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Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein bioactive compound that can be effective in controlling many diseases such as Alzheimerchrs, hypertension, stress, etc. The main stimulus for the production of GABA is the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which is highly active in lactic acid bacteria. Also, the presence of monosodium glutamate (MSG) can act as a substrate for this enzyme and increase its activity. In this study, the production potential of gamma aminobutyric acid by Lactobacillus brevis PML1 in MRS medium was investigated. In order to optimize the fermentation process, culture medium containing MSG (1, 3 and 5%) was examined at 24, 48 and 72 hours.  after fermentation, thin layer chromatography method was used to identify GABA produced by bacteria. Spectrophotometric method was used to quantify the bands in thin layer chromatography. The results of studies at the level of 95% significance showed that the optimal treatment included a culture medium containing 5% monosodium glutamate and a time of 72 hours at 37 ° C, in which the amount of GABA production was approximately 300 ppm; Therefore, the desired strain not only has the potential to produce gamma aminobutyric acid under normal conditions (control sample) but also by adding different percentages of monosodium glutamate to the culture medium, the amount of this production can be increased.

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Essential oils and extracts of black cumin have been attracted researchers in the field of protection of raw and processed food due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. In the current study, the chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of black cumin essential oil extracted by Clevenger and ultrasound assisted (frequencies 37 and 80 kHz and 70 and 100% power) methods were performed and the optimization of extraction conditions according to the chemical properties of the essential oil. Antibacterial properties of black cumin essential oil against E.coli and S.aureus were measured by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum lethal concentration of pathogenic bacteria using micro-plate method. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was measured by examining the percentage of DPPH free radical scavenging. The results of analysis of black cumin essential oil by GCMS showed that the main composition of black cumin essential oil extracted by Clevenger method was γ-terpene with 30.03% and in ultrasound method was 31.04%. The highest efficiencies of essential oils and extracts obtained by Clevenger method were 2.04 and 0.75%, respectively, and in ultrasound method (80/100) for essential oils and extracts were 2% and 1%, respectively. The results showed that S.aureus was the most sensitive and E.coli the most resistant bacteria to cumin essential oil. Therefore, it can be stated that the extraction of black cumin essential oil by ultrasound method (80/100) could have the greatest effect on the extraction of essential oils and extracts and can be used to protect food against various systems. Benefit from oxidative and microorganisms that cause infections and food poisoning.

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Microbial quality of raw milk is very important in two respects. First, milk consumption itself plays a very significant role in people's food tables and its high microbial load endangers consumer health. Second, if the microbial quality of milk is not suitable, from a technology point of view, milk-derived products will not have a good quality. In this project, which has been carried out in collaboration with Pegah Golestan Company, the separation process (with separators) and double bactofugation was used to reduce microbial load with the aim of reducing milk heating (in order to reduce the nutritional value as a result of heat). Milk samples used for lactic cheese production in Golestan province were examined in 2020 and 2021. After the process, total microbial counting, aerobic and anaerobic spores were counted. The results showed that by using this method, the total microbial load, aerobic and anaerobic spores of the collected milks were reduced to an acceptable level throughout the year without decreasing the microbial quality of the produced cheese during the storage period. On the other hand, the process of separation and bactofugation produces dairy sludge. Normally, dairy sludge is removed every 20 minutes, which was performed in separator and bactofuge1 to 21 minutes to reduce dairy sludge.

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Today various sweeteners are competing with sucrose in food market. They are creating acceptable sweetness and preserving technological and sensory properties of the product. In this study enzymatic sorghum malt use as sucrose replacer in gluten-free rice cake production. For this purpose, moisture, specific volume, porosity, crust color values, firmness and sensory properties were evaluated. The results showed that with increasing substitution of sucrose by enzymatic sorghum malt, moisture content and a* increased. However, falling the moisture content in sample containing malt flour were lower than control during the storage (1week) was with the lapse of time a week after bake a cake, malt flour contains less moisture loss in samples from the control samples. The results also showed enzymatic sorghum malt increased the softness of texture and able to prevent hardening of the texture during storage. In addition, the results indicated that the sample that 40% sucrose had been replaced with malt flour had the highest porosity, specific volume and L* value. Also this sample was equal in sweetness to control and the judges taste the sample was superior in other features. Thus, according to the results we can say that an enzymatic sorghum malt can be used as a natural sweetener, especially in celiac disease is needed products.
 

