revealed which of the purposes of the story in this period were more important than the other goals and why.  

Keywords: Prose story; Safavid period; political-social goals of a story.
Theoretical background of research
Zolfaghari, Bagheri, and Haidarpour in their study "Sociological Aspects of the Story of Alexander the Great" (Literature of Research, 2013) addressed some of the anthropological aspects of Alexander the Great's narrative, including allegory, insult, social life and etiquette.
Afshar, in the introduction to the book Alam Araye Shah Tahmasb, in the preface, briefly presents a statement about the political goals of the stories of the Safavid era (p. 8); he writes:
In the Safavid period, in order to show the political and governmental influence, and promote the activities of the army and successive struggles to protect the rights, and borders and of the country, there were writers and narrators who explained events to the people in their storytelling style. To cultivate.
 
Although Afshar's statement is about stories such as "Alamaras" and other historical texts, it is a generalizable statement that dates back to the Safavid era.
Research questions
1. Did the story in the Safavid era, in addition to entertainment, have any other content?
2. Why did the story take on socio-political content in the Safavid era?
3. Among the various purposes of narrating the story, what was the most important content of the story in the Safavid era?
Research hypotheses
1. The story in the Safavid era, in addition to entertainment, which is the most well-known purpose of the story, has other goals.
2. During this period, the story became a medium for the government's religious and political propaganda among the people, due to its popularity among the masses and the establishment of a coffee shop.
3. The most important content of the narrators' stories in this period was political and social issues.
The main topic of research
However, at the beginning of the Safavid era, the story of sanctions was imposed (see. Hamvi, 2007, 143-140). But when the kings and politicians of the Safavid era saw the popularity of the story among the people, they decided to use the story as a tool to transfer the religious system to the public, and in return, define a court order for narrators and storytellers.
The four main contents of the prose stories of the Safavid era
1. Religious propaganda
1.1. Direct and indirect references to the Shi'ite religion
The purpose of referring to the Shi'ite religion in the stories of this period is, in fact, parts of the story that the narrator / storyteller refers to in a clear or unambiguous way. These allusions are: the help the hero of the story by Imam Ali; A reference to one of the Shi'ite beliefs such as the savior of the resurrection day, taking one of the Shi'ite Imams as the protagonist.
1.2. Shi'iee truth
In most of the stories of this period, Shi'ism is considered as the religion of Islam; Islam at this historical juncture includes only a part of Islam, and that is the Sh'ite religion, and it seems that the only true religion of Islam is Shi'ism; therefore, wherever an individual or group acknowledges the true nature of Islam, they mean the Shi'ite religion.
1.3. Changing the religion of the opposition to the religion of Shi'ism
The main mission of most storytellers in the Safavid era is to convert non-Muslims [non-Shi'ite] to Islam. For example, in Eskandarname, Alexander is portrayed as a Muslim who seeks to convert non-Muslims into Shi'tes.
2. Political and social
2.1 The narrator in the role of a socio-political preacher
In this type of preaching and social critique, the narrator raises problems such as addiction, laziness, pessimism, and lack of religiosity, and tries to improve them.
3. Psychotherapy
The simple language and fascinating world of the story solves the narrative, and this, in turn, causes the audience's worldly connections to be cut off and make for him/her an entry into the colorful world of the story. This individual caliphate has psychological benefits from three aspects; The first is to eliminate personality defects. When the audience hears the story, they identify with one of the people and try to compensate for their weaknesses. The second benefit of this storyline is the unimaginable fantasy and departure from the real world, which has been one of the joys brought to the audience. The third benefit is the elimination of phobias.
4. Fun
In addition to the customary motives of the ruling power to the narrators in this period, storytellers did not neglect the inherent purpose of the story, which was to entertain the audience; because the mere expression of customized desires in the story, of course, caused the audience to be indifferent to the pursuit of the story.
References

•  Afshar, I. (edt) (1991). A'lam A'raye Shah Tahmasb. Tehran: Donyaye Ketab.
•  Afshar, I. (edt) (1999). Hossein Kurd Shabestari. Tehran: Cheshmeh.
•  Hakim, M. (2004). Summary of the seven-volume generalities of Eskandarname, narrated by Manouchehr Khan Hakim (selected and edited by Alireza Zakavati Qaragzlu). Tehran: Ney.
•  Hamwi, M. (1984). Anisalmonin (edited by Mir Hashem Mohaddes). Tehran: Bonyad Beesat.

