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Today, carbon dioxide emission is one of the concerns of all countries in the world, so in this paper, we examine the effect of export quality, energy efficiency, and economic complexity on CO2 emissions per capita during the period of 1990 to 2014 in emerging economies. For this purpose, first, energy efficiency is calculated using mathematical programming methods (DEA). Then, the effect of export quality, energy efficiency, and economic complexity on per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the panel of emerging economies is investigated using panel quantile regression. The energy efficiency results show that the average energy efficiency of the studied countries had been increasing from 1990 to 2014. The lowest efficiency score among the studied countries is related to China. The results of quantile regression indicate that the export quality and consumption per capita of fossil fuels have a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions per capita in all quantiles. The results also show that the coefficient increases by moving in the level of quantiles, so that, the highest effect coefficient of export quality on CO2 emission is related to the quantile 90th and about 0.874. Energy efficiency has a negative and significant effect in all quantiles except 90th, and the highest coefficient of influence (0.133) is related to quantile 10th. The increase in economic complexity increases the co2 emissions in all quantiles except 10th, and the highest coefficient (about 0.487) is related to quantile 90th. 

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The objectives for this study were first to understand and estimate energy consumption in each stage of production and processing of milk using regional data and second, suggesting improvement opportunities. A cradle to gate assessment of market milk was performed by separating the system into three stages: agronomy, animal farm and processing plant. Data were collected from multiple sources e.g. questionnaire, published papers, national and international databases, and the processing plant database. Throughout the study, ISO framework and International Dairy Federation guideline on life cycle assessment were used. The functional unit (FU) was one liter of pasteurized milk packaged in plastic pouch at the processing plant gate. The average energy demand for producing 1 kg of fat-protein corrected milk at farm-gate was 10.8 MJ, although for the final packaged milk, it was 12.5MJ. Main stages in overall energy use of FU were agronomy 68 %, animal farm 19 % and processing plant 13%. The average energy use for raw milk production was 2-5 times higher than previous European reports. To enhance efficiency in this sector, we need to assess other regions’ potentials for feed and milk production and then to focus on agronomy stage for lower energy use by optimization of irrigation, or even importing energy intensive feed such as barley and alfalfa from other countries.