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Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is the second most popular spice in the world and one of the important medicinal plants in Iran. Cumin seed yield is highly affected by water stress, which is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting seed yield. So far, drought tolerance studies in cumin have been done on limited cumin ecotypes. In the present investigation, forty-nine diverse cumin ecotypes were tested under normal and water stress conditions during 2013 and 2014. The experiment was conducted under two different irrigation regimes of normal irrigation and mid/late season water stress i.e., during flowering. Each of experiments was conducted in a simple lattice design with two replications. The combined analysis of variance showed significant differences among all sources of variation. Twelve drought tolerance indices were calculated based on seed yield under drought and irrigated conditions. Yield under stress and non-stress conditions was significantly and positively correlated with Geometric Mean Productivity Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Harmonic Mean (HM), Drought Resistance Index (DI), modified Stress Tolerance Index in normal irrigation (K1STI), modified Stress Tolerance Index in stress irrigation (K2STI), Stress Non-stress Production Index (SNPI) and Stress Tolerance Score (STS). PCA and cluster analysis were followed to reveal the relationship among different indices. To visualize the GE interaction effects on cumin seed yield, the data were subjected to GGE-Biplot analysis. Finding superior ecotypes in each environment was done using GGE-Biplot. Regarding mean yield and drought tolerance indices, ecotypes from Maneh (Northern Khorasan), Shahmirzad (Semnan), and Rafsanjan (Kerman) were identified as the most favorable candidates for further research in cumin breeding programs. GC/MS analyses of elite ecotype Kerman (Rafsanjan) was also done for both conditions, the main components of essential oil were found to be γ-terpinene, β-pinene, m-cymene, and cuminic aldehyde.

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Soils, which show a large amount of volume reduction and cause a series of sudden settlements on the surface of the earth, due to the increase of moisture, are referred to as collapsible soils. In many different countries, the immediate settlements of these soils, especially in warm and arid areas, have caused the formation of subsidence and sinkhole. These soils always create inappropriate conditions for the construction of structures such as buildings, road projects, foundations, water channels and other civil engineering projects. The occurrence of such sinkholes in parts of Iran and other parts of the world is one of the geotechnical problems of the above problematic soils. Several sink holes have formed in the northern sector of Hamedan. The soil types in this area include sandy and clayey soils which have low dry density.
Generally, collapsible behaviour of soils can be evaluated by the use of odometer test. According to the ASTM standard (D5333-03), the collapse index (I_e) is used to determine the magnitude of collapsible possibility during saturation at 200 kPa in a simple odometer device. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of changing the order of clay and sand layers on the collapsible behavior mechanism of collapsible soils and on the changes in the collapse index.
To achieve the above mentioned objective, the sandy soil was used from the northern areas of Hamadan and kaolinite clay (Super Zenouz of Tabriz) used to make the samples in three single-layer, two-layer and three-layer systems in specific molds made to a height and diameter of 5 cm in the odometer apparatus. Accordingly, in the present laboratory study on these two types of soil, considering the different arrangements of clay and sandy layers, at each stage of the specimen preparation, specimens were prepared in three different series with a dry unit weight of 1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 g per cubic centimeter in a odometer metal molds.
By carrying out a series of odometer experiments, it was found that the sandy soils of the study area alone did not have a high percentage of the collapse index. However, with the presence of clay layers in such soils, the collapse index increases, so that collapse index at a unit weight of 1.3 g per cubic centimeter in the sample made in a single-layer system (fine-grained sand sample) reached from 3.8% to 8.7% in the sample made in the presence of a clay in the two-layer system, (the lower layer of the fine-grained sand and the upper layer of clay). Based on the results obtained from this study, the mechanism of collapse can significantly being influenced by the order of layering in that with increasing dry unit weight, the effect of the ordering of the layers on the value of the collapse index decreases. The results of this paper shows that in specimens made with a density of 1.7 g per cubic centimeter, the collapse index of all samples are almost similar values. In other words, the collapsible behaviour of soils is a function of soil dry density.
 