 Zolfaghari, H. Bagheri, B. Heydarpour, N. (2013). The anthropological aspects of Alexander's story. Literature Research, 33, 35-65. 

---

---

Quatrain is one of the most popular forms of Persian folk poetry. In the early literary works and in different regions in Iran, various names are used to refer to Quatrain: Fahlavi, Tarāne, Hājiyāni, Qaribi, Faryād, Šarve and so forth. The question is if these different names correspond to different genres with distinct characteristics, or they are merely different names that all belong to one autonomous genre, based on the generic and literary criteria. To answer this question, the structure and content of approximately five thousand three hundred Persian Quatrains were studied, including Čārbeiti, Seytak, Šarve, Ferāqi, Faryād, Falaki, Kallegi, Hazāragy, Hoseinā, Najmā, and Šarbe. The results show that, based on the generic and literary criteria, all of the above-mentioned have the same structural and content features and should be classified under the Quatrain genre.
Introduction
In different regions of Iran and in the neighboring Persian speaking countries, various names are used to refer to Quatrain. For example, ‘Čārbeiti’, ‘Ferāqi’, and ‘Faryād’ are used in Khorasan, ‘Kallegi’ in Sarkavir, ‘Seytak’ in Sistan, ‘Šarve’ in Bushehr, ‘Hazāragy’ in Afghanistan, ‘Falaki’ in Tajikistan, ‘Šarbe’ in Arak, and ‘Šarme’ in Fars. Moreover, in the early Persian literary works, Quatrain is referred to as ‘Fahlavi’, ‘Tarāne’, ‘Beit’, and ‘Robāi’. Even some musical terms such as ‘Jamšidi’, ‘Sarhaddi’, ‘Kuče Bāqi’, ‘Hājiyāni’, and ‘Dašti’ have been used to address Quatrain.
Most of the above-mentioned names have been so popular over such a long period of time that they have persuaded some researchers to consider each of them as an autonomous genre. However, studying these terms, using scientific methods and literary classification criteria might revise this common opinion, as there are great similarities between these different names.
This study aims to investigate if these different names correspond to different genres with distinct characteristics, or they are merely different names that all belong to one autonomous genre. To this aim, the structure and content of approximately one thousand five hundred Persian Quatrain is studied.
The structural and content features of Persian quatrain in different regions have been extensively investigated in previous studies by other researchers like Nasiri Jami (2001), Naseh (2014), Bahrampur (2015), and Zolfaghari (2015b). However, different names used in different regions of Iran to refer to Quatrain have not been studied and analyzed thus far.
Discussion
In comparison to many other types of poetry in the early Persian literary works, a very limited number of Quatrains were recorded, where they are referred to as ‘Fahlavi’, ‘Tarāne’, ‘Beit’, and ‘Robāi’. In the following section, the reasons that these names are allocated to these Quatrains are explained.
Dobeiti (in Persian): This name refers to the number of verses in a Quatrain, which means two verses. Quatrain is a short poetic form that expresses an autonomous content only within two verses, along with rhymes in the first, second and fourth hemistich. Most of the Quatrains have emotional content expressed by an intimate, simple, and casual language in the prosodic meter bahr-e hazaj, and they have been widely used as lyrics for many songs.
