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Numerical simulation of multi material or multi-phase flows are one of the most challenging problems between computational fluid dynamics researches. The main difficulty of these problems is producing some unexpected and non-physical oscillation at material interface which causes entering some error in to computation domain. For eliminating this source of error, many sophisticated algorithm have been proposed recently. By neglecting diffusion processes, Euler equations and HLLC reimann solver are applied. In addition, Level set algorithm is implemented to track interferences between two materials. An accurate, easily developed and low computation cost algorithm, proposed by Abgrall and Karni, is used to prevent generating the oscillations in the interfaces. In the current work, the algorithm is developed to 2 dimensional algorithm. Afterwards, the result of 1 and 2 dimensional code are evaluated to verify the developed algorithm by some standard problems such as sod problem. Finally, shock –bubble (Air – Helium) interaction problem is simulated to investigate the effect of the algorithm in 2 dimensional simulation. The comparison shows that the code and its result have very good accuracy with very low computational cost.

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In the present study, adsorbent bed of an adsorption chiller with finned flat-tube heat exchanger has been simulated three dimensionally based on the heat and mass transfer model with finite volume method. To examine the inter-particle mass transfer resistance effects on the system performance parameters, two different configurations of adsorbent bed including rectangular and trapezoidal fins with identical length and adsorbent mass have been considered and the effects of bed length on the system performance for different fin height and fin pitch have been studied. Moreover, effects of bed length for different particle diameters and also heating source temperatures have been investigated. Results indicated that increasing of bed length (or in the other words increasing of inter-particle resistance) increases and decreases cycle time and specific cooling power, respectively, yet the coefficient of performance is not influenced. Also, increasing bed length reduces the difference between specific cooling power of rectangular and trapezoidal beds if there is any. Moreover it is clear that optimum particles size increase with bed length increase. Finally, it is shown that effect of higher heating fluid temperature on specific cooling power improvement for beds with smaller length is more significant than those with longer length.

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Hybrid joints (Metal–Composite) is being used more and more in aerospace industry due to their low weight and high strength. Dynamic study of this joint, owing to limitation of increase in screw’s preload in composite substructure, has certain importance. Effective factors on nonlinear behavior of the joint are low preload of the screw and high excitation force amplitude on the structure. Layer Element Model has been used to better the description of joint’s behavior in recent years. In this study effects of nonlinear behavior of joint on the structure has been investigated using 2D layer element theory in two divisions: increase of damping and decrease of stiffness which result in nonlinearity. Stiffness characteristics of the joint was modeled with normal stiffness and damping characteristics of the joint with structural damping in shear direction. Nonlinear frequency response function for two preload and two excitation force was extracted and nonlinear finite element model for stiffness and damping of the joint is suggested by High-order polynomial approximation in terms of response amplitude. Effects of increase of excitation force amplitude and decrease of screw’s preload on increase of nonlinearity was extracted by this finite element model. Results indicate that presented nonlinear finite element model corresponds closely to nonlinear vibration tests.

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The design process of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) requires mathematical model of subsystems or disciplines such as guidance and control, payload, hydrodynamic, propulsion, structure, trajectory and performance and their interactions. In early phases of design, an AUV are often encountered with a high degree of uncertainty in the design variables and parameters of system. These uncertainties present challenges to the design process and have a direct effect on the AUV performance. Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) is an approach to find both optimum and feasible design and robust design is an approach to make the system performance insensitive to variations of design variables and parameters. It is significant to integrate robust design and MDO for designing complex engineering systems in optimal, feasible and robust senses. In this paper, an improved robust MDO methodology is developed for conceptual design of an AUV under uncertainty with considering tactic and system design simultaneously. In this methodology, Uncertain MultiDisciplinary Feasible (UMDF) framework is introduced as uncertain MDO framework. Two evolutionary algorithms are also used as Pareto-based Multi-Objective optimizers and results of two algorithms are compared. The results of this research illustrate that the new proposed robust multidisciplinary design optimization framework can carefully set a robust design for an AUV with coupled uncertain disciplines.

