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In this research, a combined photovoltaic / thermal solar dryer containing phase change materials (PCM) was designed and fabricated for drying mint leaves. The performance of this dryer was evaluated under the climatic conditions of Mashhad city with a longitude of 59.62 and a latitude of 36.26. The components of this dryer mainly include: photovoltaic panel, solar collector, blowers, phase change material chamber containing paraffin wax and drying chamber. Solar dryer and natural drying in shade as two different drying types were used to perform experiments on mint leaves. The initial moisture content of the mint leaves was 80% which reduced to 12%. The required drying time for the combined solar drying and natural drying was 290 minutes and 1560 minutes, respectively. Eight thin layer drying models available in the literature were fitted to the experimental data in which the Two-term model and the Wang and Singh model were the best fit models for natural and combined solar drying respectively. These models have the highest correlation (highest coefficient of determination and least root mean square error and Chi-square) with the experimental moisture ratio among the other models.

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Urban land management is one of the key areas to achieve sustainable development in the countries. Governments to achieve sustainable development goals have to take specific policies appropriate to conditions of the countries and their communities. In This paper the urban land management studies has been surveyed by using Grounded Theory method as a method of qualitative research(by Using Software of Atlas.Ti)and coding method of information. This research wants to investigate government intervention in the urban land management. The main research questions are: 1) what are the reasons for the ineffectiveness of the policies of government intervention in urban land management and why? 2) What is Suitable model for appropriate government intervention in the urban land management? To answer this question, a combination of quantitative methods - qualitative survey was used. The results indicate that the absence clear vision, and consequently uncoordinated policies and institutions, Centralized and non-participatory decision-making, And high incumbency without the necessary institutional capacity are reasons for the ineffectiveness of policy –making in urban land management. Therefore suitable model for appropriate government intervention in the urban land management is the integrated management of urban land based on ( Formulate a clear vision, and integrated strategic policy, and delegation of authority to the lowest level of local institutions along with the capacity building)

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One of the reasons for the double problems of correcting the Shahnameh is the need to examine multiple aspects of this text. These aspects include mythological, historical, linguistic and temporal-spatial dimensions. Basically, these problematic foundations are the cause of the error of researchers and proofreaders in correcting this work. In this research, one of the most reliable corrections of the Shahnameh, namely the correction of Jalal Khaleghi Mutlaq, is examined and some of the flaws of this text have been raised. By highlighting some of the corrections of this text and examining some of the selections of this text and comparing the forms of other versions, the author has revealed some flaws. Neglecting the course of the narration, the meaning of the verses, linguistic points, and cognitive copywriting points has caused wrong choices in this text. Apart from version reviews, other things such as explanation and reporting of bits have also been researched and their faults and shortcomings have been explained.

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This study aimed first to investigate the relationship between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and vegetation attributes (vegetation cover, bare soil, litter frequency, and the amount of biomass) and, then, evaluating the vegetation changes using NDVI in semi-arid rangeland in western Iran. Ground data were collected to assess the accuracy of NDVI index.   For this purpose, 14 sampling units were randomly selected for collection of vegetation attributes including biomass, vegetation cover, litter, and bare soil. Then, the correlation between digital pixel values ​​and the sampling units were analyzed. The results showed that NDVI was highly correlated with all vegetation attributes. The maximum correlation was related to vegetation cover (0.84). So, to evaluate the vegetation changes, the NDVI maps were created in 1986, 2001, and 2013. The results showed that the amount of class 1 (very poor vegetation cover) increased from 0.27 km² in 1986 to 12.89 km² in 2013, and also class 4 and 5 (good and very good vegetation cover, respectively) decreased about 27.8 and 37.7%, respectively. The relationship between precipitation and temperature with NDVI was investigated to assess the sensitivity of NDVI to these parameters. The results showed that the amount of precipitation decreased during the studied time periods. This parameter seems to be one of the most important factors affecting the vegetation in our study area.

