---

The human experience is shaped through effective collaboration with forces. Johnson (1987) initially highlighted the significance of force schemas in conceptualizing events. Thus, this research seeks to explore this topic using a library-based approach, focusing on the force schemas presented in Johnson's cognitive semantics model and their application in Quranic verses related to infaq (almsgiving). In this inquiry, I seek to identify which force schemas are most commonly used in these verses and how they contribute to the understanding of the concept of infaq. In the analysis of the research data on the ethical concept of infaq in the Holy Quran, the concept of force image-schemas based on Johnson's model was used. The importance of the topic of infaq and the presence of force image-schemas in it were the reasons for choosing this ethical concept. In this regard, I examined the seven types of power in the context of infaq in the Holy Quran. The results showed that the force image-schema of obligation has the most frequency. In figurative language, the divine revelation's imperative and prohibitive commands, exert a pressure that functions as a force of compultion. After the force schema of compultion, the force schema of blockage has the highest frequency. In the Holy Quran, factors such as greed, hypocrisy, disbelief, and denial are introduced as obstacles to infaq. The force schema of "deviation from the path" does not exist in the interpretation of the verses of infaq.
 

---

Nowadays, the seismic performance-based design of structures has been widely noticed by the engineering community. So, different methods for performance-based design have been presented by different researchers. This attitude has been included in the design code and regulations for seismic design of new buildings and retrofit of existing buildings. The FEMA P-58 performance-based design method presented by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) can quantify the consequences related to the seismic response of buildings. Therefore, using this method, the seismic performance of buildings can be directly evaluated. In addition, this performance-based design method can define simpler criteria such as repair cost, repair time, and casualties for seismic evaluation and decision-making process. The method is based on considering different sources of uncertainty in earthquake input and its intensity, structural response, associated damage, and repair cost, using the concepts of conditional probability and total probability theorem. In this method, the building is designed in such a way that it meets the expected and predetermined performance level in a specific level of seismic excitation. Since the performance levels of the building are determined based on the amount of damage caused to structural and non-structural members, one of the practical and effective ways to evaluate performance is to estimate the building repair cost. In the approach presented in FEMA P-58, the repair cost is defined in a probabilistic approach, as the cost needed to restore the damaged parts to their original state in the form of expected annual loss. In this research, first, three 4-, 12-, and 20-story office buildings with the lateral force resisting system of reinforced concrete special moment frames were selected in a high seismic risk area. Then, the nonlinear model of structures was provided in OpenSEES software. In order to reduce the computational cost and analysis time, the single-bay Substitute Frame model was used to simplify the multi-bay reinforced concrete moment frames. All four structures were subjected to Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) for 30 earthquake records. A probabilistic relationship between the spectral acceleration of the earthquake and the main damage parameter (i.e. the inter-story drift), as well as the collapse fragility curve, was obtained. Then, the repair cost including the cost of repairing structural members as well as beams and columns, the cost of repairing non-structural members as well as partition and curtain walls, and the cost of replacing collapsed structures was calculated as expected annual loss. The results show that the repair costs at the Design-Based Earthquake (DBE) for 4-, 12-, and 20-story buildings are 3%, 2.5%, and 10% of the building replacement cost and at Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE) are 22%, 23%, and 38% of the building replacement cost, respectively. In addition, in short buildings, most of the cost is caused by repairing structural and non-structural members, and in tall buildings, most of the cost is caused by replacing collapsed or severely damaged structures. Considering two nonstructural elements (i.e. partition and curtain walls) in repair cost, the analysis results show that the cost of repairing structural elements is more than the cost of repairing non-structural elements.

