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Problem statement: Today, the issue of thermal comfort has been raised as one of the important factors in the quality of urban open spaces along with physical factors. Basically, citizens tend to be in spaces where they feel thermally comfortable. Due to the effect of various parameters in urban open spaces that affect the thermal comfort of users and the lack of codified principles in this regard, the creation of such a space in an urban area has become difficult to identify and meet the thermal needs of city designers.
Results: Studies showed that in the open spaces of the urban environment, due to the influence of various factors, absolute thermal comfort conditions can not be achieved throughout the day; Rather, thermal comfort conditions are expected to be provided for certain hours. To improve thermal comfort in urban open spaces, elements such as vegetation, water, proper orientation, type of materials, color, activity rate and coverage rate are important. It is obvious that by using these factors and observing the time of presence in the open space of Rudkenar sidewalk, thermal comfort will be provided in it.
Method: The research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose; And is based on analytical method. In this method, in order to study the microclimate, the software simulation technique (Envi met) has been used as one of the most complete simulation software in the field of urban microclimate, and the values ​​of PMV thermal comfort index (average vote prediction) using simulation in different parts of the route The designed sidewalk that has different conditions and situations has been calculated and the changes of two factors of temperature and radiation and its effect on the thermal comfort of Khorramabad river in Lorestan in summer have been studied.
Conclusion: Finally, it was found that factors such as choice of direction, walking time, sidewalk width, the presence of trees and vegetation, shade and water, as well as some user characteristics such as metabolic rate and activity, coverage rate in terms of thermal comfort in this season of the year Has been impressive.
 

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Aims: Mosques are one of the essential elements of Iranian and Islamic cities that interact with the urban environment. The entrance is the first space in the mosque that the audience encounters. According to the spiritual concepts, this space provides the audience with the necessary preparation to enter the hierarchy. Light hierarchy is one of the hierarchical factors that effectively understand space and evoke emotions. Light is a supernatural element that can change a person's feelings in space. Therefore, the present study quantitatively compares and contrasts lighting components in the entrance space of four-aisled mosques.
Methods: In the theoretical section, the research variables have been explained by studying scientific sources. Then, by simulating mosques, the light indicators at the entrance of mosques in the Climate Studio plugin are analyzed.
Findings: Considering the results of simulation data analysis, the relationship between the entrance and the inner courtyard of the mosque, entrance decorations, materials, and lattice opening are factors determining the light hierarchy in mosque entrance spaces.
Conclusion: The two parts of separation from the urban space and connection to the courtyard space have the highest light intensity and the changes in light intensity along the route are according to the location of the mosque and the characteristics of the human eye.

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Presently, energy suppliment is considered as a pivotal economic and political characteristic in government; so that, an increasing trend in energy price appears in countries namely Iran due to energy resources limitation and increasing costs in extraction and exploitation. Therefore, parallel to efforts made to tackle the energy upgrading costs and lackness, improving energy efficiency and conservation in buildings are considered as main solutions to address the problem. Addition to applying thermal insulation in buildings, it is extremely significant to emplement energy-efficient strategies and approaches to decrease energy transfer rate in construction sector. Undoubtedly, following approaches positively influence buildings energy balance over a year. Directly influenced by climatic condition, building elements specifically, roofs, play an important role in heat transfer rate in a structure There are thermal exchange between roof and ambient temperature including: 1) Heating ignorence 2) Heating absorption 3) and finally solar reflectance). Furthermore, roof coverings compose a large area of buildings envelope; accordingly, it has a major impact on energy consumption and thermal comfort even considering construction roofs area in urban scale. Regarding to previous research experiences, there is a large scope of data on buildings envelope details to level down energy consumption; however, less studies are devoted to building elements shape to formally analyze energy consuming. The following paper develops the studies on roofs shape thermal behavior based on building heating load; while it uses a computerized simulation methodology as an alternative to field-based research. The simulation weather date is based on Isfahan city, in Iran. Modeled and analysed four roof covering types (flat roof, domed roof, pitched roof (30°-60°), pitched roof 45°), the final result shows that however the flat shape roof appears in an appropriate thermal performance, (30°-60°) pitched covering (mostly faced to the south in terms of surface) is regarded as the most energy-effecient form in Isfahan hot and dry climate area while domed shape roof appears in mostly inefficient sample to apply as covering in the area owing to most surface area. Moreover, the graphs show that applying thermal insulation as a layer in different roof shapes, remarkably decreases heating load over a montly simulation.