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Tooth decay is one of the most common problems in the world, which is caused by the growth of biofilm and acid production by them. Many solutions have been used to solve this problem. However, due to the increase in antibiotic resistance of microorganisms and the increasing need for antimicrobial substances, efforts are being made to use natural antimicrobial substances. Lactoferrin is a protein in milk and saliva with antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties. In this research, lactoferrin was encapsulated by nanoliposomes to increase its antimicrobial properties. In order to measure the effect of lactoferrin on the number of bacteria in the polymicrobial biofilm and acid production, each of the free substances or nanoliposomes in 4 concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 6 mg/ml) in the Active Attachment biofilm model with saliva and culture medium was incubated.
The results showed that lactoferrin nanocoating increased the ability to inhibit biofilm and acid production by this bacterium due to the slow release of lactoferrin from liposomes. When increasing the concentration of free and nanoliposomal lactoferrin to a concentration of 3 mg/ml, a significant decrease in the number of bacteria in the biofilm was observed compared to the control sample (P<0.01). However, increasing the concentration of free lactoferrin again increased the number of bacteria in the biofilm. Meanwhile, nanoliposomal lactoferrin at a concentration of 6 mg/ml still caused a decrease in bacteria in the biofilm, which was insignificant compared to the concentration of 3 mg/ml (P>0.01). From the obtained results, it can be concluded that nanoliposomal lactoferrin can be used to design products related to oral and dental health.
 

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Starch is the most abundant carbohydrate in legumes. On the other hand, due to its non-reactive nature and insolubility in cold water, natural leguminous starch has limited use in the food industry. Natural legume starch can be modified by chemical, physical, and enzymatic methods. Modified legume starches have gained importance in the food industry due to their improved functional properties. Ultrasound is one of the physical methods of starch modification examined in this article. Also, ultrasound is increasingly used as a green technology for the physicochemical modification of food systems. This study aims to investigate the effect of ultrasonic treatment (bath-probe) on the functional, rheological, thermal, morphological, and crystal structure characteristics of modified starch samples. The change in the properties of ultrasonically modified starch is mainly due to the depolymerization of amylose and amylopectin chains. After ultrasound treatment, molecular weight, viscosity, and crystallinity decrease; Therefore, it can be concluded that ultrasound is an alternative technology for modifying the properties of leguminous starch.
 

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Dairy sludge is one of the main and inexpensive wastes of the dairy industry, which contains the nutrients necessary for the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to produce microbial metabolites, and for its efficient use, optimization of fermentation conditions is critical. In order to optimize the production of dry biomass, three independent variables of dairy sludge concentration (5, 12.5 and 20%), pH (6, 7 and 8) and the inoculation rate of Lactobacillus fermentum strain 4-17 (1, 3 and 5%) were used. Before fermentation, the cell growth and morphology of this bacterium were examined in order to determine the function of the growth rate and confirm the presence of bacteria in this medium. The independent variables were optimized using response surface method (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) in order to maximize dry biomass production by this bacterium. The optimization results showed that the maximum amount of dry biomass production related to the optimal treatment included 20% dairy sludge concentration, 1% inoculation rate and pH 8. Also, according to the results, the dairy sludge substrate is suitable for the fermentation of this bacterium. As a result, the effect of dairy sludge bed concentration and pH on dry biomass production by this bacteria was very significant.

