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This paper presents an analytical solution for steady state conductive heat transfer in a cylindrical composite laminate. The results of this solution can be pretty useful in investigating heat transfer in pipes and reservoirs. In this research, tensor of thermal conductivity coefficients for composite materials is presented and the procedure of determination of the coefficients is described based on the properties of fibers and matrix material. Then, the equation of heat transfer of composite materials has been determined in cylindrical coordinates. The research has been done for conditions that fibers are wound around the cylinder and the heat transfer equation has been solved via separation of variables method.

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- In this paper, an analytical formulation of FGM axisymmetric thick-walled cylinders, based on the plane elasticity theory is presented. The stress and displacements in thick cylindrical shell are calculated using the real, double and complex roots of characteristic equation. Solutions are obtained under generalized plane stress, plane strain and closed-ends cylinder assumptions. It is assumed that the material is isotropic and heterogeneous with constant Poissn's ratio and radially varying elastic modulu. The results have been compared with findings of the researcher (2001) [hoop stress is incorrect], and we have present corrected version as well as supplementary findings. Keywords: Thick-Walled Cylinder, FGM, Plane Elasticity

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Abstract- In this paper, an analytical formulation of FGM axisymmetric thick-walled cylinders, based on the first shear deformation theory (FSDT) is presented. The displacements and maximum stress in thick cylindrical shells are calculated. Solutions are obtained under generalized plane strain assumptions. It is assumed that the material is isotropic and heterogeneous with constant Poissn's ratio and radially varying elastic modulu. The results have been compared with findings of the plane elasticity theory (PET).

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In this research, the phenomenon of vortex-induced vibrations and the effect of control cylinders usage with different configurations on vortex formation, lift and drag coefficients, and fluctuations amplitude at the back of an elastically supported rigid circular cylinder subjected to a uniform fluid flow are studied. Results obtained in the absence of control cylinders are validated with experimental and numerical results of other researchers and a good conformity is reached. After ensuring simulation accuracy and precision, control cylinders of equal diameter with master cylinder are placed as linear and triangular arrangements at the back of master cylinder and the optimal configuration and location of control cylinders are defined. In linear arrangement, at first the effect of a control cylinder usage at 5 different distances from 1.5 to 3.5 times diameter of master cylinder and then two control cylinders with ratios of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 times diameter of master cylinder are studied. At the end, in triangular arrangement, control cylinders are located at intervals of 1, 1.5 and 2 times diameter of master cylinder.

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In this study, 2D Asymmetric heat transfer in multi-layer composite cylinder is investigated, analytically. The boundary conditions are the most linear general boundary conditions which can cover all the heat transfer mechanisms consists of convection, conduction and radiation. The fibers are wounded around the cylinder. The angle of fibers and composite materials can be changed layer by layer. The governing equation of orthotropic conduction has been extracted and temperature distribution series have been obtained using the separation of variables method. In order to find the unknown series’ coefficients, three independent set of equations have been constructed by applying the boundary conditions inside/outside of cylinder and temperature/heat flux continuity between the layers. These set of equations have been solved using the orthogonal function relations and Thomas algorithm to find the recursive relation for unknown coefficients. The effect of design parameter, fiber angle and layers’ materials, have been investigated via two functional examples.

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Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a fully Lagrangian particle method which solves a problem without using any mesh or grid. Pressure fluctuation is one of the main drawbacks of the weakly compressible SPH (WCSPH) method that leads to an inaccurate pressure distribution. In the present work, a diffusive term is added to the continuity equation to suppress the density and consequently pressure fluctuations. In contrast to the mesh-based methods, flow separation and inflow/outflow boundary conditions are two challenging issues in the SPH method. To overcome these problems, a new algorithm for inflow/outflow boundary condition as well as a particle shifting method is utilized for simulation of flow past a cylinder. Comparing the results with those of literature, it is shown that the method is capable to decrease the pressure fluctuations and solve problems including open boundaries as well as flow separation.