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The increase in energy consumption within modern societies in addition to expiration of fossil resources are two vital factors which compel the world to alter dangerously, while construction industry around the world consumes 25%-40% of energy in different countries. Above all postindustrial era causes the increase in number of employees as well as bureaus. As a result, the amount of energy consumption and also the quality of indoor offices has always been one of the main concerns of architects. Several studies represent that the thermal discomfort is the most common complaint in offices. The thermal aspect of indoor buildings, not only provides comfort for the residents, but also brings saving in energy, health, productivity, and also a significant morale improvement of the staff. Since most complaints of indoor environment are caused by failure in providing the adequate thermal comfort, researches concentrated on several offices around the world suggest that indoor quality of such buildings is about average; in which many are dissatisfied about their workplace and while many are suffering from building-related illnesses that negatively affect the productivity, duration of working and having economic consequences for those countries. The requisite of thermal comfort within the indoor environment is the existence of thermal comfort standards. These standards define indoor thermal comfort zone according to the physical and personal indexes. The most important international standards are ISO7730 and ASHRAE 55. Nowadays, various models are introduced for appraising thermal comfort within different standards of thermal comfort. According to ASHRAE Standard 55 (2010) thermal comfort is defined as "condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment". Therefore thermal comfort contains different physical and psychological aspects, which means several factors are in effect for this purpose. Thermal comfort is related to four controllable factors namely air temperature, radiant temperature, air speed and as well as humidity. thermal comfort also is influenced by three additional factors: activity, clothing and personal expectations. As mentioned above, there are several standards for thermal comfort in the world. The most important ones are international standards ASHRAE 55 (North America) and ISO 7730 (Europe). These standards congruous the theoretical analysis of heat exchange of the human body and gathering information regarding the climate chamber. These standards are appropriate for stationary and homogeneous conditions which are not suitable and hence not much used in the real world. This fact is evident by the disparity between the predicted thermal comfort by these standards and the real sense of human comfort in different places. These standards specify comfort zones in which a large percentage of people perceive the environment thermally acceptable by certain personal criteria. According to these standards, acceptable thermal zone is defined based on satisfaction of at least 80% of the occupants. In other words, performing within the provided criterion of this standard does not mean the 100% satisfaction, as if it is difficult to satisfy everybody due to personal differences. It is to be mentioned that personal control of thermal environment or personal compatibility (by clothing or activity) also increases the satisfaction level. Considering the complexities of defining thermal comfort, several models are represented which are allied to the physical and psychological parameters as the physiological ones. Two forthcoming models are available for appraisal of thermal comfort: PMV model; which explains individuals' response to the thermal comfort in the physiology of the heat transfer. This model evaluates the indoor environments and constitutes the current thermal comfort standards. According to the aforementioned standards, environmental thermal conditions must be maintained homogeneously. Therefore, PMV model is not appropriate for appraising inert thermal sense in places like residential buildings which are not thermally homogeneous and have different thermal zones. However regarding several capacities of this model, many studies have been accomplished in order to adjust this model for such buildings by implementing some changes. The other model named 'adaptive' explains individuals' response to the thermal comfort considering behavioral, psychological and physiological aspects. The thermal comfort standards define the thermal environment conditions of residents based on data obtained by climate chamber experiments. Therefore, consequently, there are problems for using these standards and also thermal comfort models for those who are living in different climates. That is to say regions with different climatic conditions may need different levels of satisfaction parameters through these standards. In other words, due to different climates, cultures, and etc.,the thermal satisfaction conditions differ in different places. Hence, many countries all over the world have conducted field studies to introduce the most favorable thermal conditions that fit their location best. The lack of essential standards for determination of thermal satisfaction limits