---

Fire can not only lead to many human and financial losses, but also can cause structures to collapse and destroy them. For this reason, it is necessary and inevitable to protect buildings against fire and conduct more research in the field of better understanding the effects of combining different materials with each other and obtaining materials with greater resistance to fire. Concrete and concrete structures are always used by construction engineers due to their resistance, availability and resilience against fire. Ordinary concrete loses its strength at high temperatures, and the use of unreinforced concrete is not very useful due to its brittleness and weakness in tensile strength. In concrete, the tensile strength is lower than its compressive strength, and for this reason, researchers are trying to increase the resistance to fire and heating by improving the tensile strength of concrete. Reinforcing concrete with rebar is always a solution to increase the tensile strength in concrete parts, one of the most important weaknesses of using rebar in concrete is that the reinforcements form a small part of the concrete cross-section and actually cause the concrete to be inhomogeneous. In this research, double-bent steel fibers have been used to overcome the mentioned weakness and reinforce the concrete. It should be noted that concrete containing steel fibers has favorable compressive and tensile strength due to the high tensile strength of steel fibers. In order to achieve this goal and achieve fiber concrete that has good fire resistance, we defined seven different mixing plans with different percentages of steel fibers and lubricants. Concrete samples were produced using double-bent steel fibers in amounts of 0.5, 1, and 1.2 percent by volume of concrete and superlubricant in 0.5, 1, and 1.3 percent by weight of cement, and then in Cubic molds with dimensions of 10x10x10 cm and cylindrical ones were sampled as standard, and after setting the cement, the 28-day-old concrete samples, after heating and placing inside the electric heater with different temperatures, were divided into two The method of gradual cooling with ambient air and fog spraying (water spraying) is similar to what firefighters do when extinguishing a fire, after measuring the amount of weight loss of the heated samples, the weight loss values ​​were presented in the form of a diagram, then the samples were subjected to tests Compressive strength, tensile strength (Brazilian test) and ultrasonic wave speed (ultrasonic test) were placed, and the results and data of each of them for each mixing design were presented in the form of a diagram after examination and classification, so that the effect of high heat on Concrete containing steel fibers and super-lubricant should be determined. The results clearly showed the improvement of the tensile strength in three volume percentages of fibers by 14.6, 16.8 and 64.5%, respectively, compared to concrete without fibers, and also the compressive strength of concrete after bearing the heat of 250 degrees Celsius and cooling to the fogging method had 44.5, 31.6, and 9.3 percent, respectively, and in the gradual air cooling method, the compressive strength was 43.3, 44.9, and 50 percent, respectively.


 

---

Deep reinforced concrete beams are very important structural elements that are used in concrete structures such as high-rise buildings, marine structures, silos, and etc. Because of the importance of these elements, they sometimes need to be strengthened. One common method of strengthening reinforced concrete structures is the use of carbon polymer sheets (CFRP). In recent decades, little research has been done to investigate the effect of various variables affecting the behavior of concrete deep beam, strengthened using polymers reinforced with single or multi-directional fibers. The valuable features of composite materials such as simple and fast installation and corrosion resistance have led to the increasing use of these materials. It is possible to strengthen the reinforced concrete deep beams by gluing FRP plates or strips in a full-cross-section, gluing in a U shape or mounting on the sides of the beam at different angles to the longitudinal axis. Laboratory and analytical results prove that the external installation method, EBR, can be used as an acceptable solution in strengthening the shear of reinforced concrete members. Other methods such as installation Near the Surface Method (NSM) or methods that prevent them from separating from the concrete surface by inhibiting Composite tape can be used as an EBR alternative method that delays separation. Despite extensive research on strengthening and strengthening conventional reinforced concrete beams with FRP sheets, little research has been done on deep concrete beams. As we know, many parameters affect the NSM and EBR method. The lack of research in this field has caused these methods and details to be narrowly stated in the statutes.
One of the problems with using polymer sheets is their separation when loading a prototype. Therefore, this article attempts to use near-surface mounting methods (NSM) to strengthen such beams. This method plays a significant role in reducing the separation of reinforcement sheets. By reducing the effect of early detachment of polymer sheets, increasing the load capacity, increasing the formability and maximizing the use of the material capacity can be expected. Six deep reinforced concrete beams with a span-to-height ratio of 2, 3 and 4 are laboratory-loaded and reinforced by the NSM-EBR method using CFRP and their shear behavior is investigated. Given that the desired failure in deep beams is of the shear type, the NSM reinforcement grooves are installed perpendicular to the direction of the main diagonal cracks and reinforced with carbon polymer fibers. By strengthening the beam in shear using the EBR-NSM method, the type of beam failure did not change, but the number of cracks and tensile bands increased, which caused increase the load-bearing capacity of the beams. In the failure modes, it was observed that no delamination and slippage in the EBR-NSM strengthening system. Due to the presence of the adhesive at a greater depth of the beam, there is no slippage and delamination in the CFRP fibers within the tested specimen. This system has high reliability in terms of stability against slippage. The results showed the shear capacity of the deep beams increase by implementing this approach. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the amount of beam shear load capacity in samples with a span ratio of 2, 3 and 4 increased by 30%, 19% and 12.5% respectively
 

