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This paper deals with drilling of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite filled with carbon nanotube (CNT) using response surface method (RSM) based utility function. In the drilling of CFRP composites with a hybrid metal base, the additional advance force and pleat height reduce the performance of the composite. Therefore, to improve the performance of the hybrid metal matrix composite, the advancing force and the pleat height of the composite are minimized. Hence, the advancing force and pleat height are the factors considered in the present research and are the main responses that are minimized using the RSM-based utility function. Four important input factors such as drilling speed, feed rate, CNT percentage and drill helix angle are considered to analyze the performance of the drilling process. The results showed that the advance rate is a very influential parameter that affects the advance force and pleat height in hybrid metal matrix composites. During the drilling operation, due to the mutual rubbing of the CNT abrasive particles, it causes extensive surface damage such as holes, cracks, and fibers coming out. The ANOVA results show that the experimental data are well correlated at the 95% confidence interval, and this technique can be very useful and reliable for predicting drilling parameters of CFRP metal matrix composites.

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Introduction: In this study, we investigated the accumulation and tissue effects due to injection of biological magnetic iron nanoparticles in the ovarian tissue of Wistar rats in response to electromagnetic field by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and histopathological methods.
Methods: In this experimental study, the animals were classified in groups of four as follows: Group of healthy female rats receiving nanoparticles with non-toxic dose in absence of  electromagnetic field, group of healthy female rats without receiving nanoparticles and in absence of  electromagnetic field (control group), group of healthy female rats receiving nanoparticles with non-toxic dose in presence of an electromagnetic field and group of healthy female rats without receiving nanoparticles in presence of an electromagnetic field. After grouping the rats, the biological nanoparticles were injected intraperitoneally and an electromagnetic field was created on the skin of the rats at the site of the ovaries, which were fixed using tape. Then, by ICP analysis, we examine the presence of iron nanoparticles in the tissue.
Results: Magnetic iron nanoparticles had low toxicity so that its half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value in well number 1 was 0.386. In the two groups of non-toxic doses of nanoparticles in presence or in absence of electromagnetic field, No changes were observed for primary and secondary follicles, as well as connective tissue and blood.
Conclusion: Magnetic iron nanoparticles have no destructive effects on ovarian tissue and have low cell accumulation and therefore their use in this field was recommended to improve the future treatment of ovarian cancer.

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Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora bacteria, is one of the well-known plant diseases in the world including major diseases of the fruit trees, especially apples and pears. In recent years, due to chemical nature of the pesticides damaging human health and environment, the importance of biological control is considered as alternative measure to manage plant diseases. To investigate the possibility of biological control of the pathogens, healthy foliar samples of apple, pear, and quince trees were collected from different regions of Kerman Province, Iran, and then, biocontrol activity of antagonist agents was evaluated under laboratory conditions. On the basis of the results, some of the antagonists could decrease the symptoms of the disease by 14.28-79.59%. Laboratory evaluation included investigating the disease severity in immature pears, biocontrol activity of antagonist agents in the plate assay, inhibitory siderophore production, biofilm formation capacity, drought stress tolerance, and silver nanoparticle synthesis capability, which showed that these antagonist agents could potentially control the disease. Among the 9 well-performed antagonistic isolates from apples and pears, Vr87 isolate was selected. The studies were confirmed by amplifying part of 16S rDNA region of the isolate, using specific primers. By comparing the results on the NCBI website, the selected isolate was identified as Enterobacter sp. genus. Among all selected isolates as successful factors in controlling fire blight pathogen, including isolated isolates and isolates in the collection of Vali-e-Asr University, Bacillus subtilis strain BsVRU1 in the Vali-e-Asr University collection, with 73.5% inhibition, had higher inhibitory power than the other antagonist isolates against the pathogen of fire blight disease.

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Portland cement is a crucial mineral chemical that is globally produced in large quantities. It has been reported that in 2011, approximately 3.6 billion tons of Portland cement were produced, and its demand continues to grow. However, this industry's expansion has resulted in increased environmental risks. Therefore, it is important to conduct research to enhance the sustainability of this product. The utilization of nanomaterials in cement and concrete materials has received significant attention in recent years. Employing nanotechnology to modify cement-based materials can significantly enhance the efficacy of this inorganic binder. Primarily, nanoparticles possess the capability to fill the porosity within the cement structure and exhibit pozzolanic properties that reinforce concrete. Additionally, the high specific surface area of nanomaterials facilitates increased reactivity at the nanoscale, thereby enhancing cement hydration and subsequently improving its mechanical properties.

Despite cement and concrete being known for their strength, they are also inherently brittle, which hinders their mechanical performance. In recent years, various nanomaterials have been utilized to address this weakness due to their high specific surface area and strengthening capability in different matrices, including cement. This study aims to evaluate the impact of incorporating a binary nanocomposite of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and graphene oxide to enhance the mechanical properties of the Portland cement. 