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In the present paper,by performing a two-dimensional simulation,the heat transfer from a hot cylinder to a cold square enclosure has been studied parametrically and the consequent effect of changing in cylinder diameter has been investigated. The 2-D governing equations have been solved using the finite volume method and TDMA in an ADI procedure for different diameters of cylinder inside a square enclosure with a constant characteristic length for two different Rayleigh numbers of 104 and 105.Results showed that the patterns of streamlines, isotherms and the Nusselt number values depend strongly on the Rayleigh number and also ratio of cylinder diameter to characteristic length of enclosure (2R/H). In this case, the centers of vortices created around the cylinder appear in bottom half of enclosure in 2R/H=0.4 for Ra=104 and in 2R/H= 0.5 for Ra=105. Moreover, it is observed that increasing the Rayleigh number and 2R/H ratio, the heat transfer rate from the enclosure is also increased.For example,in 2R/H=0.5, by increasing the Rayleigh number from 104 to 105, the average Nusselt enhances about 30 percent of its initial value and in Ra=105, by changing the 2R/H ratio from 0.2 to 0.5, the average Nusselt climbs almost 35 percent of its initial value.

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At a Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) filling station, natural gas is stored in the high pressure reservoirs. The pressures within these reservoirs have huge effects on fast filling process of a natural gas vehicle’s (NGV) cylinder and the difficulties associated with the filling process. The accurate modeling of the fast-fill process is a complex procedure which should be thoroughly studied to optimize the filling process. Here, a theoretical analysis has been developed to study the effects of various parameters on the CNG filling process and the conditions. The analysis is based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, conservation of mass and the AGA8 equation of state. The required properties of natural gas mixtures have been calculated making use of the AGA8 equation of state (EOS) and thermodynamics relationships. It is found that, the composition of natural gas is very effective on the CNG filling process and final in-cylinder values. For various Iranian natural gas compositions, the optimized filling stations' reservoirs pressure has been found.

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This paper presents an analytical solution for a FGPM hollow cylinder subjected to two dimensional electro thermo mechanical fields. All material properties except the Poisson’s ratio are assumed to be varied with power low function along the thickness of cylinder. For analytical solution, using Fourier series expansions with separate variable method, the Navier’s equations are solved. Then, with special boundary conditions, the results for a FGPM cylinder are presented. The results show the proper power index has a significant influence on electro thermo mechanical response of cylinder as a sensor or actuators. The main idea in this paper is using the Fourier series to solve the equations that caused this method be suitable for considering any complicated and simply conditions for problem.

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In this paper, elastic-plastic deformation of a rotating hollow FGM cylinder is analytically studied based on small strain theory and for plane-strain state. Variation of elasticity modulus, density and yield stress are assumed to obey power-law functions of radial coordinate. Material was assumed to obey Tresca yield criterion and its associated flow rule. To evaluate and validate the presented analysis, numerical results were compared with previously published results for homogeneous and also FGM cylinder with constant density and yield stress, as two special cases. Then the effect of density and yield stress variation, which was not considered in the previous researches, was investigated on the elastic-plastic deformation of the FGM rotating cylinder. The results show that when the variation of density and yield stress is ignored, considerable differences may arise not only in the magnitude of computed radial displacement and stress and strain components, but also in predicting the pattern of yield initiation and also plastic zone development.

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In this study, the first mode of stress intensity factor of semi-elliptical circumferential crack in the outer surface of a cylinder with radius to thickness ratio of 30, is investigated. The cylinder is applied in semi-submersible drilling platforms. First, the stress field of the cylinder under thermal and mechanical loads is extracted based on semi couple thermo-elastic equations. Then, the weight functions are derived for deepest and surface points using three reference loads results. Explicit expressions of stress intensity factors for surface and deepest points are presented using thermo-elastic stress field and the weight functions of the cracked cylinder. The results obtained by proposed weight functions and those obtained by finite element method and those presented in the literatures have a good accuracy. The interaction effects of thermal and mechanical loads on the stress intensity factors are studied. The results show that with increasing load ratio, the dimensionless stress intensity factors of deepest and surface points, decrease and increase, respectively.

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In this paper, the stress intensity factor for a longitudinal semi-elliptical crack in the internal surface of a thick-walled cylinder is derived analytically and numerically. The cylinder is assumed enough long and subjected to the axisymmetric cooling thermal shock on the internal surface. The uncoupled thermoelasticity governing equations for an uncracked cylinder are solved analytically. The non-dimensional hyperbolic heat equation is solved using separation of variables method. The weight function method is implemented to obtain the stress intensity factor for the deepest and surface points of the crack. Results show the different behavior of the crack under hyperbolic thermal shock. At a short time after the thermal shock, the stress intensity factor at the deepest point –especially for shallow cracks- for hyperbolic model is significantly greater than Fourier one. The stress intensity factor at the deepest point is greater as the crack is narrower for both models. Unlike mechanical loading, the greatest stress intensity factor may occur at the surface point. According to the results, assumption of adequate heat conduction model for structure design under transient thermal loading is critical.