---

Some studies of complex predicates suggest that light verbs are bleached semantically and are unable to bear the role of an autonomous predicate (Jespersen, 1965; Cattell, 1984; Grimshaw & Mester, 1988). Although it is accepted that the semantic content of light verbs is deficient, we address the issue that such a claim ignores the semantic relation between light verbs and the corresponding main verbs. The claim in this paper is that light verbs preserve the force-dynamic schemata of the corresponding main verbs totally systematically but the concept area is transferred from physical to abstract-psychological domain. Indeed, it is claimed that, although light verbs do not have totally predictable meaning, their contribution to the meaning of the predicate is completely systematic and to some extent clear. The present study focuses on two light verbs “ KARDAN” ( to do) and “ DASHTAN” ( to have) to indicate somewhat this systematization.      

---

  The main problem of this article is Islamism as a social –political discourse. The hypothesis is that Islamism isa typical resistance against the hegemony of European modernity discourse. Islamism discourse, with political definition from Islam, attracts the forces of marginalized and excluded frommodernization discourse. This discourse suggests analternative model for communitymanagement through a new formation that offers from Islam. Islamism discourse challenges the European modernization in Islamic societies. With offering a political narrative from Islam, Islamists provide resistance forces against the hegemony of European modernity discourse.

---

Goals: The emergence of new issues in various economic, social and political fields, physical and environmental issues in cities, forces urban management to respond effectively and actively. Extensive developments in the Tehran metropolis have led to more attention to urban green space as green infrastructure , and planning for managing the development and protection of urban green areas has been put on the agenda. Therefore, the development policy of this field or use in the future has been in the focus of attention. Therefore, with the aim of identifying the driving forces affecting the future of Tehran's green spaces, this research tries to take an effective step in this direction by using the intellectual base of future research and foresight.
Methods: This study is analytical and exploratory in nature and uses the environmental scanning method based on the STEEP model, document study, holding brainstorming sessions and distributing questionnaires among experts and elites.
Findings: In this research, 32driving forces affecting the future of Tehran's green space in 6 categories, including 3 driving forces in the technological field, 6 driving forces in the demographic and social field, 8 driving forces in the environmental field, 6 driving forces in the economic field, 4driving forces in the political-institutional field and 5 drivers were identified in the field of physical and urban development.
Conclusion: The results of this research show that the environmental, economic and demographic and social axes have a more effective role in the future of the green space of Tehran.

---

  Effect of variety, moisture and drying temperature on mechanical properties of soybean (failure force and energy, apparent modulus of elasticity and toughness) were studied. These properties were measured through quasi-static loading experiment by material testing machine. Factorial test with Randomized Block design was used to study the effect of drying parameters including final moisture content (3 levels: 10, 12 and 14% d.b.) and temperature (at 3 levels: 50, 60 and 70 ˚C) and varieties (Hill, Pershing and Gorgan3) on mechanical properties of soybean. The results showed that both drying factors (final moisture content and temperature) had significant effect on the force and energy failure. So that by increasing final moisture content from 10% to 14%, the failure force and energy increased from 47.5 N and 10 mJ to 82 N and 56 mJ, respectively. This different behavior of soybean in relation to other grains is due to a high amount of fat in soybean structure. Also by increasing drying temperature from 50˚C to 70˚C, the seed failure force was increased. Investigation of the effects of variety and moisture factors on toughness and apparent elasticity modulus showed that variety and moisture content had significant effect on three factors. Soybean elasticity modulus was 80.95 MPa at 10% moisture content, which by increasing moisture content to 14%, it decreased to 25.56 MPa. 

