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Translation is one of the most prominent intercultural fields that has seen ups and downs over the past years and it grows steadily. An important aspect of translation is the cultural issue. Since cultural elements belongs to a particular people and groups and differ according to their speech, deeds and tastes, will face the converting of meaning to the target language with problem; ﹾindeed, these problems are rooted in the amount of translator knowledge about the cultural elements in the source language. Peter Newmark (1988) is one of the most famous experts in the field of translating cultural elements. Newmark has divided cultural elements into five categories and provided fifteen methods for their translation. The present study evaluates five Persian translations of the Quran, regarding to Newmark's theory, using a descriptive-analytical method. The criteria for these selecting translations are the specifics method of each translation in their writing style. However, those mentioned translations have been created between 1988s and 2004s. In this research, the translation of the materialistic culture of clothing in the Quran has been studied and its purpose is to know which of the fifteen methods of cultural translating elements has a greater role in translating of clothing element?

 The results of the research indicate that translators have often chosen literal translations and they have chosen the cultural equivalent, and semantic method to translate the cultural elements.

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The previous works have addressed selecting the nozzle to minimize the hazard of pesticide drift by producing large spray droplet sizes. However, this spray application with the largest sizes does not effectively impact insects either, as it needs many pesticides. Several studies have demonstrated that the small spray droplet sizes can affect the insects and be obtained by selecting the appropriate nozzle size and height. This study sheds light on the nozzle sizes and heights, and insecticide types for controlling the cabbage aphid to ensure efficient insect control. Different parameters including three sizes of flat fan nozzle 01, 02, and 03, two nozzle heights 35 and 70 cm above the plant top, and two insecticide types 20% wide plus WP and 90% methomyl SP were investigated to measure spray deposition, coverage percentage, and droplets density in different locations of the cabbage plant for improving control efficacy. The outcomes showed significant differences in the spray deposition and coverage percentage using different nozzle sizes, nozzle heights, and insecticide types. The best spray deposition, coverage percentage, and control efficacy (0.321 µm.cm^-2, 15.05%, and 84.83%, respectively) were achieved using the 02 nozzle size, nozzle height of 35 cm methomyl SP insecticide type on the fourteenth day after spraying application in comparison to the others. The fourteenth day was the most effective to control aphids compared to the first and the seventh days.

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Water is needed to providing proper hydration of membrane and its ionic conductivity in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, but excess water accumulation known as flooding phenomenon decreases the passing way of reactants in the GDL and reaction sites on catalyst layer and increases mass transport loss and leads to performance loss of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In the present work, the two-phase flow in the cathode channel of transparent polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with single serpentine flow field is visualized by direct optical imaging in unsteady and time averaged states. Then the water coverage length ratio and the average of water coverage length ratio are derived as a scale of water content of the cathode channel in the unsteady and time averaged states. In the unsteady and time averaged states, by increase the stoichiometry, decrease the relative humidity and inlet gases temperature in anode and cathode sides, the accumulated liquid water in the channels reduces. The effect of anode stoichiometry on the amount of water in the cathode channel in the unsteady and time averaged states is more than the cathode stoichiometry.

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Employees in the informal sector of the Iranian economy suffer from lack of access to various health insurance services. This research tries to assess the development of arbitrary health insurance schemes and households’ willingness to pay for health care premium for the low-income employees in the informal sector, totally aiming at universal coverage for the insurance scheme. This research is of statistical- analytic type, which uses contingent valuation questionnaire to estimate households’ willingness to pay for arbitrary health care premium subject to government financial contribution. To do this, it applies record data over the period 1987-2009. The regression analysis is used to determine households’ health care premium and public sector contribution. The research estimates the premium of the arbitrary health care insurance for the urban households in the first three deciles and determines the government contribution to this scheme. The estimated elasticities show that reduction in the government share in health care premium increases the effect of social- economic variables on households’ willingness to pay for health care premium. To achieve universal coverage in the arbitrary health insurance scheme for the low-income group requires providing appropriate data on variables affecting households’ willingness to pay through contingent valuation questionnaire. In addition, the administrative system for social health care insurance should be developed to the extent that low-income households can get access to insurance administrative services, and receive full information about annual households’ income and health expenditure, public sector contribution and monetary value for the arbitrary health insurance services. 