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Seventy-five isolates of the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, collected from seven wheat producing provinces in Iran, were studied using the molecular markers ISSR and SSR to determine its structure and genetic variations within its populations. Results indicated that the populations of the causal agent of this disease had a relatively high level of genetic diversity, with the total average genetic diversity (Ht) of 0.34 in the studied samples. When the genetic diversity was divided by the genetic diversity within and between the tested fungal populations, intra-population and inter-population genetic diversities were, respectively, 69 and 31%. Moreover, results showed that there was a strong gene flow between the studied provinces. The maximum genetic diversity among the studied provinces was observed in Ardebil and Khuzestan Provinces, and cluster analysis also revealed that the fungal populations of these two provinces had the greatest similarity with each other.
 

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Since water pumping stations supply most of the water for irrigation schemes and consume considerable percentage of energy in some countries, performance evaluation of these facilities, especially in relation to irrigation management, is essential. Therefore, definition and determination of some indices could be effective for evaluation process, planning for future, and optimal use of water and energy. Since there is no typical method for the assessment of irrigation pumping systems in the literature, in the present study, some evaluation indices in the areas of operation and maintenance, management, energy, and economic performance of the irrigation pumping stations are introduced. Some irrigation pumping stations in Khuzestan Province (Iran) and energy-water relations of these projects were evaluated based on the proposed integrated approach. According to the results, the first step in evaluating the performance of these facilities is the establishment of a system for monitoring and recording the information. Evaluation of the operation and maintenance of these pumping stations shows the average status. Therefore, the weakest parameters, i.e. required hydraulic equipment, periodic monitoring of hydraulic parameters and security against water hammer, have to be strengthened and pumping stations be equipped properly. It was also shown that to achieve the ideal management of the case studies, the profitability of operating company should be improved. Besides, due to high energy loss in irrigation pumping stations (up to 49% in this study), use of equipment for reducing energy consumption and proper selection of pump and electromotor should be a priority in the design and management phases. The required power of electromotor is overestimated by at least 25%.
 

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Rosemary is a plant from the Lamiaceae family with antioxidant properties, Therefore, the purpose of this study was to extract rosemary plant extract using different solvents, methods (maceration, hot extraction, Soxhlet, percolation and sonication), particle size (300, 500 and 800 μm) and plant to solvent ratios (1:100, 2:100, 3:100, 4:100 & 5:100) were. In this experimental study, the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was measured by aluminum chloride colorimetric method and the antioxidant activity of plant extracts was evaluated by DPPH method. To extract these compounds, different solvents and methods were used and compared and analyzed and Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and ANOVA test. The best solvents for the extraction of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant compounds were water-methanol (20:80). The amount of total phenolic compounds using this solvent was 7.172 (mg/g) and flavonoid compounds were 28.157 (mg/g) and the antioxidant activity to inhibit free radicals was 87.2586 (mg/lit). The best method for extracting phenolic compounds was Maceration method with a rate of 7.481 (mg/g) and for flavonoid compounds with a rate of 47.85 (mg/g) and 73.524 (mg/lit) to inhibit free radicals.The results show that in order to achieve the maximum extraction of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidants in rosemary extract, use plant powder with a particle size of 300 μm, water solvent: methanol (80:20), plant to solvent ratio 1:100 (g/ml) and the use of maceration method should be used as optimal operating conditions.
 

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The presence of genetic diversity leads to better adaptation of plants to different environments and enables researchers to select superior genotypes adapted to given culture conditions. In order to estimate the genetic diversity of eggplant, 22 accessions were obtained from the INRAe vegetable germplasm center and the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran and were planted in horticultural science station of University of Tehran, Karaj, in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The number of flowers per plant and number of fruits per plant were higher in the MM00007 and FLT02 accessions, respectively. The maximum leaf area (190 cm² plant^-1) was recorded for MM 01597. Accessions FLT46, MM 0064, MM 00108 bis MM 01597 and MM 01010 revealed high variations in root characters. Higher number of root tips and maximum number of roots were assigned for FLT46, and average root orientation and steep root angle frequency for MM 01597 and MM 01010. The correlation of root angles frequency and root number could possibly be exploited in selection programs as factors indirectly involved in increasing yield and the number of flowers per plant. Based on all evaluated traits, genotypes FLT10, MM 01597, MM 01010, FLT46, and FLTE9012 could be used as parents for future eggplant breeding programs due to their desirable agricultural traits.