Robāi: This name refers to the number of the verses as well. Robai is very similar to Dobeiti, in terms of having two verses and, most importantly, the same rhyme scheme. Consequently, sometimes by mistake, Robai has been used to refer to Dobeiti. However, Dobeiti and Robai are totally different in terms of meter, content, language, and applications.
Fahlavi: Dobeiti and Fahlavi are considered the same mainly because of their historical background in the pre-Islamic period. Indeed, Fahlaviat refers to the poems which are composed in different dialects of the Pahlavi language. These poems have been used as lyrics for songs, mostly in the form of Quatrain. Considering that Fahlaviat have been popular before Dobeiti and the fact that the only difference between these two Quatrains is in the syllabic meter, the current hypotheses put forward by this study is that Dobeiti is an extension of Fahlavi (Bahar, 1976, p. 41).
Tarāne: The melodized Dobeiti is called Tarāne (Shams Gheis, 2009, p. 142). In other words, whenever Dobeiti is presented along with musical instruments, it is called Tarāne. In the past, Robai and Dobeiti were often taken as synonymous with Tarāne by mistake.
Beit: In the Persian literature, two hemistiches together form a Beit (verse). Beit also stands for all forms of Persian poem. Singing ‘Beit’ means singing Persian poem, and that is why sometime ‘Beit’ is used to refer to Dobeiti.
Other terms like ‘Jamšidi’, ‘Sarhaddi’, ‘Kuče Bāqi’, ‘Hājiyāni’, ‘Bidagāni’, ‘Gharibi’, and ‘Dašti’ have been used to refer to Quatrain all of which have the characteristics of Quatrain studied in this article. In fact, these terms are musical expressions mainly used to refer to different musical Magham. Therefore, due to the correlation between Quatrain and music, the corresponding musical Magham has sometimes been used to refer to Quatrain.
Conclusion
In this paper, the structural and content features of the investigated samples are taken into account, and a comparative analysis is drawn between them. The results showed that Quatrain has been referred to by many different names due to its popularity in different eras and regions. For example, in early Persian literary works, Quatrain has been named as ‘Fahlavi’, ‘Tarāne’, ‘Beit’, and ‘Robāi’, while in oral literature, it has mostly been known as Čārbeiti, Seytak, Šarve, Ferāqi, Faryād, Falaki, Kallegi, Hazāragy, Hoseinā, Najmā, Šarbe, and Šarme. Indeed, all the above-mentioned terms are different names for referencing to a unique genre, which is Quatrain.
References 
Bahar, M. T. (1976). Bahar and Persian literature (vol. 1). Ketabhaye Jibi.
Bahrampur, Gh. (2015). Charbeiti: the continuation of the tradition of oral poetry in Iran. Culture and Folk Literature, 6, 75-112.
Naseh, M. M. (2014). A review of the Quatrains from Birjand. Fekre Bekr.
Nasiri Jami, H. (2001). A structural and content analysis of the oriental songs. Mohaghegh.
Shams Gheis, M. (2009). Almo’jam fi Ma’ayir Ash’ar Ajam (edited by Mohammad Ghazvini, Mohammad Taghi Modarres Razavi and Sirus Shamisa). Rowzane.