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The robotic sensor deployment task to achieve maximum converge is one of the main phases in feasibility studies and development of communication infrastructures and environment monitoring systems. In this article, a new approach is proposed to treat the maximum coverage in 3D vector spaces. For this purpose, a new geometric strategy is first presented to compute the area covered by an individual sensor. To maximize the coverage of the robotic network, the fractal search algorithm was employed. This population-based evolutionary algorithm has been proposed based on the growth of the random fractal and demonstrates a robust performance in tackling constrained and unconstrained optimization problems. Then, based on several scenarios and by considering spatial constraints, the efficiency of the fractal search optimizer was compared with other methods in terms of robustness, running time, quality of the coverage results, convergence rate, as well as the statistical test of Wilcoxon. The comprehensive assessment and analysis of the results certify better performance of the proposed approach to maximize the coverage in 3D vector spaces. The proposed approach can obtain the optimal deployment and coverage of the robots by the best convergence rate and computational and statistical precision.

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Coverage of ground stations by satellites is a very important factor to access geographic, geotechnical and strategic information. This is generally achieved by one or more satellite with specified position and navigation. In this regard, in the area of low altitude orbits regional or global coverage of the Earth's surface is achieved utilizing various mathematical methods to change the position and arrangement of satellites. In this study, the arrangement of certain number of satellites is performed to reach maximum coverage. It is assumed that the satellite constellation is in the symmetrical Walker pattern. In this regard, taking into account the situation of user and determining the initial position of satellite in system, Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) parameters are calculated utilizing a new model. The innovation in this new presented model is employing GDOP in an inverse manner. GDOP is a geometric standard that the less related values for it represents more accuracy in determining the amount of coverage. In this study the effects of compression of the earth as well as chamfer are considered. The calculations are presented for specific geographic areas and only for one day. The results show that by taking advantage of new computing model, the coverage area will dramatically increase. By organized employing of all the satellites in the constellation, with the best received Information from satellites, better coverage can be achieved.

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Rose, as one of the oldest flowers in cultivation and the most popular of all cut flowers throughout the world, is susceptible to several diseases. Powdery mildew and gray mold are two of the most common diseases in the greenhouse cultivation of roses. Changes in plant leaf temperature mainly resulting from changes in transpiration in response to such stresses as pathogen infection, water stress, or physiological changes can be monitored instantly and remotely by thermographic imaging. In this research, a smart detection and spraying system was designed and developed to recognize rose powdery mildew and gray mold diseases using a combination of thermal and visible images. The system consists of a thermal camera and a visual camera both mounted on a C-shaped carriage. The carriage is capable of moving along plant rows and rotating around each rose shrub. In addition, a site-specific sprayer was designed that consisted of an electrically-actuated pneumatic directional valve, a pneumatically-actuated directional valve, a pressure regulator, a pressure tank, a compressor, a manual flow control valve, and a nozzle. Droplets volume median diameter, percent of coverage, and system performance in spraying the specified positions were evaluated. Analysis of the pre- and post-spray thermal images showed that such index as temperature median can be successfully exploited to determine spray coverage and uniformity.

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The necessity for paying costs such as court costs is a major obstacle in people’s access to justice. As the costs of society and justice’s administration increase, in the one hand providing legal aid by government has faced challenge and in the other hand, scholar’s effort to ensure procedural human rights and promoting individual’s access to court amounted to devising new form for funding litigation costs. One way for prevailing individuals financial inability for litigation and government’ scarcity to provide them the aid, is to privatize funding the costs which can include various mechanisms such as conditional fee, third party funding or legal expense’s insurance (LEI). Insurance coverage can be before or after the dispute, in the same time the coverage may be in the form of package deal insurance or free-standing contract. In Iran law, in addition to the foreseeability of covering these costs in the form of package deal insurance by central insurance’ regulations, the free-standing contract has been provided by some insurers. It appears this type of insurance should be considered a valid contract too, according to freedom of contracts and its congruence with mandatory rules on the one hand, and its suitable function in facilitating individuals’ access to court, preventing self-help and meeting public order on the other hand.