For hybridization, electrostatic adsorption mechanism was used to connect TiO2 nanoparticles on graphene sheets and synthesize TiO2–GO nanocomposite. In this work, TiO2 powder was processed in nitric acid to accumulate protons in the form of H+ functional group on the surface of nanoparticles and make it positively charged. On the other hand, chemically produced GO suspension has an intrinsic negative charge due to the formation and presence of hydroxyl groups (OH–) on its surface. Therefore, the combination of these two charged substances with the opposite charge under several hours of stirring causes them to be connected and attracted to each other through electrostatics.

Cement paste with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.38 was prepared and hydrated for different durations (7, 14, and 28 days). Nanostructured reinforcement with a fixed concentration of 0.05 wt.% GO and varying concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt.% TiO₂ were added to the cement. The resulting cement paste samples were analyzed for compressive strength, porosity, and microstructure. The study revealed that the sample containing 1 wt.% TiO₂–0.05 wt.% GO exhibited the best mechanical behavior, with a 55% higher compressive strength compared to the unreinforced cement sample. Furthermore, this sample had the lowest porosity. Microstructural analyses indicated that the reinforced sample had a reduced porosity, improved hydration acceleration, and enhanced overall integrity of the structure, leading to the significant improvements in its mechanical properties.

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Treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria has become a global challenge. The combined therapies involve the simultaneous use of two or more biological agents with different mechanisms of action, which are more effective than traditional treatments for diseases that act only in one way. The aim of this study was synergistic antibacterial activity of synthesized graphene oxide/chitosan (GO/CS) nanocomposite with Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. R. officinalis essential oil was extracted and its chemical compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The GO/CS nanocomposite was synthesized. The size and structure of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated by EDS, XRD, FE-SEM, and FTIR analysis. Antibacterial activity of chitosan, graphene oxide, GO/CS nanocomposite and R. officinalis essential oil was studied by broth microdilution method against 5 MDR isolates of A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The antimicrobial interaction of the essential oil and GO/CS composite was studied by checkerboard titration method. The results showed that chitosan, graphene oxide and GO/CS had no antimicrobial activity in the studied concentrations. The MIC of R. officinalis essential oil was obtained between 0.12-256 μl/ml. R. officinalis essential oil in combination with GO/CS nanocomposite had a synergistic effect against 5 isolates of P. aeruginosa and 2 isolates of A. baumannii, and caused an additive effect against two isolates of E. coli. Based on the findings of this study, this combination can be effective against some MDR isolates and could be used to treat infections caused by these isolates.

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In this research, the load-bearing capacities of epoxy-based nanocomposite specimens containing rounded-tip V-shaped notches made of epoxy resin LR 630 and nanographene oxide were studied both experimentally and theoretically under pure opening mode conditions. In order to fabricate the studied specimens, first, the tensile properties and fracture toughness of pure epoxy resin and nanocomposite materials were determined by uniaxial monotonic tension and three-point bending tests. Rectangular plates containing a central rhombic hole with four blunt V-shaped corners with a notch angle of 60° and radii of 1, 2, and 4 mm were utilized as the samples for fracture tests. Then, the samples were subjected to uniaxial tensile loading, and their load-carrying capacities (LCC) were measured. For theoretical predictions, due to the ductile behavior of the studied specimens, a combination of the equivalent material concept (EMC) with the well-known brittle fracture criterion, maximum tangential stress (MTS), was employed. Then, experimental and theoretical results were compared. The results of the experiment showed that by adding nanoparticles to the epoxy resin, its strength improved by about 8%, and it was found that the maximum discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results was related to the groove with a radius of 4 mm, approximately 9.2%. Finally, it was observed that the new criterion (EMC-MTS) could predict the experimental results well without performing any time-consuming and complex elastic-plastic analysis.

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In recent years, nanotechnology has been increasingly used in the food industry, especially to increase the food security. Nanotechnology provides the grounds to understand the food components on a small scale in the food industry. The present study aimed at analyzing the application of nanotechnology to improve the food security. The study sample included all experts (N= 90) of Iran's Nanotechnology Innovation Council selected by a census. This study used a descriptive-survey method. A questionnaire was developed based on the study’s theoretical framework and used for data collection. The validity (content and face) and reliability (factor loading, coefficient of composite reliability, and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient) of the questionnaire were confirmed. The results of testing the hypotheses using Smart PLS, i.e., t-test and path coefficients (β), showed that the food packaging mechanisms directly and significantly affected food security improvement through using nanotechnology. The findings also displayed that the food preservation, processing, and production mechanisms influenced food security improvement through using nanotechnology. By using nanotechnology, the results indicated a direct relationship between foods' taste and color improvement as well as food safety and health improvement.