Zolfaghari, H. (2015b). Application and features poetic couplet in a variety of popular literature. Adab Pazhuhi, 32, 63-95.

 

---

A passive scalar is a property that is affected by the flow field without affecting it. In this paper, first, the governing equations on the turbulent flows are solved and the property of a passive scalar in two dimensions is numerically studied. Having the values of the velocity components, the governing equation on transport of a passive scalar is solved. To compute the turbulent velocity field, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method using Smagorinsky subgrid scale is invoked. The flow in a cavity has been the basis to validate the accuracy of the generated computer code. To ensure the compatibility between the flow and the transport of passive scalar fields a similar LES approach is used. As a three-dimensional numerical solution for a turbulent flow fields needs a massive computational time and efforts, therefore a two-dimensional simulation used for a proper saving. Instead, to validate the numerical results, the range of the Reynolds number of the flow is kept within the range of the two-dimensional measurements. Comparison of the numerical results and the experimental measurements in two-dimension reveals the high accuracy of the results and compatibility between the flow and passive scalar fields. Ability of developed scheme to accurately handle transport of a passive scalar is promising to extend LES method into the transport of more species and hence to simulate reacting flows.

---

In Persian, the only syllable type with consonant clusters is cvcc, where its coda can be filled with two consonants. The present article attempts to find whether these two consonant conform the sonority sequencing principle or not. For this reason, the Persian words with cvcc syllable type are gathered from Persian dictionaries and are classified based on the vowel filling the nucleus of the syllables and the consonants in the first or second slot of the coda and the following results were obtained: a. Sonority sequencing principle is confirmed in clusters nuclei are /i,u,a/. b. Sonority sequencing principle is rejected in clusters with vowels /æ, e,o/. c. Based on sonority sequencing principle, vowels in Persian make up two natural classes namely / æ, e,o/ and /i,u,a/.

---

Aims: This study assesses the impacts of natural and human factors on fire occurrences, identifies key contributors to fire susceptibility maps, and employs machine learning algorithms (MLAs) to enhance the spatiotemporal patterns of fire susceptibility maps.
Materials & Methods: Data were collected from 110 fire locations and 110 non-fire points spanning from 2001 to 2022 at annual scale. Various auxiliary variables, including climate data, terrain features, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and distance to roads, were analyzed to model fire susceptibility. The study employed multiple MLAs, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDT), to generate the fire susceptibility maps.
Findings: About 70% of fires occurred within 2 km of roads, indicating significant human influence. Grasslands had the highest fire rates, with over 25% of fires from 2001-2022 due to flammable fuels. The RF and mean models identified 0.4% and 1.31% of the area as very high susceptibility (38,800 km² and 12,600 km²), while the GBDT and SVM models identified 2.42% and 1.86% (234,700 km² and 180,000 km²). The very high susceptibility class, though small in percentage, covers large areas.
Conclusion: This research highlights the importance of integrating environmental and human factors for predicting fire events in arid regions and developing comprehensive fire susceptibility maps, critical for protecting vulnerable ecosystems. These outcomes provide valuable tools for fire management and mitigation strategies within vulnerable ecosystems. Moreover, developing targeted fire management strategies focused on high-risk areas, such as juniper and broadleaf forests must be a priority.
 

---

Aims: In the past years, the increase in economic pressures and the shrinking of families and the motivation to live a simple life have caused an increase in the demand for small-scale houses. The purpose of this research is to identify the framework and ranking of flexibility components that can be effective in small-scale housing.

Methods: In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, the effective components in the design of flexible small-scale houses were identified and the conceptual framework of the research was confirmed using the Delphi method. Then, using the survey method, these components were ranked in the 10th district of Isfahan through Shannon's entropy test. The statistical population includes three groups of experts, architectural experts and the public, whose opinions have been compared and analyzed using comparative analogy.

Findings: The research findings show that the components that are important from the point of view of all three groups include: multi-functional spaces, mezzanine spaces, adaptable facade with variable uses, use of shallow plans with rectangular geometry, movable furniture according to ergonomics and movable partitions according to It is ergonomic.

Conclusion: In the end, it can be concluded that among the identified components, several components such as partitions and movable furniture are compatible with human ergonomics and adaptable view, and modern technology is an important tool to achieve them.
 

---

In this paper, the behavior of concrete subjected to eroding penetration of projectiles is studied. Based on qualitative similarities of eroding penetration at metallic and concrete targets, plastic flow of the particles around the projectile tip in a concrete target is illustrated. Based on visco-plastic behavior of concrete, changes on the plastic field of the target at Walker-Anderson model is made in order to analyze eroding penetration into concrete. Since there is not any analytical model and standard tests for eroding long rod (9≤L/d≤11 and 11gr<m<9gr) penetration into the concrete, 52 high velocity penetration tests were designed and carried out. Furthermore, with solving the final equations of the Forrestal model, penetration depth of eroding projectiles is calculated. Comparison between the results of the improved Walker-Anderson model and the Forrestal model showed that although the Forrestal model is a comprehensive model in rigid penetration, using it for assessment of eroding penetration into concrete is completely wrong. Besides, the improved Walker-Anderson model can analyze this phenomenon satisfactorily.