---

In this study, several physical and mechanical properties of Quercus were evaluated as a function of variety.  The physical properties of nuts such as dimensional characteristics (length, width and thickness), unit mass and geometrical properties (the geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area and projected area), solid density, bulk density, 1000 seeds mass and porosity differed significantly.    To assess mechanical properties samples were loaded between two parallel plates to determine the specific deformation, rupture force and rupture energy and toughness in the rate of loading (31, 54, 75, 200 and 300 mm/min), in the vertical loading side (in the side of diameter)  and result showed that amount of rupture force increased with boosting loading rate.  In addition concerning statistical analysis on the date integration of variety and loading rate had significant effect (P<0.01) on all mechanical properties.  The highest static coefficients of friction were a achieved on rubber surface and the least for aluminum surface.   

---

Siamak Karamzadeh Assistant Professor, department of Law, Shahed University  One of the methods which may be used in combating terrorism is the use of force by states. With the increase of terrorist acts, the use of force by victim states as a necessary response to terrorism has become inevitable. In state-sponsored terrorism, states do any efforts to support terrorism within or out of their borders. There is a consensus that states supporting terrorism engage in illegal activities and are internationally responsible for their acts. If International community is incapable to confront terrorism, especially state¬ sponsored terrorism, injured states have no alternative except defending their interests and security and nations. The question is whether on the bases of international law, there is any legal justification for using force against terrorism. At present, international documents especially UN Charter invite states to settle their disputes in a peaceful manner and ask them to avoid every measure comprising the use of force. Meanwhile, the context of Article 51 of the Charter is an exception to the general prohibition of the use of force. The UN Charter provides that force may be exerted in cases of self-defense in response to an armed attack. Where terrorist acts form a consistent pattern of violent terrorist action rather than just being isolated or scattered attacks, the victim states can use force against these actions. In this situation, the use of force can be justified as self-defense under Art. 51 of the Charter. When terrorist activities reach systematic proportions to constitute an armed attack, the attacked state may respond to these acts with force based on the actual necessity and proportionality between attack and defense.

---

According to the novel achievements, nanotopography and steric geometry of the microenvironment around the cells have a drastic role on their fates. Hence, fabrication of biocompatible nanostructures as the scaffolds for the cell culture and in the next step, accurate determination of their physical and geometrical characteristics is widely considered. Despite of broad utilization of Atomic Force Microscopy to investigate topological traits of sophisticated nanopatterns; its capability to characterize electrospun nanofibers has not been studied inquiringly. In the present research, chitosan nanofibers which were successfully electrospun at the optimized conditions were then evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) respectively. The results suggested that recruitment of both of these techniques have their own advantages and disadvantages. As the first noticeable issue, while the sample preparation and scanning procedure in SEM imaging may disrupt native structure of fibers, probing the sample by AFM doesn't need any pre-imaging treatment. The main application of SEM in analysis of nanofibrillar structures is the rapid survey of nanofibers shape, orientation, diameter and consistency. In the other side, three dimensional imaging by AFM makes it possible to determine whole surface roughness, roughness along fibers and woven tissue thickness. Furthermore, regarding some technical advices, AFM can be used to estimate nanofibers average diameter as well as SEM.

