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In this paper comparison of finite element results and experimental observations of the hydroforming deep drawing is considered in which fluid pressure is used instead of die. Effects of hydroforming parameters during the process are studied, and a comparison with conventional method in deep drawing of aluminum alloys sheets with different blank diameters is presented. Large strain effects, anisotropic material properties, and the Coulomb friction theory in contact surfaces have been considered. ABAQUS code was used for simulation of process. In the first step, the numerical results have been verified by available experimental results, which showed a good agreement. These results contain force-punch travel and thickness strain. In the next step, the effects of initial pressure, friction, and punch radius on wrinkling, tearing, earring, and thickness strain have been studied. The results showed the range of pressure container for the hydroforming deep drawing. A comparison between some of the common deep drawing methods has been presented based on two main failure criteria and thickness strain criteria. Finally it is concluded that the hydroforming process is a more efficient method for achieving the higher drawing rate with respect to the conventional methods.

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In this paper comparison of finite element results and experimental observations of the hydroforming deep drawing is considered in which fluid pressure is used instead of die. Effects of hydroforming parameters during the process are studied, and a comparison with conventional method in deep drawing of aluminum alloys sheets with different blank diameters is presented. Large strain effects, anisotropic material properties, and the Coulomb friction theory in contact surfaces have been considered. ABAQUS code was used for simulation of process. In the first step, the numerical results have been verified by available experimental results, which showed a good agreement. These results contain force-punch travel and thickness strain. In the next step, the effects of initial pressure, friction, and punch radius on wrinkling, tearing, earring, and thickness strain have been studied. The results showed the range of pressure container for the hydroforming deep drawing. A comparison between some of the common deep drawing methods has been presented based on two main failure criteria and thickness strain criteria. Finally it is concluded that the hydroforming process is a more efficient method for achieving the higher drawing rate with respect to the conventional methods.

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One of the manifestations of every culture is its folk literature, and one of the oldest examples of folk literature are adages. Adages contain the thoughts, worldview and customs of every people and nation. Their origin is not definitely known, but over time, people choose an adage that is caused by an event, legend, myth, poem, etc., and change it to their own style.“Like the Daf have earrings in the ear” is one of the adages recorded in proverbs book, and in this research, we investigated the background, the time period of changes and its application. First, we investigated the origin of adages through descriptive-analytical methods and library studies, and then we searched for its history and the course of its use in various texts until the present day, and finally we found that the history of this adage goes back to at least the sixth century of Hijra which has been updated in poetry texts. It is believed that until the 6th century, it was a common adage that was attributed to the poetry of the poets of this century, or it was introduced into the folk literature from the poetry of the poets of this period, especially Khaqani Shervani, and it often emphasized that the Daf has been a servant, playing the role of a metaphor. However, with the changes in social conditions in the present era and the change in the public attitude towards music and the Daf instrument, it has progressed towards destruction.
 

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Several factors such as shape of the jet hole, blowing ratio, density ratio, mainstream turbulence intensity, and …, affect the film cooling effectiveness. Among the above mentioned factors, the film cooling effectiveness is strongly influenced by the shape of the jet hole. This geometry should be designed in such a way to minimize the jet's vertical momentum and produce more surface coverage. In this research, cooling performance of a novel integrated compound (earring) jets design is investigated experimentally, using an infrared thermography method. Steady state heat transfer experiments at the jet Reynolds number of 10,000 (based on the jet diameter) are performed over the test plate. The jets injection angle into the mainflow are considered to be 30 degrees relative to the surface. The measurements are carried out at the mainstream speed of 27 m/s and at four different blowing ratios of 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.8. The obtained results show that at constant jets cross section, the earing jets geometry leads to higher film cooling effectiveness, compared to the cylindrical hole geometry. Optimum blowing ratio is 0.8 and the lowest effectiveness is obtained on the surface at the blowing ratio of 0.4. The flow structures which are introduced by this novel geometry, reduces the flow mixing between the mainstream and the cooling jets. Therefore, enhances the film cooling effectiveness and the coolant fluid more uniformly distributes over the surface laterally.