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Paraprobiotic is a new group of functional compounds that obtains from the inactivation of a certain probiotics strain. In the present study, the effect of using paraprobiotic Lactobacillus gasseri and storage time (30 days) and temperature (4 and 24 ˚C) on the physicochemical and sensory properties of grape juice was investigated. Grape drink characteristics such as pH, acidity, total soluble solids, turbidity, and sensory attributes were evaluated. The addition of paraprobiotics did not change pH and acidity, and the control specimen (pure grape juice) and the paraprobiotic sample (grape juice containing paraprobiotics) did not differ in this respect. The addition of paraprobiotics increased the turbidity and total soluble solid in the paraprobiotic drink, and these two characteristics also increased with the increase in the storage time.  Considering the sensory properties, the paraprobiotic drink was similar to pure grape juice and had similar overall acceptance scores to pure grape juice, which did not change during storage at different temperatures.
 

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In this study, the effect of edible coating based on Lallemantia iberica seed mucilage (LISM) with different contents (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% vol/vol) of Citrus paradise essential oil nanoemulsion (CPN) was investigated on the microbial, chemical, and sensory qualities of lamb slices during cold storage. The antimicrobial results showed that at the end of the storage period, the lowest number of total viable bacteria (6.26 log CFU/g), psychrotrophic count (3.28 log CFU/g), Escherichia coli (0.95 log CFU/g), Staphylococcus aureus (0.87 log CFU/g) and fungi (1.12 log CFU/g) were observed in LISM+2% CPN sample. The highest and lowest pH at the end of the storage period were related to uncoated samples (6.42) and LISM+2%CPN (5.65). The amount of peroxide number and thiobarbituric acid in the control and LISM+2%CPN samples were 11.60 meq O2/kg and 1.20 mg MDA/kg and 5.40 meq O2/kg and 0.59 mg MDA/kg, respectively, after 9 days of cold storage. The meat color (L*, a*, b*) was also preserved by edible coating containing C. paradise essential oil nanoemulsion (LISM+CPN). The addition of nanoemulsion in edible coating increased sensory scores such as aroma, color, texture, and overall acceptance of lamb slices, especially on the last day of cold storage. The obtained results suggest the LISM+CPN edible coating as a solution for retarding the chemical and microbial spoilage of lamb slices.
 

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Today, the extraction and use of biologically active compounds from agricultural and food wastes has received much attention. In the present research, the effect of enzyme treatment, ultrasound and the combined effect of enzyme treatment and ultrasound on the extraction of phenolic compounds of sour grape wastes was done so that 2 pectinase enzymes (Pectinex Ultracolor and Pectinex Yildamesh) at levels of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg and ultrasound (times 10, 25 and 40 minutes) and (sound intensity 30, 60 and 90%) were used. The effect of enzyme treatment, ultrasound and the combined effect of enzyme treatment and ultrasound were investigated. According to the obtained results, the highest extraction efficiency belonged to Yaldemesh enzyme and with increasing sound intensity, the extraction efficiency increased significantly. On the other hand, increasing the extraction time led to an increase in extraction efficiency (p≤0.01). So that the highest extraction efficiency was observed in the sample extracted by Yaldemesh enzyme and under ultrasound at 90% sound intensity for 40 minutes (p≤0.01). According to the obtained results, the highest flavonoid, total phenol and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS) belonged to Yaldemesh enzyme, and with increasing sound intensity, antioxidant activity increased significantly (p≤0.01). On the other hand, increasing the extraction time led to a significant increase in antioxidant activity (p≤0.01). The highest antioxidant activity belonged to the sample extracted by Yaldemesh enzyme and subjected to ultrasound at a ultrasound intensity of 90% for 40 minutes and was introduced as the best treatment.

