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Airline passengers in many cases do not sue against the carriers because of damages caused by delays, cancellations and bodily injury, which, of course, has led to the dissatisfaction of passengers with industry and is also in conflict with consumer rights. It is by the fact that Is is not worth taking claims to a national court due to the high cost of litigation, time consuming and insignificant amount of compensation. Therefore, a mechanism is needed to support passengers. In European countries, this support and mechanism has been achieved through arbitration chambers, However based on Article 34 of the Montreal Convention like the Warsaw Convention (Article 32), arbitration as a means of resolving litigation arising from the liability of the carriage of cargo was approved exclusively. The important question is arisen, then, is whether passenger claims can also be referred to arbitration. In this regard, based on the tendency to arbitration and according to the examination of preliminary talks, in addition to the carriage of cargo, to the carriage of passengers is developed and it is proved that there is no prohibition in Iranian law in this regard; In particular, it is not desirable to abandon litigation or refer to the Iranian judicial system, which is incapable of resolving such litigation. Therefore, by accepting the principle of arbitrability of this category of lawsuits, based on the progress of Europeans

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Maternal separation (MS) is a well-characterized model of early life stress, based on the postnatal disruption of the mother-infant interaction. Studies on rodents have demonstrated that MS, as an early adverse life event, leads to spatial memory deficits and lasting changes in brain plasticity. Here, we review data from animal studies regarding the impact of MS on long-term potentiation (LTP). Evidence shows that animal models are useful for evaluating the effects of MS on LTP. Overall, studies suggest that MS impairs LTP.

 

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Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) stands out as the predominant demyelinating illness impacting various regions of the central nervous system (CNS). As MS advanced, the subventricular zone (SVZ), one of the main neural stem cell niches that produce neurons and glial cells throughout life, progressively becomes empty. To effectively use endogenous repair potential-based treatment techniques, it would be essential to have an understanding of the neuropathological features of SVZ. The current study aimed to explore the SVZ in terms of histopathological and molecular changes in the cuprizone animal model of MS. 
Materials and methods: Adult male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two categories including control and cuprizone groups. Control animals received a regular diet and the cuprizone group received a diet containing 0.2% cuprizone for 12 weeks. At the end of the study, the histopathology of the SVZ and the relative gene expression of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in this area were evaluated.
Results: Histopathological assessment demonstrated an obvious prominent existence of cell population in the SVZ following 12 weeks of cuprizone intoxication. Furthermore, the relative gene expression data revealed a statistically significant increase in the expression of the Pdgf and Cspg4 genes in the SVZ in the cuprizone group compared to the control group (p˂0.001).
Conclusions: The prominent presence of cells as well as the increase of relative gene expression in the SVZ following the cuprizone diet might be attributed to the production of new progenitor cells for oligodendrocytes, which could potentially refill the SVZ area.
 

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Aging of can lead to significant cognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. In addition, aging leads to more susceptibility to neurological disorders, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegeneration. Accordingly, white matter (WM) changes associated with aging may be a factor in the functional impairment seen in the elderly. In this study, we initially determined whether the corpus callosum (CC) of old mice exhibited signs of cellular aging compared to young mice. To investigate cellular aging indices we examined SA-β-galactosidase and relative telomere length as markers of aging in the CC. Following this, we measured the myelination index through the g-ratio calculation. Our study demonstrated an increased g-ratio and axon diameter in aged mice. We also analyzed ultrastructural changes of myelinated axons and mitochondria in the CC of aged mice. The CC underwent substantial ultrastructural variation following the aging. These changes included myelination breakdown, the formation of myelin balloons, loss of the compact structure of myelin, and increased intramembrane density. we also investigated the impact of aging on mitochondria ultrastructure. We observed the presence of dark matrices and interconnected crista in a subgroup of the mitochondria in the CC. Such alterations are indicative of the deterioration in the integrity of WM with age. These findings are crucial as they provide insights into how aging affects the structural and functional aspects of WM, particularly in the CC. Understanding these changes is essential for developing strategies to mitigate age-related cognitive decline and to address the heightened susceptibility of aged WM to neurological disorders.
 

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Introduction: Liver diseases are a significant global health burden, causing roughly two million deaths annually. Liver Fibrosis, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix accumulation, is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. Liver transplantation remains the gold standard for severe Fibrosis, but limitations exist. Cell therapy using Mesenchymal Stem Cells offers a promising alternative. Hepatocyte-like Cells derived from human adipose tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cells are particularly attractive due to their potential for liver regeneration. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Mesenchymal stem cells and Hepatocyte-like cells in treating CCl4-induced Liver Fibrosis in immunosuppressed mice. Methods: Twenty C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) Fibrotic/untreated, (3 Mesenchymal stem cell-treated, (4) Hepatocyte-like cell-treated. Fibrosis was induced in groups 2-4 using intraperitoneal CCl4 injection in immunosuppressed (cyclosporine A) mice. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Hepatocyte-like Cells were transplanted via tail vein injection in groups 3 and 4, respectively. Liver function tests were measured in all groups. Results: Both Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Hepatocyte-like Cells treatment improved liver function as evidenced by histopathology and biochemical analyses. In the Fibrotic group, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels were significantly elevated, while Albumin levels decreased compared to the control group. Following treatment, these parameters significantly improved (p < 0.05) in both treatment groups, suggesting partial regression of Fibrosis. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that both Hepatocyte-like Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells have therapeutic potential for moderating Liver Fibrosis regression. However, Mesenchymal Stem Cells therapy may be more cost-effective and time-efficient.        