---

Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most dangerous bacteria in food products which caused about 20 to 30% fatalities. One of the major foods which caused listeriosis is ready to eat (RTE). So, appropriate heating processing methods are need for elimination of L. monocytogenes. These bacteria has ability entering into viable but nonculturable (VBNC) form in unfavorable conditions. So this investigation was aimed to considering behavior of this pathogen at higher temperatures from recommended for elimination of these bacteria. For this purpose, bacteria in 5×10⁶ counts in mid log phase were inoculated into two medium BHI Broth and fish Broth (FB) and they exposed to 85 ºC for 10 minutes. Direct plate count on listeria choromogenic agar, BacLight^® Live/Dead and gene expression of 16S rRNA, the housekeeping gene, were done before and after heat shock. The results show that these bacteria lose their culturability during high heat shock. The results of fluorescent dyes showed the viability of these bacteria after heat shock (p< 0.01). The results of gene expression considering confirmed the results of fluorescence dyes and showed that 16S rRNA gene was expressed in nonculturable bacteria. According to these results, there is a big question on the D value on quality control for these bacteria in food processing processes, especially for RTE foods.

---

In this study, the extract of Entromorpha intestinalis was exctracted using different solvents including water, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, hexane and acetone. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of these extracts were evaluated using a modified disk diffusion method. Microorganisms investigated in this research were included Gram-positive bacteria Lactococcus  lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and fungi Candida albicans. According to the results, the methanol and hexane extracts of this alga had the best activity against L. lactic. (p<0/05). Methanol and ethanol extracts had the best activity against L. monocytogenes (p<0/05). But for the others tested microorganisms  in this study, the extract of aceton exhibited the best inhibition zone (p<0/05). The extract of E. intestinalis possesses good antibacterial and antifungal activity against the investigated microorganisms and it could also used as a suitable natural antimicrobial compound.

---

Aims: Indigenous architecture has roots from nature, context and natural archetypes. The main goal of this research is to reframe Persian architecture as biocompatible, biophilic and eco-friendly architecture. It is to extract indicators that highlight biophilic aspects of Persian architecture as a reliable representative of the architecture of MENA region.

Methods: The research strategy is logical argumentation and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The theoretical framework of the research is based on highperformance architecture theory. The Delphi method, discipline of anticipation (DoA), and the Shannon algorithm have been adopted to extract effective indicators. For the discussion group, the opinions of twenty experts in the field are referred to. The tools for collecting opinions are in-depth interviews and structured questionnaires.

Findings: The quantitative research findings show that there is a meaningful correlation between the principles of Iranian architecture and biophilic architecture. These surveys show that the most dominant criteria might be summarized as: 1- socio-cultural dimensions: the occupant behavior, culture of context, measuring happiness instead of incomes, compatibility with the environment and the life cycle assessment; 2- economic dimensions: Persian culture of contentment, flexibility and design optimization; 3- environmental dimensions: performance-based design, carbon neutrality, and bio-compatible materials.

Conclusion: Persian architecture is an invaluable representative of highperformance architecture theory which might be acclaimed for focusing on nature-based solutions. It is to highlight the "process" more than the product; long-term benefits instead of short-term gains; nature-based value creation to encourage a zero-waste building industry, to reduce carbon footprint and biophilic architecture.
 

---

In this paper, a novel fuzzy connectionist system for incremental online learning and knowledge discovery called Population-based Automatic Fuzzy Neural Network (PAFuNN) is demonstrated in detail. PAFuNNs evolve out of incremental learning. New connections and neurons are created based on a population of samples while operating the system which has the advantage of controlling the number of neurons involved and leads to the low complexity of the network. Learning Automata is implemented in order to optimize the network parameters including sensitivity and error thresholds to enhance the performance of the entire system. Afterward, the proposed method is compared with Evolving Fuzzy Neural Network (EFuNN) as a general online learning machine on two case study datasets consisting of gas furnace and iris data for prediction and classification tasks leading to the thorough analysis of the effects of selecting appropriate automata. Less complex, more accurate and robust results are obtained for the proposed method in comparison with the EFuNN.