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This study investigates the comparative effects of carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/water nanofluids and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) /water nanofluids in direct absorption parabolic solar collectors. To achieve this, a standard testing apparatus was constructed, and the thermal and exergy efficiencies of the collector were calculated using nanofluids at various concentrations. UV/Vis analysis was used to analyze the radiative properties of the nanofluids, and their thermal conductivity was also measured. Experiments were conducted under laminar flow conditions with flow rates of 20, 60, and 100 liters per hour and inlet temperatures of 20, 30, and 40 °C under real conditions with direct solar irradiation. The highest thermal efficiency recorded for the carbon-based nanofluid was 44.96%, while the titanium-based nanofluid achieved a thermal efficiency of 34.98%. Given the substantial improvement in efficiency compared to the base fluid (distilled water), the combined effect of using both nanofluids was also examined, resulting in a maximum thermal efficiency of 48.77%. The exergy efficiency at the highest flow rate and inlet temperature for the base fluid, TiO₂ nanofluid, MWCNT nanofluid, and the hybrid nanofluid were 2.61%, 4.98%, 6.68%, and 7.26%, respectively. The pressure drop of all nanofluids in the absorber tube ranged from 5 to 39.6 Pascals. The studied nanofluids enhance the thermal performance of the system and create low pressure drop, indicating their high efficiency in direct absorption solar collectors.

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The persistence effects of Silica Nanoparticles (SNPs), namely, Nanosav and Aerosil^®, were evaluated on several pulses for controlling Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). For this purpose, one kg of each pulse was treated with four concentrations (50, 100, 200, and 300 mg kg-1) of each SNPs. The sampling was tested after 0, 2, 4, and 6 months’ storage period following the treatment. Adults were introduced to these samples and the number of dead adults was counted 1, 2, and 4 days after the exposure to the treated pulses. The percentage decrease in F1 progeny was calculated 42 days later. The mortality was 100% in black gram, cowpea, green gram, and chickpea when treated at a concentration of 300 mg.kg-1 of both SNP formulations in 0-month post-treatment four days after the exposure. No progeny was observed in lentil treated with 300 mg kg-1 of Nanosav in 0-month post-treatment. Another experiment was conducted to calculate SNPs adherence to the seeds. The highest adherence was on the black gram with 86 and 99.5%, in Nanosav and Aerosil^®, respectively. Our results indicated that two SNPs had insecticidal activity against C. maculatus and can be used effectively in integrated pest management program of C. maculatus in stored pulses.

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Introduction: Today, the biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) assisted by microorganisms (particularly bacteria) received increasing attention. In this study, Bacillus subtilis strain SFTS, a bismuth-reducing bacterium, was isolated from the soil of a copper mine in the South of Iran and used for biosynthesis of bismuth NPs (Bi NPs).
Materials and methods: Bacillus subtilis strain SFTS was identified by conventional identification tests and the 16S rDNA fragment amplification method. Characterizations of the bio-fabricated Bi NPs were examined using FTIR, EDS, XRD, TEM, and SEM analysis after purification of Bi NPs. In addition, the synergistic effect of biogenic Bi NPs in combination with different antibiotics was also investigated.
Results: The attained results revealed that the biosynthesized Bi NPs average size was 22.36 nm and spherical in shape. The XRD pattern showed that the biosynthesized nanoparticles consisted only of Bi₄ and monoclinic crystals. Furthermore, the results of antibacterial effect of Bi NPs in combination with various antibiotics showed that the nanoparticles represented the highest synergistic effect together with imipenem and the lowest effect in combination with tetracycline against clinical strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Significant difference between synergistic effect of Bi NPs with antibiotics compared to antibiotics disc alone against E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains was observed (P<0.001).
Conclusion: This study showed that Bi NPs biologically synthesized by Bacillus subtilis strain SFTS had a small size and different structure. However, finding about their antibacterial effect and related mechanism merit further investigations.
 

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Currently, nanotechnologies are being actively introduced into agriculture, in particular in the field of creating new effective plant protection products. This is achieved through the development of nanosized controlled release systems, such as polymer nanoparticles, micelles, and so on using a wide variety of materials. In the present study, we applied original approach based on “green” mechanochemical technology to prepare new nanocomposites of pesticide Tebuconazole (TBC) for treating wheat seeds against pathogenic microflora (B. sorokiniana, Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Penicillum spp.). The size distribution of nanoparticles for three TBC formulations (microcapsules, microemulsionsб nanosuspensions) was measured using dynamic light scattering technique. All formulations contained nanoparticles (10-300 nm) and we aimed to find the most suitable size for effective penetration into cell membranes. The narrowest size distribution (225±40 nm) was observed for nanosuspension based on Licorice Extract (LE). The microcapsules based on Na-CMC also contained micro-sized particles (1,500 nm), which are apparently aggregates of nanoparticles. The laboratory and field biological tests revealed a high activity of the developed formulations against all pathogenic microflora under study, with a low retardant effect. Nanosuspension is considered as the most “environmentally friendly preparation”, since it contains only natural LE as an adjunct. This formulation with a consumption rate of 0.25 Lt^-1 suppressed 100% B. sorokiniana, Fusarium spp. and Penicillum spp. infections, possibly due to the presence of natural saponin glycyrrhizic acid, which interacts with plant membranes and promotes better penetration of TBC into the grain.