in office buildings in Iran, results in employees’ thermal dissatisfaction and overall performance reduction. This study uses field methods for measuring environmental variables (temperature and humidity) and also leading inventory (n=328). Kermanshah city is chosen as a case study. Since this city lacks a dominant type of office buildings and the only common aspect of such buildings is indoor offices, thus this feature is considered to choose the samples. To develop the questionnaire, that of ASHRAE 55 (2010) is used, however according to type of the research and the questions cover, some related questions are added. Moreover, answers are adjusted in seven scales in order to be analyzable using available scales of thermal comfort standards such as 7-point scale of ASHRAE. According to results, 81.7% of whole 328 respondents and 65.5% are satisfiedwithtemperature and humidity respectively. Adapting these results to ASHRAE 55, it is concluded that most staff are satisfied in their work place however the results are the opposite about the humidity. To determine suitable range of temperature and relative humidity in order to define comfort zone in offices in Kermanshah, measured data using FLUKE AIR METER are opposed to the results about temperature and humidity (questionnaire). Data analysis using SPSS represents that neutral temperature range through offices in this city is 20-26 centigrade and low relative humidity is about 19%.

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Problem: Residents of residential complexes in urban areas face all kinds of sounds every day. Most of these hundreds are very noisy and painful in traffic centers.
Target: The aim of the current research is to evaluate the satisfaction of the residents of Tabriz railway neighborhood from the perspective of environmental acoustic comfort.
Method: The current research method is descriptive-analytical with practical purpose. The statistical population of the research is 32,936 residents of the Tabriz railway neighborhood. The sample size was 380 people using Cochran's formula. For the validity of the questions, face validity was used and Cronbach's alpha was used for reliability. To analyze the data, structural equation method and TOPSIS and FTOPSIS techniques from Spss and Amos software were used.
Result: The results showed that among the factors affecting the acoustic comfort of the residents of the Tabriz railway neighborhood, the physical index had the greatest impact, followed by the acoustic and social indicators. Also, the results showed that in terms of the ranking of the koi in terms of acoustic comfort in terms of noise pollution, Ittahad alley got the highest noise pollution, followed by Niloufar alley and Shaghaig koi, the second and third respectively As a result, with proper design and use of form, facade and materials in terms of architectural acoustics, noise pollution can be reduced to a great extent in Tabriz Railway neighborhood and help to improve the quality of acoustic comfort of the residents.              

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Dual skin facade is an architectural concept originally intended for office buildings and indeed considered and implemented extensively. The façade to the building actually is a skin, but consist of two layers (the internal and external) which could be out of different glass types, they are separated by in-between air-gap and it is capable of air ventilation. The external skin protects the building not only against the climate hazards, but also can reduce noise pollutions significantly. The residents could take advantage of adjustable windows regardless of the element types such as wind and gust, the adverse effect of direct sunlight (glare), the environmental pollutions, and so on. Shading mechanisms allow the inner rooms of the building to benefit from an indirect sunlight while reducing the load on HVAC in cooling down the building in summers. Dual skin facades function as a heat conserver in cold climates in a way that stores the radiated energy in the air-gap whose temperature is almost made equal to the one of the temperature inside the building. In addition to providing the needed light within, indeed the external glass of the dual skin systems is capable of absorbing the light and storing heat in the winter, also induces natural ventilations in the summer to reduce the same sun light related heat. This is how the dual skin system helps in reduction of the heating and air conditioning load also with the internal air quality. Tolerance of the temperature above 24 degree Celsius in the buildings without natural air condition such as closed HVAC is difficult. While in buildings with natural air conditions the temperatures of even above 27 degree Celsius is pleasant. This reduces the energy consumption in the building. Therefore in this paper while studying the methods of using this system in hot arid climates, for the purpose of taking advantage, analysis and optimization of natural ventilation of double skin facade as one of the most important factor in hot and dry climates are considered. The layers to dual skin façade include the External Skin, the Internal Skin, and the air-gap in between the two. The External Skin (Façade): Generally it is a singular