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Given the numerous applications of thick-walled cylinders, it is important to know the behavior of these structures. There are so many relationships for cylinders and spheres containing explosives which have been found mainly based on other experimental models. Hence derive an analytical model of the behavior of structures under internal and high-rate loading, like explosion in the cylinders, is of great importance. The main objective of this paper is to derive a mathematical model of isotropic thick-walled aluminum cylinder containing TNT in which JWL equation of state is considered for behavior of explosive expansion. The strength model the present analysis is based on the Cowper-Symonds in which strain rate at each moment is used for calculation of dynamic strength according to that. Therefore, given the instantaneous explosions pressure boundary conditions as well as instantaneous strain rate and its impact on the dynamic strength of the material, is of significant importance in this paper. With employing equations of equilibrium in thick-walled cylinders, the equations of radial and circumferential stresses and radial velocities derived. Given the instantaneous geometric and boundary conditions and correction the dynamic stress of material with respect to the strain rate, radial velocity by solving the differential equation, is calculated. After extraction of radial velocity, other stress equations will be evaluated. Furthermore, with considering the assumptions and in order to assess the overall results of the analytical modeling, computer simulation was done using Autodyn software, which shows good agreement with the analytical results.

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Interlaminar thermal stresses and boundary layer effect in thin laminated composite cylinders which are subjected to temperature change are studied. To this aim a laminated cross-ply composite cylinder with finite length which is subjected to thermal loading is modeled. The displacement based layerwise theory (LWT) is used for modeling the response of the composite cylinder in the thermal loading conditions. Using an appropriate displacement field and employing the LWT, the governing equations of the cylinder and the appropriate boundary conditions in the edges of the cylinder are derived with the principle of minimum total potential energy. An analytical solution is introduced for the governing equations and the solution is obtained for various boundary conditions. The numerical results are validated by comparison of the results of LWT with the predictions of the finite element method (FEM) and good agreements are seen. It is seen that the presented LW solution is efficient and accurate method for analysis the edge effect and interlaminar stresses in composite cylinders. The interlaminar thermal stresses and in-plane stresses in the Glass/Epoxy composite cylinder which are subjected to thermal loading are investigated for various boundary (edge) conditions. Cylinders with symmetric and asymmetric layer staking and free, simply and clamped boundary conditions are studied in the numerical results.

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In this paper the methodology of reliability analysis in aerial structures has been developed. This methodology has been carried out on a special specimen. The selected specimen is a cylinder strut of the landing gear system of a training airplane. This specimen is one of the most important part of the landing gear system. Because of it’s special shape, there is no analytical solution for calculation of stress in it. Therefore, by means of the surface response method and Box-Behnken tables, a deterministic equation for calculating the stresses in critical points of the specimen has been produced. Then in order to obtain the reliability of this part via probabilistic method, Monte Carlo simulation has been used. The applied loads have been modeled whit one pressure, one bending moment and one concentrated force. These loads have been assumed to be independent random variables. Also, the probability distribution function of the pressure and the bending moment have been assumed to be normal and the probability distribution function of the concentrated force has been assumed to be lognormal. The dimensions of the specimen is deterministic and the mechanical properties of the material is a normal distribution with standard deviation equals to be 10 percent of its mean value. The results showed that the minimum reliability of this specimen is 99.9997 percent. So, the design of the cylinder strut is safe for aerial applications in reliability viewpoint.

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Many variant configurations for Stirling engines have been presented. In Beta and Gamma type configurations, a displacer moves the working fluid between hot and cold sources. Whereas in the Alpha type there is no such a part and it has much simpler structure than the Beta and Gamma type. Therefore in this study, a novel configuration is introduced for Stirling engine the displacer is replaced by two pistons and cylinders. With this replacement, the new configuration can be called 3-Cylinders Gamma configuration for Stirling engine. Similar to Alpha type engine, this configuration has simpler structure and manufacturing process. For evaluation of new configuration, a simulation model of fabricated Gamma Stirling engine is prepared based on new configuration and geometry of ST-500 engine. The modeling is developed in GT-Suit software which is an industry-leading simulation tool. Maximum error between the experimental results and simulation of the new engine is about 20 percent for heat consumption and 14.7 percent for power. Thermodynamic analysis of performance parameters is done after the validation. The thermodynamic analysis results indicate that the increment of engine speed does not have appropriate effect on the performance and it led engine efficiency reduction. On the other hand by increasing the pressure and hot source temperature the engine performance improves and led higher thermal efficiency.