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Energy efficiency and comfort consideration in building, contribute to significant energy saving and improvement of spatial quality. According to the importance of energy issues and lack of researches on energy use in educational buildings, climatic variation in the country and huge amount of energy consumption in educational buildings, the need of redefinition environmental design criteria is essential.
The main purpose of this article is to assess the influence of different design variables on comfort condition and energy consumption in the hot-Arid climate of Tehran. Most of the literature concerned with energy performance of school buildings is focused on using saving methods such as utilization of solar energy, constructional issues such as thermal insulation, infiltration, thermal mass, building materials, sun shadings and HVAC performance while assuring thermal comfort and indoor air quality of the building. However, the topic of energy performance and comfort condition of schools located in Iran’s climatic conditions has not been explored.
Nowadays, the subject of energy and optimizing energy consumption in different buildings and different societies is of great importance. On the other hand, energy experts claim that in designing educational buildings, natural energy resources should be used most. This subject is related to the energy consumption of schools. Furthermore, the positive effect of thermal and visual comfort on the quality of students’ education has been confirmed. Educational buildings generally are spaces with different functions.
However, classrooms not only have a central role, but also cover a great part of the school surface. Classrooms are the most fundamental and important units of the educational buildings in terms of energy consumption and thermal comfort. Students spend most of their time in the classrooms. Classrooms are more important, given the relative congestion in comparison with other educational spaces. Due to this fact, proper ventilation is considered necessary. Furthermore, students’ presence as latent thermal energy sources needs special attention in hot seasons. On the other hand, the same thermal sources can play an effective role in creating the comfortable conditions. Therefore, according to the difference of using pattern of these places and their higher internal heat gain, energy saving patterns in designing office and residential buildings cannot meet the needs of designing these buildings.
Methodology
This research using simulation method is looking forward to realize the influence of different physical variables on energy consumption in educational buildings in Tehran’s climate; the different circumstances that were resumed by diverse variables were assayed. this process took place with the help of E quest energy simulating software and during this process in two separate parts, the independent effect of each variable and the simultaneous influence of applying diverse variables on energy consumption were simulated and its results were compared and discussed in various steps.to enumerate the most essential effective parameters in determining the amount of energy consumption in educational building in Tehran’s climate, we can point out the infiltration rate, heat isolating of the building roof and windows dimension.
To understand the range of influence of each variable on the comfort condition and energy consumption in the classroom, the difference between the maximum and minimum energy consumption obtained for each of the evaluated variables was considered. This difference represents the potential savings that can be achieved by improving a variable within the considered range of values. In this work, the four main orientations were analyzed.to observer the influence of design parameters on energy consumption, a base case classroom was designed and then the absolute and simultaneous effects of different parameters were assessed. The base-case was a common classroom to where all changes were applied and examined. Based on the similar studies, the recommended value for each design variable was determined to achieve a high
performance classroom. The fixed parameters of the classroom were its size and height. The thermostat of the heating system was set at 21.1 C while the thermostat of the cooling system was set at 24 C, due to the dissimilarity in the children’s clothing in different seasons. The ventilation system provides a minimum of 4.5 air changes-per-hour (ach) when the classroom is occupied. When there were no children in theclassroom, the ventilation rate will reduce to save energy and the lighting level on the children’s tables was set at a minimum of 300 lux.
Results
The results indicate that by reducing the infiltration rate of the classroom from 4.5 ACH to 0.75 ACH, an energy saving of about 65 KWH/m2.y will achieved. The airtightness of a classroom depends on windows and doors type, quality, and materials as well as on the quality of the construction process. For obtaining infiltration rate of about 0.75 ACH, designers and contractors should give more attention to the quality control of materials and construction and energy performance of the windows and the doors. Meanwhile according to the high amount of sun radiation during the year, roof heat insulation with a 6cm polyurethane layer would reduce the energy consumption by 40 KWH / m2.y in comparison with a roof without any heat insulation. Since the windows have a significant influence on the energy consumption and performance of the classroom, In order to reduce the energy consumption, dimensions and position of the windows should be choose very carefully. It was observed that the recommended size of north and south facing windows is equal to %12 of the classrooms floor area, whilst east and west facing windows should not be exceeds from %10 of the classroom area. If the windows size exceed from %12 of floor area, the glare effect would make visual discomfort for the students. In the simulation process, three types of light control features were evaluated. The results show that with the aid of smart lighting control system, the required electrical energy for lighting would reduce 34 KWH / m2.y. And finally the types of glazing have an important role in energy consumption of the classroom. It is observed that high performance was achieved when using lowemissivity
glazing to reduce cooling loads and encourage daylight in classroom. Double glazed windows shows acceptable performance as well, in all directions compared to other alternatives.
Discussion and Conclusion
After analyzing the absolute effect of each parameters on energy consumption and comfort condition in the classroom, the cumulative effect of all parameters were analyzed. It is obvious that by changing of each parameter, the effect of other parameters will be changed. In this case two combination of design variables are assessed in “set-a” and “set-b” in which the annual energy consumption of the classroom is maximum in “set- a” and minimum in “set-b”. Based on the results obtained by simulation, this can be claimed that the proper design of classrooms in hot and arid climate, like the city of Tehran can reduce the amount of energy required for cooling, heating, ventilating and lighting systems from 232 KWH/ m2.y in “set-a” to 104 KWH/ m2.y in “set- b”. It means a %55 reduction in the classroom’s energy consumption. This statics are in conformity with the results achieved by researches in European’s green school which can reduce %55 up to %75 of heating energy consumption and 30 % up to 40 % of electrical energy consumption by using different tricks.

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The energy crisis of the twentieth century, numerous crises in the developing countries of the importance and necessity of contemporary architecture in particular. Industry construction industry as one of the important and influential countries, more than ever, it has become important. The changes in the construction industry, increasing energy consumption have followed. In other words, the construction industry is one of the most important and most active in numerous industries that energy efficiency is of utmost importance. The aim of this study was to assess the design and development of indigenous energy efficiency in buildings in the city of Tehran. In other words, the operational objective of this study was to evaluate and measure the energy efficiency in buildings in Tehran and practical to develop a model to measure energy efficiency in
buildings in the city of Tehran. To perform the analysis, the quality measurement values using techniques of comparative research method is descriptive - analytical approach used logical reasoning. Finally, the review and evaluation of energy efficiency, suggestions and recommendations for improving energy efficiency evaluation method is proposed with a native look.