toughened glass, and the external skin could be made completely out of it. The Internal Skin (Façade): They are thermal insulating double pane glasses and could be made completely out of glass. Varieties of solar glasses could be applied. The in-between the Two Glasses Air-gap: The air-gap could be ventilated completely natural or mechanical. The air-gap width varies anything from 20cm to 2 meters thick, and it could be effective when applied as a support. The windows are users accessed to allow ventilation; also the shading could be consolidated and controlled by an automated system within the air-gap. Plans for the Direction of Air Current There are three suggested air ventilation plans in construction of a façade: To ventilate inward (Type A): The air tends to drift away from within the building to the air-gap, and the fresh air to the facility is replaced from outside. The air in the A type flows outward from the rooms, enters the air-gap and continues to move passing above the rollers to the awnings. In some designs, the air is guided out or through the duct is returned to central heating or A/C systems of the building. Ventilation Combo (Type B & C): The air is guided outward through the air-gap or vice versa. In cold climates, the B & C types can have a pre heating effect on the air before it enters the rooms. The ventilation system of A, B, & C are mechanical and they could be implemented in conjunction with the HVAC system of the building. The air is ventilated out of the building (Type D): The fresh air from outside is guided inward through the air-gap and then it is ventilated outside. The D type as a breather to the dual skin façade is implemented along with natural ventilation mechanism. The system may allow the fresh air inward through open windows and when closed may function as a thermal insulator providing a suitable thermal stability. With reference to the conducted research and with consideration to the contributing parameters, the numerical analysis of natural ventilation in dual skin façades is as follows:In order to achieve the most optimum performance of the dual skin façades in hot and arid climate considering the suggested specifications, for natural ventilation in the said type of climate, a dual skin façade sample is designed. The numerical analysis of the sample design generated by GAMBIT and FLUENT with which the numerical analysis of the dual skin façade is conducted. The intended case study is an imaginary 3 story high building in which there is a single room allocated to each floor. The allocated air-gap size of the dual skin façade is 50cm. There is a window to each floor allocated to both the inner and the outer skin with variable dimensions of 0.6 ,0.4, and 1.0 meters. The current case study is analyzed in hot and dry climate of Kerman city located on 38 ’17 ○30” N. Latitude and 3 ’5 ○57” E. Longitude. As a result, the numerical output of this software show that the two-shelled buildings help to taking advantage of natural ventilation and improve indoor air quality and it will be more effective in order to reduce the use of air conditioning systems and to achieve a comfortable temperature. Dual skin façades are utilized in office building a lot and looking back at the conducted research and considering numerous applications of the said façades is ever more advantages for using the elements such as weather, and specifically implementation of natural ventilation in balancing the in-building temperature, also a significant reduction in the use HVAC in the buildings; therefore, here is the model of choice recommended the best for hot and arid climate in residential buildings too

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Energy efficiency and comfort consideration in building, contribute to significant energy saving and improvement of spatial quality. According to the importance of energy issues and lack of researches on energy use in educational buildings, climatic variation in the country and huge amount of energy consumption in educational buildings, the need of redefinition environmental design criteria is essential.
The main purpose of this article is to assess the influence of different design variables on comfort condition and energy consumption in the hot-Arid climate of Tehran. Most of the literature concerned with energy performance of school buildings is focused on using saving methods such as utilization of solar energy, constructional issues such as thermal insulation, infiltration, thermal mass, building materials, sun shadings and HVAC performance while assuring thermal comfort and indoor air quality of the building. However, the topic of energy performance and comfort condition of schools located in Iran’s climatic conditions has not been explored.
Nowadays, the subject of energy and optimizing energy consumption in different buildings and different societies is of great importance. On the other hand, energy experts claim that in designing educational buildings, natural energy resources should be used most. This subject is related to the energy consumption of schools. Furthermore, the positive effect of thermal and visual comfort on the quality of students’ education has been confirmed. Educational buildings generally are spaces with different functions.