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In recent decades, experimental studies of the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) became one of the interesting fields of science. However, variety of assumptions and methods of experiments have led to different results in various researches. Several parameters such as mass ratio, aspect ratio, degrees of freedom, and boundary conditions affect the VIV response of a simple circular cylinder. The current paper reports and discusses the results of in-water VIV experiments on an elastically mounted rigid cylinder with various types of end conditions. This paper focusses on the effects of the end condition by attaching an endplate to a circular cylinder and the results compared with those from a cylinder with no endplate. The Reynolds number ranges from 5.8×103 to 6.6×104. Experimental setup have also been compared and verified with some classical results of VIV. Results of current study was favorably compatible with previous researchers’ results.
The experimental results show that, the end condition noticeably changes the VIV amplitude especially in the lock-in area. Moreover, non-dimensional amplitudes shift to the higher reduced velocities when the endplate is removed. In the frequency responses, the cylinder with no endplate has lower quantities rather than the cylinder with an attached endplate. Evaluation of lift force coefficients also shows a similar pattern of effects on the non-dimensional amplitude. Consequently, the excitation of the structure in the lock-in region increases, when the endplate from the cylinder’s end is removed.

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The thermoelasticity problem in a thick-walled isotropic and homogeneous cylinder is solved analytically using finite Hankel transform and Laplace transform. Time-dependent thermal and mechanical boundary conditions are prescribed on the inner and the outer surfaces of the hollow cylinder. For the thermal boundary conditions, the temperature itself is prescribed on the boundaries. For the mechanical boundary conditions, the tractions are prescribed on both the inner and the outer surfaces of the hollow cylinder. Obtaining the distribution of the temperature throughout the cylinder, the dynamical structural problem is solved and closed-form relations are derived for radial displacement, radial stress and hoop stress. As a case study, exponentially decaying temperature with respect to time is prescribed on the inner surface and the temperature of the outer surface is considered to be zero, where the mechanical tractions on the inner and the outer surfaces of the hollow cylinder are assumed to be zero. On solving the dynamical thermoelasticity problem, a thermal shock was observed after plotting the results. Using the obtained plots, instants of reaching dilatation wave to specific radial positions are computed and compared with those from the classical formula.

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Flow around a circular cylinder placed in an incompressible uniform stream is investigated via two-dimensional numerical simulation in the present study. Some parts of the cylinder are replaced with moving surfaces, which can control the boundary layer growth. Then, the effects of the moving surfaces locations on the power and drag coefficients are studied at various surface speeds. The flow Reynolds number is varied from 60 to 180. To simulate the fluid flow, the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are solved by a finite volume pressure-velocity coupling method with second-order accuracy in time and space which is called RK-SIMPLER. In order to validate the present written computer code, some results are compared with previous numerical data, and very good agreement is obtained. The results from this study show that some of these surfaces reduce the drag coefficients and the coefficient of the total power requirements of the system motion. The optimum location and the speed of the surfaces which cause the minimizing the power coefficient are also obtained; By observing the results it is found that in all Reynolds numbers, the minimum power coefficient or in other word, the optimum drag coefficient is occurred at surface angle of 70 deg.

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In this paper, the stress intensity factor for an internal circumferential crack in a thick-walled cylinder has been determined. The cylinder has been subjected to an axisymmetric thermal shock on the outer surface according to the dual phase lag theory. The uncoupled, quasi-stationary thermoelastic governing equations have been assumed. The temperature and stress fields have been solved analytically in the Laplace domain and its Laplace inversion transform has been obtained numerically. Using weight function method, the stress intensity factor for mode-I has been extracted. Temperature, stress and stress intensity factor of hyperbolic and dual phase lag theories have been compared and the effects of heat flux and temperature gradient time relaxations on the temperature, stress and stress intensity factor have been studied. According to the results, the dual phase lag temperature distribution is different in comparison with the Fourier model. Also, the stress intensity factor for dual phase lag model is significant larger than Fourier one. Moreover, the maximum stress intensity factor in dual phase lag model occurs for a crack that the peak of stress wave reaches to its tip. Results show assumption of adequate heat conduction model for structure design under transient thermal loading is critical.