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Two-way slabs are one of the common structural systems. The benefits of such systems have led to extensive use of them in building construction. However, these systems are prone to pushing shear problem which causes sudden failure. There are lots of equations to predict punching shear of slabs. The main proportion of the existing equations are based on statistical results from previous experimental studies. However, these equations are approximate and have large errors. Therefore, more exact and reliable equations that can estimate punching shear capacity are desirable. The aim of this study is to propose an applicable method to predict punching shear in thin and thick slabs using artificial intelligence. For this reason Genetic Programming (GP) and Biogeography-Based Programming (BBP) are employed to find a relationship between punching shear and the corresponding effective parameters. GP that is inspired by natural genetic process, searches for an optimum population among the various probable ones. Two main operations of GP are crossover and mutation which make it possible to form new generations with better finesses. Unlike the GP, BBP is a Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) technique which is inspired by the geographical distribution in an ecosystem. BBP employs principles of biogeography to create computer programs. First, 267 experimental data is collected from the past studies. Next, using the aforementioned algorithms, a relationship to predict punching shear is proposed. To evaluate the error of prediction, several error functions including RMSE, MAE, MAPE, R, and OBJ are utilized. Matlab software is used to build the models of prediction. 10 different models are built and the one with the minimum error is selected. Based on the results, GP3 and BBP9 models could reach the best fitness. These models contain 3 sub-trees that use operators of plus, minus, multiplication, division, ln, sin, power 2, power 5 power 0.5, power 0.33, power 0.2, and power 0.25. Overall, the final tree includes several variables and integers, the variables are inputs of column dimension, effective depth, rebar ratio, compressive strength of concrete, and yielding strength of the rebars, and the output of punching shear capacity. The results of modeling are compared with recommended values of the ACI318 and EC2 codes. Comparison shows that code equations are scattered and therefore are not very reliable. Maximum error for both model and code equations occurs when the yielding strength of the rebars is low. Minimum estimation is related to GP and ACI codes with the ratio of 0.485 and 0.52, respectively which is due to very low thickness of the slab (41 to 55 mm). The maximum estimated shear belongs to ACI code in which the estimated value is two times the real one. Also, standard deviation of ACI values is about two times the others. Among the code equations, EC2 values yield more accurate results. However, GP and BBP models give much less mean error. Also, standard deviation of these methods is less than code values. In total, results show that the methods based on artificial intelligence are able to estimate pushing shear with around 2% error, compared to existing code equations which give 14-28% error.

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Impact of Enhancement with Calcium Chloride Solution on the Electrolysis and Electro-Osmosis Mechanisms of Clayey Solis in Electrokinetics Process
 
 
 
    Electrokinetics is known as a common method for improvement of soil engineering properties and contaminant removal from soils. In carbonated soils due to the soil buffering capacity, the acid front does not form through the soil sample. Therefore, the soil improvement usually caused by hydrogen ion effect will not occur. Consequently, a reduction in electrokinetics efficiency happens. One of the methods to overcome this problem is the application of enhancement methods. In this paper the influence of enhancement by the use of calcium chloride solution on two mechanisms of electrolysis and electro osmosis in electrokinetics remediation of carbonated clay is experimentally investigated. For this purpose, an un enhancement and enhance electrokinetics process with 0.2, and 0.5 molar concentrations of calcium chloride has been applied on  carbonated natural clay  samples. The calcium chloride solutions were added to anode reservoir. The achieved results of this paper indicate that due to the noticeable percentages of carbonate calcium in soil sample, not only the pH of soil in electrokinetics process has not decrease, but also because of alkaline condition of soil sample due to the presence of calcium carbonate and calcium chloride solution, the pH of soil has increased. Furthermore, in enhancement electrokinetics with calcium chloride, the presence of calcium ions and an increase in electro migration process have caused an increase in efficiency of electro osmosis. For this reason, the volumetric flow rate of enhanced electrokinetics experiments with 0.5 molar calcium chloride has been almost 250% more than that of for un-enhanced experiments.
Keywords: Electro osmosis, Electrolysis, Electrokinetics, Enhancement, Carbonated Clay.
 