However, classrooms not only have a central role, but also cover a great part of the school surface. Classrooms are the most fundamental and important units of the educational buildings in terms of energy consumption and thermal comfort. Students spend most of their time in the classrooms. Classrooms are more important, given the relative congestion in comparison with other educational spaces. Due to this fact, proper ventilation is considered necessary. Furthermore, students’ presence as latent thermal energy sources needs special attention in hot seasons. On the other hand, the same thermal sources can play an effective role in creating the comfortable conditions. Therefore, according to the difference of using pattern of these places and their higher internal heat gain, energy saving patterns in designing office and residential buildings cannot meet the needs of designing these buildings.
Methodology
This research using simulation method is looking forward to realize the influence of different physical variables on energy consumption in educational buildings in Tehran’s climate; the different circumstances that were resumed by diverse variables were assayed. this process took place with the help of E quest energy simulating software and during this process in two separate parts, the independent effect of each variable and the simultaneous influence of applying diverse variables on energy consumption were simulated and its results were compared and discussed in various steps.to enumerate the most essential effective parameters in determining the amount of energy consumption in educational building in Tehran’s climate, we can point out the infiltration rate, heat isolating of the building roof and windows dimension.
To understand the range of influence of each variable on the comfort condition and energy consumption in the classroom, the difference between the maximum and minimum energy consumption obtained for each of the evaluated variables was considered. This difference represents the potential savings that can be achieved by improving a variable within the considered range of values. In this work, the four main orientations were analyzed.to observer the influence of design parameters on energy consumption, a base case classroom was designed and then the absolute and simultaneous effects of different parameters were assessed. The base-case was a common classroom to where all changes were applied and examined. Based on the similar studies, the recommended value for each design variable was determined to achieve a high
performance classroom. The fixed parameters of the classroom were its size and height. The thermostat of the heating system was set at 21.1 C while the thermostat of the cooling system was set at 24 C, due to the dissimilarity in the children’s clothing in different seasons. The ventilation system provides a minimum of 4.5 air changes-per-hour (ach) when the classroom is occupied. When there were no children in theclassroom, the ventilation rate will reduce to save energy and the lighting level on the children’s tables was set at a minimum of 300 lux.
Results
The results indicate that by reducing the infiltration rate of the classroom from 4.5 ACH to 0.75 ACH, an energy saving of about 65 KWH/m2.y will achieved. The airtightness of a classroom depends on windows and doors type, quality, and materials as well as on the quality of the construction process. For obtaining infiltration rate of about 0.75 ACH, designers and contractors should give more attention to the quality control of materials and construction and energy performance of the windows and the doors. Meanwhile according to the high amount of sun radiation during the year, roof heat insulation with a 6cm polyurethane layer would reduce the energy consumption by 40 KWH / m2.y in comparison with a roof without any heat insulation. Since the windows have a significant influence on the energy consumption and performance of the classroom, In order to reduce the energy consumption, dimensions and position of the windows should be choose very carefully. It was observed that the recommended size of north and south facing windows is equal to %12 of the classrooms floor area, whilst east and west facing windows should not be exceeds from %10 of the classroom area. If the windows size exceed from %12 of floor area, the glare effect would make visual discomfort for the students. In the simulation process, three types of light control features were evaluated. The results show that with the aid of smart lighting control system, the required electrical energy for lighting would reduce 34 KWH / m2.y. And finally the types of glazing have an important role in energy consumption of the classroom. It is observed that high performance was achieved when using lowemissivity
glazing to reduce cooling loads and encourage daylight in classroom. Double glazed windows shows acceptable performance as well, in all directions compared to other alternatives.