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Introduction:
Due to their role in regulating inflammation, monocytes and macrophages are important immune system cells incorporated and evaluated in various in vitro and in vivo disease modeling experiments. Accordingly, investigating appropriate culture conditions to maintain the viability, phenotype, and functionality of these cells is considered in different studies. In this study, we tried to evaluate whether the type of culture plate affects the adhesion, survival, and morphology of PMA-treated monocytes.
Methods:
 The THP-1 cell line was cultured in adherent or non-adherent culture plates and cells were treated with PMA small molecule to be induced into macrophages. The morphology of treated cells and the viability of detached cells were assessed three days post-induction.
Results and conclusion:
Our results showed that the morphology and viability of PMA-treated THP-1 cells were the same in both types of plates. In summary, we showed that the type of cell culture plate did not significantly affect PMA-treated THP-1 cells·

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Introduction: We aimed to compare the gene expression of parotid gland derived stem cell in a three (3D) alginate hydrogel culture with that of a two-dimensional one (2D).
Materials and methods: Five rats were sacrificed and the parotid glands were removed and cultured in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 15% FBS. The cells were characterized by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry for evaluating the expression of genes. The cells were encapsulated in alginate hydrogel, then the differentiation was compared with that of a 2D culture. qRT-PCR was performed in order to evaluate the expression of Amy1, Cldn3, Cidn4, Ki67, Cyclin D1, Dpt, Meox2, Aquaporin 5, Pparg, Bpifa2e and Tp63 genes.
Results: The harvested cells immunoreacted with CD90, CD44, and CD29, however, the immunophenotyping of CD45 and CD34 were negative. The immunocytochemistry results showed that they were strongly immunostained with K-7 and E-cadherin, but less with K-14. In the 3D culture, the cells differentiated into organoid bodies with round shape, there was duct-like structure extended from one pole. The qRT-PCR in the 3D culture showed increase in the expression of Amy1, Ki67, aquaporin5, Pparg, Bpifa2e and Tp63 genes compared to 2D culture. In contrast Cldn3, Cldn4, cyclin D1, Dpt and Meox2 genes were strongly expressed in the 2D culture.
Conclusion: The results of flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry confirmed the properties of the isolated cells were parotid gland-derived mesenchymal stem cells. They differentiated into organoid body in the 3D culture using alginate as scaffold which expressed parotid gland differentiation genes.

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Introduction: Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are inflammatory mediators involved in bacterial infection and other pathological conditions. Inflammation can damage all parts of the brain, particularly sensitive areas such as the hippocampus. Chronic stress can make the brain more susceptible to infection and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of stress on the activity of MMP2 and MMP9 in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats following the administration of Brucella Melitensis (BM) vaccine.
Methods: The non-stressed group received a Brucella Melitensis vaccine strain via intracebroventicular (i.c.v) and intraperitoneal (i.p) routes. The animals were subjected to heterogeneous sequential stress for nine days and/or received the same volume of Brucella Melitensis vaccine (BMV). The activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was measured by Gelatin Zymography.
Results: The results showed that stress increased the activity of MMP9 in both the control group and the BMV, i.p., injected animals. However, stress did not affect the activity of MMP2 in either the control or the BM, i.p., inoculated conditions. Stress also increased the activity of MMP9 following i.c.v. injection of BM, without a concomitant change in the activity of MMP2 in the hippocampus.
Conclusion: The study suggests that vaccination in stressed conditions could activate MMPs, which are essential players in inflammatory processes, in brain of immunized animals. Since the Brucella melitensis vaccine is used for the prophylaxis of brucellosis in small ruminants, these findings have important implications for understanding the effects of stress on the immune response to vaccination and inflammation in the brain.

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Cell culture is a vital method in biological and biomedical research. The global cell culture market, valued at around USD 26.54 billion in 2023, is projected to surpass USD 63.60 billion by 2032. While two-dimensional cell culture has led to significant advancements in biology, its simplicity does not accurately reflect the complex in vivo environment. This can result in misleading data with limited predictive value for in vivo applications, prompting increased interest in three-dimensional (3D) cultivation methods. The 3D cell culture mimics the behavior and organization of cells in vivo by emulating the extracellular matrix (ECM), providing better insights into 3D interactions among cells and between cells and the matrix, thus reconstructing their natural microenvironment. In this review we will outline the various types of 3D models (include spheroids, organoids, bio-printed structures, and tissue chips). Subsequently, we will examine the methodologies employed to develop 3D culture systems (include four category methods). Lastly, the practical applications and challenges of these 3D models will be addressed. The future research will likely concentrate on incorporating cutting-edge technologies to improve the reproducibility and applicability of 3D models in research.
 

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Background: Harmaline exhibits a diverse array of pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antidiabetic, osteogenic, immunomodulatory, emmenagogue, and antitumor activities. The current study aimed to investigating the effect of harmaline on oxidative stress factors in lung epithelial cells exposed to elastase. Material and method: oxidative stress markers of lung epithelial cells were investigated in all cell groups including, control, H2O2, elastase and elastase plus harmaline (50, 100, 200 μm). lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to elastase with concentrations of 60 U/ml for 24 hours. In other groups, cells exposed to elastase were co-treated with three different doses of harmaline (50, 100 and 200 µm) for 24 hours at 37°C. Results: the results show a significant effect of harmaline's protective effect on cell viability, free radical production (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). harmaline significantly increased the viability and TAC level in the cells exposed to elastase. Also, harmaline significantly decreased the percentage of free radicals and the MDA level in the cells exposed to elastase. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study showed a significant protective effect of harmaline on cell viability through increases in antioxidant defense system. Therefore, harmaline, can probably considered as a therapeutic strategy to prevent or treatment of lung diseases.
 

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