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Drowsy driving is a main cause of severe accidents. Drowsiness is responsible for 30% to 37% of fatal road accident in Iran. In this paper, driver drowsiness is detected based on features related to the steering wheel angle and the lateral position of the vehicle. Data from the vehicle and the virtual road are used to extract drowsiness features. Experimental results using a driving simulator are presented. Participants were 21 to 28 year-old males with a high tendency to sleep (Epworth Sleepiness Scale≥10). The subjects had to drive a lane keeping scenario on a long and monotonous virtual road in both drowsy and alert states. The drowsiness criteria are validated with Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and video rating based on KSS measurements. The results illustrate that the phase diagram of the steering wheel angle (Ellipse criterion), the standard deviation of the steering wheel angle, and the mean and the standard deviation of the lateral position of the vehicle are highly correlated with drowsiness. The accuracy of the diagnosis was 77% for the Ellipse criterion, 76% for the standard deviation of the steering wheel angle, 67% for the standard deviation of the lateral position, and 65% for the mean value of the lateral position.

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The present study examined the pool boiling process in a specific geometry by designing and constructing a laboratory complex. Investigation of pool boiling process, electrical resistance, critical heat flux, heat transfer coefficient, bubble growth and departure, bubble growth frequency, and nucleation site density by applying heat flux to critical heat flux was carried out on a ring wire in deionized water at different temperatures. According to the results, increasing the number of rings and fluid temperature decreased the critical heat flux. In the case of a ring wire with a constant number of rings, a fluid with a constant temperature, and the use of heat flux values less than the critical heat flux, the wire temperature increased, but it decreased in the case of increasing the number of rings, a fluid with a constant temperature and applying critical heat flux values. In a ring wire with a constant number of rings, the heat transfer coefficient was constant by increasing fluid temperature at values of heat flux less than the critical heat flux, but the heat transfer coefficient decreased at critical heat flux values. The diameters of the produced bubbles were enhanced by increasing heat flux and they separated from the rings when combined. At the beginning of the reddening of the ring wire, a critical heat flux occurred, and considering 110% of the time required for the critical heat flux, the images of the state of the ring wire after the critical heat flux are presented.