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Nanomaterials have been used in the recent years to improve rheological properties of the asphalt binders and increase mechanical properties of the asphalt mixtures. The high cost of producing nanomaterials is one of the major obstacles that has limited their application in road pavements. In this research, two methods of producing nanomaterials have been applied to produce nano hydrated lime (NHL). The first method was a mechanical process of milling hydrated lime with the application of a planetary ball mill. The second method was chemical processing of dissolving certain chemical materials (namely, calcium nitrate Ca(NO₃)₂, sodium hydroxide NaOH and sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS) into distilled water. The process resulted in the production of NHL solution that after drying in an oven resulted in NHL particles. The sizes of the NHL products were measured using two methods of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The size analysis was performed on NHL samples that were produced after different milling periods in the physical method; and, variation of the concentration of the solution, mainly calcium nitrate and SDS, in the chemical method. The average particle sizes in the physical method, after 6 hours of milling, were 211 nm, as measures in DLS and 114 nm as measured in FE-SEM. These in the chemical method, at concentration of 3 ml of calcium nitrate solution (Ca(NO₃)₂), were 379 and 124.615 nm respectively. With the chemical method, the nano particles were formed in the plate form with average thickness of 68.5 nm. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis were performed in order to determine the composition of the produced nano materials. These indicated that with the physical method, a higher lime content material was produced. With the aim of assessing the effectiveness of the produced NHL materials to modify asphalt binders, a 60-70 and an 85-100 penetration grade were used and nano modified binders containing 2, 4 and 6% NHL were prepared and were tested under standard bitumen tests and viscosity determination. The results indicated that with adding NHL to the asphalt binders, penetration was reduced and softening point was increased. In addition, the temperature susceptibility of the modified binders were reduced too. Assessing the change of the viscosity of the NHL modified binders, it resulted that 4% NHL would provide the optimum conditions.  
 

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Rosa damascena Mill. essential oil (EO) was encapsulated in nanoliposomes to overcome its low stability and limited solubility. The fabrication of EO-loaded nanoliposomes (EO-LNLs) was optimized based on the response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite face-centred (CCF) design. Different concentrations of EO (500, 1000, and 1500 ppm) and lecithin (0.5, 1.25, and 2% w/v) were applied for preparing nanoliposomes. The obtained nanoliposomes had a particle size of 82-124 nm, a zeta potential of -55 to -30 mV and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.270- 0.342. The nanoliposomes prepared with 1.56% lecithin and 500 ppm of EO had the best properties with the encapsulation efficiency of 84%. The results obtained from different instrumental methods (DSC, FT-IR, and TEM) verified the encapsulation of EO in nanoliposomes. According to the antioxidant activity evaluations based on DPPH^⁰, ABTS^⁰+, and FRAP assays, free EO had higher radical scavenging activity and lower EC₅₀ than encapsulated EO. The highest in vitro release of EO from nanoliposomes occurred at pH=3. During the storage of nanoliposomes for seven weeks at 4^oC, their particle size was increased by 7.0%. Accordingly, one can deduce that encapsulation of Rosa damascena Mill. EO in nanoliposomes can protect it against undesirable conditions and keep its properties. Therefore, it can be suggested to be used, as a natural preservative, in different matrixes such as food, medicine, and cosmetic industries.
 

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The escalating incidence of foodborne diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria presents a substantial global health concern. Microbial spoilage of food not only shortens product shelf life but also increases the risk of foodborne diseases. According to the World Health Organization, one in ten people worldwide falls ill after consuming contaminated food. While foodborne diseases are preventable, the implementation of effective strategies to control and prevent these illnesses remains a critical global challenge. The unique properties of both organic and inorganic nanoparticles have attracted significant attention in the food industry due to their potential to enhance nutritional, safety, and quality attributes of food products. A majority of foodborne infections are attributed to pathogens such as Salmonella, Listeria, Escherichia coli, Clostridium, and Campylobacter. Silver and silver-based compounds have been shown to exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria. The current body of knowledge regarding the application of silver nanoparticles for the elimination of foodborne pathogens is expanding rapidly, providing opportunities to explore their mechanisms of action, benefits, and limitations. This perspective aims to identify novel strategies for reducing the burden of foodborne diseases by critically evaluating the potential of silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, the potential health implications of silver nanoparticles for human consumption will be discussed to inform the development of effective policies for public health.