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In this study, the hot-working behavior of Mn-25Ni-5Cr alloy was studied using hot compression tests at the temperatures of 850 ˚C, 900 ˚C, 950 ˚C and 1000 ˚C and the strain rates of 0.001 s^-1, 0.01 s^-1, 0.1 s^-1 and 1 s^-1 to a true strain level of 0.7. The results of flow curves showed that the flow stress decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. Regarding the shape of flow curves, peak appearance represents the dynamic recrystallization. The peak stress and strain of flow curves appeared in fewer strains at high temperatures and strain rates. The microstructural evolution is mainly controlled by dynamic recrystallization. The presence of evolving boundaries around the recrystallized grains also indicates the occurrence of continuous dynamic recrystallization during hot working. In closer scrutiny of microstructure and fasciology, using by SEM microscope equipped with EDS detector, in addition to the background phase, second phase consisting of manganese, nickel and chromium was identified. The constants of n, α and β were determined using constitutive, power and exponential equations at 0.3 strain. According to the constitutive equation of the hyperbolic sinus, the amount of activation energy in the strain of 0.3 is 394.6258 kJ/mol.

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The aim of the present study was to optimization of enriched yogurt with chia seed oil and mucilage. This purpose was done with the aim of maximizing omega-3 level and minimizing changes in physical and chemical properties (pH, titrate acidity, syneresis, dry matter, peroxide values and color changes) compared to the control sample. First, in order to increase the oxidative stability, chia seed oil was encapsulated with sodium alginate and chia seed mucilage using emulsification/ internal gelation method. The physical characteristics results showed that the enrichment caused a decrease in the syneresis, an increase in the water holding capacity and viscosity. Then, yogurt was enriched and optimized with free and encapsulated chia seed oil (0 to 4%) and chia seed mucilage (0 to 0.25%). The sample without chia seed mucilage and oil used as a control sample. The results of scanning electron microscopy images showed that the successful alginate-sodium-mucilage microfiber coating of chia seeds has been made with a uniform structure. Yogurt contained 3.41% encapsulated chia seed oil and 0.213% chia seed mucilage was selected as an optimum treatment. The results showed that the number of starter bacteria of optimum sample were not significantly different from the control (p˃0.05). The texture of the yogurts was found to be viscoelastic. The flow behavior index in all samples was less than one, which indicates the non-Newtonian (pseudoplastic) behavior of the samples. Herschel Balky model had R² and lowest RMSE in both samples, which indicates the suitability of this model to investigate the shear flow behavior in terms of shear velocity of samples.
 

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Nowadays the effect of cultural industries on GDP, economic growth, social welfare and development of international exchanges is very significant. Therefore cultural activities are to become one of the most fundamental principles of the world economic system. Accordingly, due to the richness and wealth of Iran in terms of cultural products, it is necessary to look at this matter in a different manner and to identify factors which affect the demand for this type of product in order to systematically improving structure of supply and the economy of culture. This study aimed to carry out the composition and classification of factors which affect the demand for products of Iranian culture in domestic market. A qualitative study based on grounded theory, using interviews of 30 artists, scholars and cultural activists with snowball sampling method were conducted. Data analysis were done according to the developed grounded process model. Then, 182 concepts in 4 aspects of: "Stimulating the demand", "creating the demand", "supplying of the demand" and "repeating the demand" were modeled. The reliability of coding was verified with retest reliabilty percentage of 1.52.

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It is important to identify sources of industrial investment growth from policy planning perspective, due to importance of manufacturing industries as the engine of economic development. SME formation is one of these sources that its impact on investment process with various methods has been studied. However, each of these studies used their specific angle and in some cases, these studies have reached different conclusions. On the other hand, many of the previous studies have applied statistical approaches and short-term, medium-term and long-term consequences of the solutions that have proposed by these studies has not considered at the same time. Therefore to address this deficiency, the holistic approach (system thinking) used to study impact of SME formation on investment growth. System Dynamics (SD) method used as a tool for implementing system thinking approach in order to use its capabilities in complex systems modeling and for achievng suitable results from simulation model. The population is Fars province in Period of 1360-1410. Vensim software has used for modeling and simulating. The results from the simulation of designed model showed, there is direct and interactive relationship between SME formation and amount of industrial investment.