---

Nowadays, the baseboard heating systems have attracted the attention of many HVAC engineers because of its uniform temperature distribution and low feed water temperature. Despite this, the uniformity of indoor thermal conditions can be disturbed by some parameters such as exterior walls and air infiltration from window gaps. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate the effects of air infiltration from window gaps on the performance of baseboard system and occupants’ thermal conditions. For this reason, a room has been considered under the terms of “ASHRAE-140 standard/Case 600” and climatic conditions of Tehran with winter outdoor design temperature of -10C. Also, the heat power on the baseboard panel has been set as much as the average of occupants’ thermal dissatisfaction index stays within the allowable range (lower than 10%). The results show that the heating baseboard system can provide the appropriate thermal conditions for sitting occupants with average panel temperature of 43C. In spite of this, the distribution of occupants’ dissatisfaction index near the floor is not uniform. The results indicate that the air infiltration can cause to increase the thermal dissatisfaction index up to 40% in the floor region.

---

Although,the physical activity in the cold condition causes the body temperature to rise,it can be a significant factor in the occurrence of thermal discomfort due to increase in the perspiration rate and water gathering in the fabric.Moreover,the accumulated water at the inner side of the clothing can cause a difficulty in the skin respiration. So, the amount of accumulated water and interior surface wetness are important indices for evaluating the suitability of clothing for winter activity. The aim of this study is to determine the amount of accumulated water in various arrangements of multi-layer clothing assemblies containing of three bathing layers of Polyester and Viscose in a very cold environment (with -20C temperature).For this reason,the clothing has been modeled as a porous media with multi-phases and multi-species flow by considering the sorption and condensation phenomena.Also,the implicit finite volume numerical method has been used for discretizing and solving the governing equations.The results show that locating the non-absorbing polyester fabric at the layer adjacent to the skin causes the wetness to decrease at this region. Also, locating the polyester at the outer layer can help to maintain the clothing temperature at the proper conditions.Also,the results indicate that using the viscose fabric as the middle layer leads to decrease in the water content value at the center of clothing. Therefore, the “polyester-viscose-polyester” arrangement can properly remove the perspiratory moisture from the skin to environment, with the minimum of inner water content index (0.02) and maximum inner surface temperature(33C) and average clothing temperature(16.1C).

---

In this study, the effects of discharge angle from an air curtain’s jet have been investigated on aerodynamic sealing of a room with positive pressure ventilation system. For this reason, the modeling of flow, heat transfer and species diffusion has been performed by using OpenFoam® numerical solver. The results show that the jet discharge angle has significant effects on the distribution of parameters such as temperature, concentration of pollutants and occupants’ thermal sensation index. So, by varying the jet discharge angle from +10 (towards the indoor space) to -10 (towards the outdoor space), the average temperature difference between two spaces is reduced to 2.5°C. Also, the mentioned varying in discharge angle causes a significant reduction in the mean concentration of pollutants at the indoor space, from 25ppm to 5ppm. On the other hand, the results indicated that for the discharge angle of -10, the average of occupant’s thermal sensation index is shifting to the cool feeling. Therefore, the mentioned discharge angle can reduce the impacts of outdoor warm conditions on the indoor’s. In other words, the discharge angle of -10 demonstrates the best performance of the air curtain device in thermal and aerodynamic separating of two indoor and outdoor spaces.

---

Nowadays, using the double skin facades has attracted the attention of many engineers because of its significant effects on the buildings’ energy consumption. The previous researches have shown that the double skin facades have an appropriate thermal performance in the cold season. However, using double skin façade may lead to increase the building’s energy demand in the warm season. Therefore, in the recent years, the idea of using double skin facades with phase change materials (PCM) has been proposed in order to decrease the summer energy consumption of buildings. In this study, a thermal performance analysis has been performed by considering a high-rise building with the phase change material double skin façade in Tehran climatic conditions. The results indicate that although using the ordinary double skin façades can decrease the building’s energy consumption up to 20% in cold months of the year; it can lead to increase the summer cooling load about 4.6%. However, by using double skin façades with the phase change material glazing, the building’s energy consumption in cold and warm seasons may decrease about 40% and 26%, respectively.