Discussion and Conclusion
After analyzing the absolute effect of each parameters on energy consumption and comfort condition in the classroom, the cumulative effect of all parameters were analyzed. It is obvious that by changing of each parameter, the effect of other parameters will be changed. In this case two combination of design variables are assessed in “set-a” and “set-b” in which the annual energy consumption of the classroom is maximum in “set- a” and minimum in “set-b”. Based on the results obtained by simulation, this can be claimed that the proper design of classrooms in hot and arid climate, like the city of Tehran can reduce the amount of energy required for cooling, heating, ventilating and lighting systems from 232 KWH/ m2.y in “set-a” to 104 KWH/ m2.y in “set- b”. It means a %55 reduction in the classroom’s energy consumption. This statics are in conformity with the results achieved by researches in European’s green school which can reduce %55 up to %75 of heating energy consumption and 30 % up to 40 % of electrical energy consumption by using different tricks.

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Internal thermal conditions and cooling load of the buildings intensely depend on outdoor conditions. Outdoor conditions of the building are not constant during a day, so assumption of constant thermal conditions for indoor is not proper. It seems that using adaptive temperature panels proportional to the variations of outdoor conditions decreases the energy consumption in comparison with constant temperature cooling panels. In this paper the effects of adaptive temperature metal panels are investigated on energy consumption of the buildings and thermal comfort conditions of the occupants. Results of hourly analysis show that, in Tehran with maximum relative humidity of 65%, in buildings with north and south orientations, we do not need cooling systems in nearly 10 hours of a day, in remains we can provide thermal comfort conditions by radiant ceiling cooling panels with natural ventilation and without any anxiety about condensation on the panels. However, in buildings with east or west orientations we do not need to air conditioning and cooling systems in only 7 hours of a day. In these buildings condensation is inevitable in some intervals of system operation during a day. In these periods, we can decrease the probability of condensation by using mechanical ventilation. Results also demonstrate that cooling energy consumption is decreased of 29 to 45% depending on the orientation of building.

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Sustainable design (also called environmental design, environmentally sustainable design, environmentally conscious design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of social, economic, and ecological sustainability. Generally speaking, Environmentally Sustainable Design endeavors to reduce the impacts of the construction on the natural environment, in addition to improving the comfort of inhabitants.
Human climatic comfort as an important factor of attending people in urban open spaces is one of the most effective varieties for creating Sustainable urban places in order to achieve viable lively social living in urban areas. Owing to the fact, improving the quality of life and human comfort should be taken into account by urban studies and urban experts. Thus, the importance of climatic studies connected to open space and utilizing the results to access a better spatial structure in urban projects is undeniable. In terms of climate comfort, there are several factors affect the human life and the responsiveness of urban spaces to the human needs. One of the most important factors of climate comfort is the airflow. In this regard, airflow defines as the motion of air passes through objects especially high-rise buildings. The amount of air can be measured by its volume or by its mass.
In this study, the optimum usage of air flow to improve the quality of climatic comfort around high-rise buildings has been taken into consideration. Actually, this research aims to apply the airflows for designing urban spaces especially in high-rise areas. In fact, the appropriate usage of airflows has been considered as an important approach of creating responsible urban space to meet the needs of human comfort. Hence, this paper tries to answer these questions: “How does wind behave around Ekbatan buildings?” And “In response to the human comfort, which forms are preferred regarding the existing air flow patterns in Ekbatan complex?”
Several studies about air flow’s effects and difficulties around high buildings have been conducted by researchers such as Arens (1981), Penwarden (1973), Aynsley (1976), Davenport (1976).In addition, in Iran ,Ranjbar (1389), Tahbaz (1370, 1386), Razjouyan (1372, 1386) carried out researches on architectural aerodynamic and airflow around urban blocks.
The research method of this paper is a practical analytics. Required information for this study is collected via observation, literature review, and documentaries. In this paper, three steps have been followed: First, The descriptive- annalistic method used for understanding the present situation. Second, Simulation technique (by ENVI-met software) employed to observe and analyze the relation between the shape of high-rise residential buildings and wind behavior in the case study. Third, a logical argumentation to reach the conclusion. ENVI-met is a three-dimensional microclimate model designed to simulate the surface – plant-air interactions in urban environment with a typical resolution of 0.5 to 10 min space and 10 sec in time. Typical areas of application are Urban Climatology, Architecture, Building Design or Environmental Planning, just to name a few. ENVI-met is a prognostic model based on the fundamental laws of fluid dynamics and thermo- dynamics. The model includes the simulation of: flow around and between buildings, exchange processes of heat and vapor at the ground surface and at walls, turbulence, exchange at vegetation and vegetation parameters, bioclimatology and pollutant dispersion.