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In this paper a macroeconomic approach is derived to develop a long run electricity demand model to analyze the main factors affecting electricity demand in the Islamic Republic of Iran. According to the definition of a demand function, electricity demand, in general, is determined by some main factors including gross domestic product (GDP), prices, etc. This paper, by analyzing the specific political and economical conditions in the Iran, introduces electricity intensity and a dummy variable WAR into the electricity demand forecasting model. A binary dummy variable, WAR is applied to correct the model (between the years 1980-1988 during the Iran and Iraq war). In this study, two popular econometric techniques namely unit root test and cointegration model is derived for modeling the electricity demand. Cointegration is established between kWh and, respectively, GDP, electricity price, electricity intensity, and WAR as a dummy variable. The results show that although GDP is still the most important factor for electricity demand, electricity demand is negatively related to efficiency improvement and tariffs in Iran.

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Solar energy can be utilized through different types of passive and active solar systems. One of the passive systems is the Greenhouse that provides different functions. In this research, heating performance of Greenhouse in cold climate is simulated, investigated, and analyzed by means of computer software. The results of this research showed that Greenhouse, in comparison with Direct Gain glazing system, decreases building heating load, despite the diminution of the direct radiation gains. In Ardebil, the optimal building orientation, in order to get the maximum solar gain and the minimum load in the heating period, is obtained in south west and west direction of the facade. The maximum heat loss and minimum solar gain occur through the north side of the building, which is considered as the most inappropriate facade direction for the Greenhouse system.

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Aims: This study investigates the amount of heating load, cooling load, daylight and ventilation in different types of construction in Tehran and based on the objective function, calculates the optimal building type by considering the general form and RC(relative compactness) and Introduces the basis of WWR(window to wall ratio), states of window to wall distribution and orientation.
Methods: At first, different types of building types in Tehran were extracted. The types were arranged in a modular method and were classified after calculating the RC. Then the types were modeled and simulated using software to calculate heating load, cooling load, daylight and ventilation in different modes. For each type, 60 analysis were performed and by writing the objective function, the types were compared and the optimal types was introduced.
Findings: The types with a RC=0.95, WWR=10% and West 270, had the lowest heating and cooling load. Although it has a minimum energy load, it doeschr('39')nt have maximum daylight and ventilation. For this purpose, after equalizing the unit and writing the target function, a building types with a RC=0.54, WWR=40% and Uniform 180 with the lowest energy consumption and the highest amount of daylight and ventilation was selected as the optimal form.
Conclusion: Although the building types with high RC has the least load of heating and cooling, but considering other variables, these types is not optimal in climatic performance. Therefore, the weight coefficient of variables in the objective function is very important for deciding on the energy consumption of building types.

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The share of DC-based Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) and electricity storage systems are increasing due to developments of smart grid technologies. Moreover, the share of DC-based load has rapid growth due to significant developments of power electronic technologies. Therefore, a more flexible power system is required for efficient integration of emerging loads and generators. In this paper, hybrid AC-DC Local Network (LN) is incorporated as an appropriate topology versus conventional AC LN to reinforce the integration of RERs and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). A mixed integer linear model is developed for operation of both hybrid AC-DC LN and conventional AC LN topologies considering high penetration of RERs and PHEVs. This operation model is solved by GAMS optimization software to minimize the operation cost and find the optimum inter-resource scheduling in the day-ahead market. Moreover, investment analysis and reliability assessment are carried out for the mentioned LNs. Numerical study is conducted to evaluate the ability of both topologies for better utilizing the opportunities of integration

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Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different planting plans, especially trees with varying characteristics of branch and leaf structure, height, canopy diameter, and density, leaf shape, and size, and compare the cooling effect under similar conditions to a suitable planting plan for maximum productivity. 

Methods: The data collection method in this field and library research and the analysis method used are simulations, and the findings and comparison of results are quantitative and qualitative. Vegetation information of the site in the first stage is harvested, and the current situation is simulated, and its impact is determined. Then two new planting plans with the same amount of greenery in the current situation are designed and manufactured in the environment, and the results are compared.

Findings: The simulation results show that group planting mode is completely similar conditions in terms of plant species and the number of trees 0.85 ° C reduces the average air temperature compared to the linear planting mode and the biggest difference is in the average radiant temperature, which is more than 3 (3.18) ° C There is a temperature difference between group planting mode compared to linear planting mode and group planting mode has a lower average radiant temperature.