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Abstract Succession structure in contracts law in France legal system is according to element of commitments individuality, element of contracts promissory and also existence of asset structure, with definition and output of that legal system. Despite all Iran civil law authors, succession structure in contracts with the output that it has in France law, have accepted in Iran law. But seem that concepts and elements which cause presentation and planning of this structure in France law, in Iran legal system Emamieh Fighh, doesn’t exist as its main origin, and succession structure in contracts law in Iran legal system with following of Emamieh Fighh, have different meaning and output to France law. In Islamic Fighh only heirs called substitute and the output of this legal structure in contracts law, is just survival of contract and lack of possibility of disbanding and annulment of that by heirs, after death of testator (contract party), and the cause is the principles of bindingness.

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The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the Iran's economy-wide energy rebound effect. Based on Brookes’ explanation on the rebound effect combined with the IPAT equation, this paper first presents a different estimation method of economy-wide energy rebound effect. Then, by using the state-space model, Iran's economy-wide energy rebound effect is estimated over the period 1967–2017. Results show that the annual average of Iran's economy-wide energy rebound effect is 57%. Also, except the 1978-1988 period, in all periods under study energy rebound effect is considerable and it has an increasing trend that makes actual energy saving far less than potential energy saving.
Due to the significant impact of energy rebound effect on Iran's energy saving, in order to reduce the effect of energy rebound effect and increase energy saving it is recommended that, first, the amount of the energy rebound effect be taken into account while designing energy saving goals and policies, because its overestimation or underestimation, causes actual energy saving to be more or less than predicted. Second, saving of energy should not be based on improving energy efficiency solely, because if this policy is not accompanied by appropriate price measures, due to the energy rebound effect, a significant amount of the potential energy saving will not be realized in practice. Of course, relying on price policies and abandoning energy efficiency policies will have the same results.

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Bari Castle is located on the western side of Urmia Lake. The castle enclosed with stony walls measuring several meters high, encompasses a widespread area. It was used in the first millennium BC considering the castle’s architectural features and potsherd remains found on its surface. For almost 150 years, from the middle of the 9^th century to the end of the 8^th century, the Urartian areas in Iran did not witness any attack from Assyrians. It was only during the reign of Sargon II, clashes erupted between Urartu and Assyria. The reason was that Urartu interfered more and more in the affairs of the kingdom of Mannea, which Assyria considered a tributary. The first half of the 7^th century is when Mannaean seized the power in that area. It was the time which saw the expansion of Mannean more than ever, especially its dominance on the Urmia plain, hence; the Bari castle was of the Mannaean Empire.

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One of the issues in the scope of general rules of obligations, is analyzing the different types of contracts. Suspended contract, as a type of contract, is one of those issues that the analyzing its nature and effects has been subject of many discussions and disagreements among the jurists and lawyers. In the Civil Code of Iran, the allocation of one article to the above mentioned issue, alongside the belief in the invalidity of a suspended contract, in Islamic jurisprudence, or disagreements on which, has caused ambiguity in the effects and rules governing the suspension of contracts in the Iranian law. As a result, there is no general rule regarding the status of a suspended contract in the Civil Code of Iran. Whereas, certain articles of the Civil Code of France, have been allocated to suspended contracts. Doctrines and judicial precedents have made efforts to complete the regulations related to the effects and rules of suspended contracts. Accordingly, the present research, holding a comparative approach to the position of Islamic jurisprudence and French law, tries to explain the status of suspended contracts in the Iranian legal system.

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Kidney transplantation is one of the best treatment methods for people with chronic kidney failure, and a large number of kidney transplants are performed worldwide every year. Pathogens that commonly infect kidney transplant recipients are viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. Among these, viruses are considered one of the biggest life-threatening factors in kidney transplant recipients. The reactivation of herpesviruses from the latent state often occurs in conditions of weakening the immune system, including after kidney transplantation. Infection with herpesviruses is still one of the main causes of complications and death for most kidney transplant recipients. Rapid diagnosis of active infection of these viruses in kidney transplant patients has a significant impact on the use of appropriate treatment strategies to reduce complications and transplant rejection.  For this reason, this review aims to provide information about the preventive strategies, diagnosis, and treatment of herpesviruses infections in kidney transplant recipients. In this brief review, we have updated the information presented in previous articles and adjusted it based on recent advances, updated clinical guidelines, and common post-transplant tactics to minimize the risk of infection.