The selected area is in Ekbatan complex located in Tehran, Iran which consist of three phases. The modeling area is selected from three phases with different types of residential buildings. The reason for selecting Ekbatan complex is the variety of buildings in forms and public spaces surrounded them and as well as airflow concerns in this area. Climatic data entered into the software is May average data in 2013.
Eventually, the best form for Ekbatan residential buildings was evaluated according to the human comfort against wind. For more explanation, some of the most important rules for urban designing based on airflow comfort have been verified here. When wind strikes buildings, especially high-rise buildings, the wind that flows down the facade, causes to accelerating wind speeds near the windward corners. The increase in wind speed directly depends on the height. Besides, Wind is funneled between two buildings causing wind acceleration between them. According to the simulations, the behavior of wind, particularly the speed of wind, changes while passing through the buildings.
Furthermore, the spatial pattern of Ekbatan complex has been analyzed from different aspects of airflow. The optimized plot has been presented based on three axes. As follow:
1. Analyzing the physical pattern of the location. In other words, this axis tries to understand how buildings were organized next to each other in an adjacent unit.
2. Recognizing the most important environmental factors which affect the desirable urban design. Academically speaking, this step aims to identify environmental aspects of cases.
3. Presenting the optimized-plan. In this section, three alternatives have been simulated by the software. The Structural elements on the drawings and simulation software are Residential blocks, Commercial blocks, the vegetation and green land cover and floor coverings Including asphalt, concrete pavement and dust. It should be noted that the simulation started from 6 am and took 12 hours to analyze.
Finally, some practical strategies (based on software analyses) have been presented for the future developments. For instance, wind speed in backside space of the buildings against air flow, is very low and sometimes it turns to zero. These situations lead to random air movements and consequently wind turbulence. In these cases buildings that step back can be used to reduce undesirable downward wind flows. Wide facades that face the prevailing wind are often undesirable in comparison to less width facades.
In conclusion the study shows that the forms and physical features of the blocks have significant impacts on the wind behavior. According to the analysis, proposed plan has been formed mostly base on controlling and optimizing airflow. However, it should be noted that to achieve proper design and in Consistent with climate, it is unavoidable to have a comprehensive view of all aspects of climate as well as physical aspect.

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Man is considered as a successor to God Almighty on the earth in Islamic teachings. Therefore, man as the Divine Caliph should seek to manifest those qualities that lead to an environment conducive to human life and the development of the earth. When encountering phenomena and his own actions, he must observe some principles, the most important of which such as the observance of justice can be inferred from the nature (as the divine creation). To understand the fundamental of a school of thought that fosters the protection of the nature and natural elements as a strong culture and belief in a given society, one needs to take into account the origins of such a school. When encountering the nature and natural components, the Iranian culture uses the Holy Quran as one of the most important sources whose teaching and doctrines form and direct the Iranian culture.
Addressing the components of natural identity affecting architecture and as emphasized in Quranic verses and traditions, this paper explores natural elements as the main variables of “life” and their role in the Islamic-Iranian residential architecture especially “yards”. In current study, residential architecture of Shiraz is like link in the chain that links two introspective and extrovert architecture in central points and other points of Iran.
In total, Shiraz residential architecture and its houses has been dedicated this city. In general, it can be said that one of the richest examples of residential culture of Iranian architecture is in Shiraz traditional houses.
The historical houses constructed in Zand, Qajar and Pahlavi eras were used as the sample under study. In addition, some solutions were provided for the current period so that thinkers can be able to take into account the pure Islamic life. Selective houses include Mohtasham house, Kazamzadeh house and Akbari house from Zand era, Forough-al-molk house, Manteghi-nejhad house and Atrvash house from Qajar era. Also, Shapouri house, Mohandesi house and Rashali house from Pahlavi era have been studies as other samples.