Conclusion: This study revealed the effect of the group planting plan factor, despite creating a full shade of trees and reducing the shading area of ​​trees, improved the PMV thermal comfort index and improved environmental variables.

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In the present study an attempt has been made to use a non-parametric method Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for assessing source-wise and operation-wise the Technical Efficiency (TE) and Return-to-Scale (RTS) for paddy production in four zones of the state of Punjab, India. The results were then compared to corresponding ones already obtained from a parametric method (Cobb-Douglas production function). The data from farmers growing rice in four zones including labor-h, machine-h, power source, horse power and hours used, kind of machinery used, physical inputs such as seed, fertilizers and pesticides (as inputs) and the yield (as output) were transformed into energy terms (MJ ha-1). The results revealed that farmers in zone 2 with a source-wise TE of 0.91, have consumed energy from more efficient sources, followed by zone 4 (0.90) and then zones 3 and 5 (0.85). No significant correlation could be established between the parametric and non-parametric TE for source-wise energy inputs. According to the DEA results, it was observed that 55.6% and 64.1% of inefficient farmers had an increasing RTS for operation-wise and source-wise energy inputs, respectively. However, a constant RTS had been reported by the parametric frontier function.

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Aims: With the increase of human activities in the city, vegetation and natural cover has always decreased and as a result gives its place to the phenomenon of thermal radiation. The phenomenon of urban heat island (UHI) is usually evaluated by the land surface temperature (LST). The negative effects of LST on urban climate can be manifested by sudden increase in rainfall and unexpected weather effects. Therefore, the stability of population centers will face a serious risk and threat. In addition to climatic factors, population changes and changes due to settlement can also affect the temperature of the city.

Methods: In order to achieve the goal of the research, the temperature changes of the city surface between 2012 and 2015 were estimated through Landsat 8 satellite images, and finally, according to the changes and population movements in the 22 districts of Tehran, a spatial-spatial comparative comparison was made between the two. The variable has been measured and evaluated.

Findings: The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between demographic changes and thermal changes in 12 municipal areas. In 8 regions, this relationship is inverse and in 2 regions out of 22 regions, no significant relationship was observed between demographic and thermal changes.

Conclusion: In general, it can be seen that there is a significant relationship between population changes and temperature changes in Tehran metropolis. The increase in the temperature of the earth's surface, which means more human exposure to heat, will change the quality of life.

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Aims: Increasing energy consumption in the building and the use of construction materials with the increase in the amount of construction, causes environmental degradation and excessive consumption of fossil fuels. Nature has undergone its evolutionary process over the centuries and has reached its most optimal form, structure, and constituent materials. The goal of biomimicry is to be inspired by nature to increase efficiency with the help of sustainable solutions. The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the capabilities of silica sponge for use in various building components to achieve the best possible options.

Methods: The collection of basic information is through the library and using the articles of valid and up-to-date scientific journals and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Theoretical concepts are expressed from the descriptive method and qualitative content analysis is performed.

Results: The results of the research provide the possibility of inspiring siliceous sponge with special features at different levels of biomimicry for different components of the building and design and ideation of the form, structure, process, and function of the sponge in an optimal state in the direction of the bionic structure.

Conclusion: By analyzing the form, function, structure, process, and how the sponge interacts with its surroundings, which has reached its optimal form and structure in interaction with its surroundings over the centuries, we can come up with an idea for sustainability and synchronization, achieved mostly with the environment, minimum energy consumption in the building and having optimal components.
 

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Aims: Utilizing passive architectural elements to conserve energy and optimize natural lighting is a common solution in traditional Iranian architecture. Various factors such as building shape and orientation, window positioning, use of local materials, and shading devices are recognized as traditional architectural elements in warm and humid climates. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the efficiency and optimize architectural elements in the warm and humid climate of Bushehr city, focusing on energy consumption control and utilization of natural light.

Methods: Firstly, through documentary resources, the residential architectural patterns of Bushehr were identified. Then, using the Rhinoceros software environment and Grasshopper plugin, selected variables were parametrically modeled, and quantitative data analysis was conducted using energy tools and radiation analysis. Finally, optimal patterns were selected using a genetic algorithm, and the final response was presented with an annual performance analysis.