 

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Native starches have limited use in the food industry owing to their insolubility in cold water and lack of reactivity. Native starches are susceptible to chemical, physical, and enzymatic modification. This article examines cold plasma as one of the physical mechanisms of starch modification. The structure of each system is analyzed, and the effects of cold plasma at atmospheric pressure on the functional, thermal, molecular, morphological, and physicochemical aspects of various starches researched by different researchers are described. Changes in the characteristics of DBD plasma-modified starch are primarily caused by the depolymerization and cross-linking of amylose and amylopectin side chains. The molecular weight, viscosity, and gelatinization temperature decrease after DBD plasma treatment. The plasma etching of starch granules improves their surface energy and hydrophilicity. Cold plasma is an alternate approach for changing starch characteristics; it may be inferred.

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Fig and grape have a high position in job creation and foreign exchange earnings for Iran. Moreover, these two products also have the same international position in terms of production and exports. This study has examined and compared price discrimination in the two markets of fig and grape exports using Exchange Rate Pass-Through and Pricing To Market (PTM) behavior approaches. The econometric analysis using the Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) model showed that fig exporters had the ability to discriminate prices in the Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Sweden, and Russia. Furthermore, fig and grape have an equal position in terms of production and exports, but the power of exporters are more in the fig export market and have better conditions for applying price discrimination. Therefore, it is recommended that the principled export of agricultural products be adopted according to global consumer demand by identifying target markets. The results of the analysis of the asymmetric effects of exchange rates on fig's exports illustrate that these effects are symmetrical in the market of all countries; however, it is asymmetrical in exporting grapes to Singapore, Sweden, and Saudi Arabia.
 

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Dairy factories produce high volume of sludge from bactofuge and separator. Meantime, global demand for the proteases is increasing. Recently, utilization and conversion of the waste materials into value added product is a sustainable process. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of bactofuge and separator sludge to produce alkaline protease enzymes. Total viable aerobic and anaerobic counts were determined on Plate Count Agar at 37 and 50^ºC for both types of sludge. Lactobacillus count in MRS Agar plates corresponded to 3.12±0.25 log CFU mL^-1 for sludge of bactofuge and 3.085±0.2 log CFU mL^-1 for sludge of separator. Mold and yeast had population levels of 2.3±0.1 log CFU mL^-1 for bactofuge and 2.08±0.1 log CFU mL^-1 for separator. Proteolytic bacteria were isolated from dairy sludge using Skim Milk Agar media. A clear zone of Skim Milk hydrolysis indicated protease-producing organisms. Different cultural parameters (temperature, pH, thermal shock, and kind of sludge) were optimized for maximal enzyme production. Maximum proteolytic activity was observed at 37^◦C (P< 0.05). Isolated alkaline protease producing Bacilli were identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The species were identified as Bacillus cereus strain zk2, Bacillus sp. cp-h71, Bacillus thuringiensis strain ILBB224, and Bacillus sp. Bac6D₂.
 

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Electronic commerce (E-commerce) is a contemporary concept with huge potential that is fundamentally changing how business is done. This paper describes robust E-commerce strategies for trading agricultural goods and services. The purpose of this study was to enhance the efficiency of E-commerce in the export of agricultural commodities. Since the SWOT method is a key tool used by businesses to formulate strategic plans, this study conducted a SWOT analysis of E‐commerce to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats faced by E‐commerce in current scenarios. A random sampling method was used to select the statistical population, which was composed of 96 experts from the Ministry of Agriculture. Seventy-five questionnaires were distributed to the experts (N= 75) using Morgan and Krejsi's table, of which 59 questionnaires were filled (n= 59). The questionnaire consisted of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to E-commerce development and it was prepared using the Delphi technique. The important results of SWOT analysis constituted a framework to help planners and managers realize their goals and enhance the export of agricultural commodities. The resulting SWOT matrix analysis was located in the area of WO (conservative strategy). Accordingly, it is recommended that for proper exploitation of environmental opportunities, organizational weaknesses should be taken into account. Some important strategies suggested based on this study are enforcing laws and providing effective incentives to reduce production costs relative to global prices as well as creating innovation in the export process using E-commerce.
 