The main questions:
Are there any climate elements in Shiraz residential architecture of zand, Qajar and Pahlani eras?
How climate elements have been effective on identity of architectural form in each period?
So, in this article climatic components and elements effective in Iranian traditional architecture have been studied. These components include wind, sunlight, humidity and plants and some climatic components such as balcony, central courtyard, windows area, height difference between building and courtyard. These parameters have been analyzed in samples case studies.
Research study:
A qualitative research method was used and the data were collected through library sources and documents.
In field studies structure of Shiraz residential architecture has been attention in Zand, Qajar and Pahlavi periods. In sample case studies natural components of identity in architecture have been analyzed as the main parameters.
The results suggest that there is a relationship between verses of the Quran and hadiths and paying attention to “life” and “the issue of residence in the Islamic-Iranian architecture” as manifested in the elements of natural identity in each climate.

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Internal thermal conditions and cooling load of the buildings intensely depend on outdoor conditions. Outdoor conditions of the building are not constant during a day, so assumption of constant thermal conditions for indoor is not proper. It seems that using adaptive temperature panels proportional to the variations of outdoor conditions decreases the energy consumption in comparison with constant temperature cooling panels. In this paper the effects of adaptive temperature metal panels are investigated on energy consumption of the buildings and thermal comfort conditions of the occupants. Results of hourly analysis show that, in Tehran with maximum relative humidity of 65%, in buildings with north and south orientations, we do not need cooling systems in nearly 10 hours of a day, in remains we can provide thermal comfort conditions by radiant ceiling cooling panels with natural ventilation and without any anxiety about condensation on the panels. However, in buildings with east or west orientations we do not need to air conditioning and cooling systems in only 7 hours of a day. In these buildings condensation is inevitable in some intervals of system operation during a day. In these periods, we can decrease the probability of condensation by using mechanical ventilation. Results also demonstrate that cooling energy consumption is decreased of 29 to 45% depending on the orientation of building.

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In cold season, draught or undesired local cooling sensation in ankle and neck region is one of the most frequent cases of complaint of the occupants. A person who are subjected to draughts in winter, tend to elevate the room temperature to counteract the cooling sensation, thereby increasing the energy consumption. In naturally ventilated buildings, draught is due to windows and other cold surfaces in the room. Draught is dependent on the air speed and on the magnitude of turbulence intensity. Serious draught complaints can often occur at mean speeds lower than those recommended by standards when turbulence intensity is high. So investigation of undesired local cooling in floor heating systems is very important, although in these systems the mean air speed is not significant. In this paper, the effects of size of window on draught are investigated in floor heating systems. Results demonstrated that, undesired thermal discomfort caused by local cooling phenomenon in floor heating systems is negligible. At the end, the probability of occurrence of local cooling phenomenon in floor heating systems is compared to vertical heating panels. Thereby the floor heating systems are more effective than the vertical heating panels in aspect of thermal comfort and energy consumption.

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In cold season, draught or undesired local cooling sensation in ankle and neck region is one of the most frequent cases of complaint of the occupants. A person who are subjected to draughts in winter, tend to elevate the room temperature to counteract the cooling sensation, thereby increasing the energy consumption. In naturally ventilated buildings, draught is due to windows and other cold surfaces in the room. Draught is dependent on the air speed and on the magnitude of turbulence intensity. Serious draught complaints can often occur at mean speeds lower than those recommended by standards when turbulence intensity is high. So investigation of undesired local cooling in floor heating systems is very important, although in these systems the mean air speed is not significant. In this paper, the effects of size of window on draught are investigated in floor heating systems. Results demonstrated that, undesired thermal discomfort caused by local cooling phenomenon in floor heating systems is negligible. At the end, the probability of occurrence of local cooling phenomenon in floor heating systems is compared to vertical heating panels. Thereby the floor heating systems are more effective than the vertical heating panels in aspect of thermal comfort and energy consumption.