Findings: By optimizing passive strategies, UDI could be increased up to 96%, and energy consumption could be reduced up to 174.1 kWh/m². In hot and humid climates, paying attention to the minimum absorption of sunlight is essential, in addition to the importance of using natural ventilation.

Conclusion: Using passive architectural elements such as the use of Shenashir, the proportions of the room and the window-to-wall ratio increases the performance of the building. The conclusion emphasizes the pivotal role of the contemporization of traditional houses in resolving contemporary architectural challenges, especially high energy consumption and environmental regulation.

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In this paper in order to study of effective parameters on energy and exergy efficiency, the modeling and analysis of fluidized bed dryer of Bandar Imam Petrochemical Complex is performed. For do this paper the commercial code with Euler-Euler two phase flow modeling has been used. Due to the importance of moisture content in the dryer system and method transfer between solid and gas phases, a numerical algorithm for estimating moisture content in each phase and exchange or transfer between phases in the proposed the mentioned, implement the code. With applying this algorithm in the code led to considerable correspondence between the results of modeling and the results from the actual performance of the dryer. The difference between the modeling and the experimental results is maximum 1% that represents significant fitness with similar works. The results also express that increase in inlet air and heat exchanger hot water mass flow rates, reduce efficiency while increment in the mass flow rate and temperature of products increase the efficiency. The results of this research for the mentioned petrochemical complex show that with the 15 % increase in mass flow rate of inlet product, overall efficiency of the dryer rises from 38.62 % to %42 and exergy efficiency increases from 35.16 % to 39.5 % while the product moisture decreases 18%.

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Aims: In many classrooms, due to the lack of daylight uniformity and preventing glare, curtains are drawn and artificial light is used, which increases energy consumption and reduces students' learning. One of the effective solutions is using a lightshelf. Many studies have been conducted, but they often ignored the effect of work surface height on the optimal height of the lightshelf and did not make a difference between education levels. In this research, in addition to investigating the effect of the lightshelf on daylight quality, the proper height of the light shelf in educational levels and in 4 latitudes in Iran (40, 35, 30 and 25 ̊ N) has been investigated.

Methods: The simulations were done in a classroom using Rhino and Honeybee, Ladybug plugins. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the simulations, a scale model was made and the measurement were compared to the simulation results.

Findings: By combining the light shelf and horizontal louvres, an optimal system was achieved in order to increase the daylight quality. The effect of different latitudes as well as different heights of desks were investigated.

Conclusion: The results showed that the use of lightshelves in all cities of Iran has increased the daylight quality, while with the increase in latitude and the work surface height, the optimal height of the lightshelf should be increased.
 

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In this paper, the energy efficient resource allocation in NOMA-based heterogeneous cellular network (HCN) systems is investigated. Since energy consumption and its limitations is one of the important challenges in fifth generation of cellular networks (5G), we propose a resource allocation problem which allocates power and subcarriers to multiple users to achieve the best system energy efficiency (EE). To solve the corresponding problem an iterative algorithm is used. In each iteration power and subcarrier are assigned separately. In each iteration, to solve the power allocation problem dual method considering successive convex approximation (SCA) approach is used, and to solve the subcarrier allocation problem, mixed integer non-linear programing (MINLP) of optimization toolboxes is applied. The effectiveness of this resource allocation method is illustrated in simulation results section.

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Energy is one of the main production inputs, which indicates potential political and economic power in different countries. Due to higher energy prices, energy productivity is of special importance, and recent applied researches imply the effectiveness of energy productivity on economic growth. In addition, the process of regional economic growth is influenced by geographic conditions, regional and neighborhood specifications and functioning as well as usual regional economic variables including labor, capital, technology and energy. This paper estimates the effect of provincial energy productivity on provincial economic growth, using spatial econometric model and Maximum Likelihood method with applying provincial data from 2001 to 2011. In addition, it investigates β and σ convergence of energy productivity among Iran’s provinces. In spatial econometric method, we can consider the spillover effects and spatial relations among adjacent provinces with defining a distance-weight matrix between regions. Our findings indicate no σ convergence, but there is a conditional β convergence, which is a signal of existence of either spillover or neighborhood effect in provincial energy productivity growth. Meanwhile, the higher economic openness and lower government intervention in the economy improve energy productivity growth, but increasing energy price has no significant effect on the provincial energy productivity.