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Cheap compounds and wastes of various industries have a set of nutritious compounds that can be used as a culture medium for different strains to produce metabolites with high nutritional value and expensive. Pigment production from microbial source is of interest because it is safe for human health. In this study, with the aim of producing red pigment from the mold Monascus purpureus, firstly, the effect of culture medium factors, potato dextrose broth, yeast extract-sucrose, dairy sludge, soybean meal, sugar cane molasses, whey, temperature, glucose, monosodium glutamate and ammonium sulfate on production biomass (a measure of pigment production) was evaluated through Plackett-Burman design. Then the factors were optimized based on the central square design. Based on the obtained results, dairy sludge base culture medium, glucose, monosodium glutamate and temperature had a positive effect on growth and biomass production (pigment production). With optimization, biomass production in 10% dairy sludge, 0.999% monosodium glutamate, 27°C temperature and 9.83% glucose were obtained with the production of 26.15 g/l of biomass as the optimal state. The results show the capability of dairy sludge waste in the growth of microbial strains and production of significant products.
 

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The self-sufficiency policy for wheat production in Iran has increased external costs for the country besides causing the destruction of water and land resources. Nevertheless, due to various political, economic, and socio-economic reasons, self-sufficiency in wheat production in Iran is a binding policy. According to statistics, an average of about 67 percent of wheat production across the different regions of Iran is irrigated wheat. Thus, in this study, the effect of a guaranteed price policy on the distribution of irrigated wheat land-use in Iran during the period 2001–2016 was evaluated with an emphasis on the role of the regional differences using the pooled mean group approach. The results indicated that, in the long run, the increase in the irrigated wheat land use in the country would be sensitive toward the increase in the guaranteed price of wheat and the yield per hectare. However, with the rise in the price of barley, in the long run, the irrigated wheat land use would decrease further. In addition, in the short run, the increase in the irrigated wheat land use in most of the western provinces is sensitive to the increase in the yield per hectare, and in most of the central provinces, it is sensitive to the changes in the barley prices. Finally, in order to have adequate land for irrigated wheat in the country, both in the short and long run, it is proposed that the farmers' expectations regarding the guaranteed price policy and improvement in the yield per hectare of this product be satisfied.
 

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Paenibacillus polymyxa is one of the microorganisms that has the ability to produce extracellular exopolysaccharides and antibiotics. Several factors, including culture medium content, carbon and nitrogen sources, pH, temperature, air velocity, and culture conditions, have an effect on the growth and production of higher cell mass, as well as the production of microbial metabolites. The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth rate of P. polymyxa in a culture medium containing molasses and to screen five components of the culture medium along with four factors of the fermentation conditions using the Plackett -Burman method to maximize cell mass production. The results showed that among the investigated variables, molasses brix, time, percentage of inoculation, amount of ammonium sulfate, stirring speed, and the amount of glucose and urea, as a first-order equatino, had a significant positive effect on bacterial growth and biomass production. Molasses brix medium was found to be more effective than other variables; however, pH and the amount of low-use elements had a negative effect on cell growth. The findings of this study indicated that molasses-based culture medium can be used as a cost-effective and suitable option for the growth of P. polymyxa.

 

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Entrepreneurial learning as one of the most important learning skills among students of different academic disciplines needs a more detailed study in online-learning environment. Since online platforms can provide online entrepreneurial learning opportunities. This study examines the effects of online social resources on knowledge acquisition and improving the entrepreneurial learning process among e-university students. The study in terms of purpose is applied research and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection. Data are collected using a researcher-made questionnaire by simple random sampling method and were by structural an equation modeling approach. Cronbach's alpha for all structures is higher than 0/7 and the value of mean variance extracted is higher than 0/5, so validity and reliability of the structures are confirmed. The findings indicate a positive and significant relationship between online social resources and knowledge acquisition as well as between knowledge acquisition and entrepreneurial learning. Using the advent of web-based technologies, this study can be valuable in explaining how different aspects of online social resources can enhance the effectiveness of entrepreneurial learning for students in multiple social environments.