---

Due to the lack of General Practitioners (GP) in the past two decades in Iran, increasing the number of General Practitioners has been on the strategic agenda for health sector. However, this was an appropriate action for the time but, these augments unfortunately continued without scientific considerations, while these were based on the needs of society in that time. This led to some problems for all sectors in the health system. Unemployment, misemployment, underemployment were the results of these policies. Government suffered from heavy cost of educating General Practitioners. the system faced with inequality in their performance as well. Because of the importance of the subject, this research is done for avoiding such problems. It uses mathematical and economic models and techniques to estimate the number of GP from 2006 to 2011, which is believed to be essential for the health system. In this research, Cob-Douglas production function and partial adjustment model have been used for estimating GP labor demand function, then using growth rates of variables and growth mean of the period for each variable, the needed number of GP has been estimated. The future need of GP for years of 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 is respectively, 3864, 4507, 5282, 6224, 7384, and 9011. The elasticity is also calculated for the variables: (RInv), (RVA), (L). Point elasticities for the above variables are respectively 0.035, 0.041, and 0.01.

---

  In this research physicochemical properties of three potato varieties (Agria, Satina and Kenebek) of Golestan province were studied and the effects of these parameters on quality attributes of French fries were investigated. Statistical analysis showed that there were differences between amount of dry matter in three varieties, with the maximum and minimum dry matter contents found in Kenbek and Satina (P<0.05) respectively.  Also the highest amount of starch, sucrose and energy were found in Satina and the lowest content of energy and starch were found in Agria and Kenebek in compared with other variety which had the lowest content of sucrose. Differences between starch content, sucrose and energy of three varieties were significant (P<0.05). The highest and lowest amount of fat content were observed in Agria and Kenebek, respectively (P<0.05). The highest amount of dry matter content related to Agria French fries and three varieties had the significant differences in amount of dry matter content in final French fries (P<0.05).The highest and lowest amount of shear force were found related to Agria and Kenebek strips, respectively (P<0.05). According to results of this study, Kenebek potato variety due to suitable dry matter content, higher specific gravity and lower reducing sugars in comparison with others varieties lead to better products as  regard to texture, color, dry matter content and amount of oil absorption and so it can be suggested as a suitable variety for processing.

---

The efficiency of neem based insecticides have been assessed by many studies however, there is scanty information on the cost:benefit ratio of their use vis-a-viz synthetics, particularly, in watermelon production. In this study, thirty-six 5 m long x 8 m wide plots were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design in 4 replications of weekly spray of; 0.5% Cyper-diforce^® (CD); 1, 3 and 5% Neem Oil Emulsion (NOE); 0.25% CD + 1, 3 and 5% NOE; 1% soap solution and, Control (unsprayed plots). Arthropods were sampled on 5 m length of row using Suction Sampler and Yellow Sticky Board. Severity of leaf damage and aphid colony size was also assessed. At harvest, marketable fruits were weighed and used to compute cost-benefit ratio. The prevalent pests were five species of leaf-beetles, Aphis gossypii Glover, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). The beneficials included; Apis mellifera L., Cardiochiles niger Szépligeti and Cheilomenes sulphurea (Olivier). The 0.5% CD was ineffective against Aphids but 3 and 5% NOE were. Overall, insecticide treatments reduced infestation by 2.9-95.3%. Though, combination of 0.25% CD with NOE treatments suppressed pest infestation relative to sole neem oil treatments, leaf injury and yields were statistically comparable. Sole NOE treatments were observed not to significantly suppress populations of beneficials when compared to 0.25% CD or their combinations. 0.25% CD + 5% NOE consistently gave the highest yield/season (39192-44642 kgha^-1). Monetary benefits exceeded US$3724 ha^-1. The insignificant differences in yield among the insecticide treatments showcased neem’s potential in managing watermelon pests. The ineffectiveness of Cyper-diforce^® against A. gossypii suggests resistance development. 

---

---

In order to help in the engineering design of rice harvesting machines, there is a need to have exact information concerning the physical and mechanical properties of rice stems. The cutting force for rice stems, therefore, was measured by designing and fabricating a static and dynamic shear test apparatus. The effects of moisture levels and the cross-sectional area of stem as well as the variety, blade bevel angle, blade type and cutting speed on shearing strength have been evaluated. The results indicated that the cutting force increased with an increase in the cross-sectional area and decreased with an increase in moisture content. The static and dynamic shearing strength was different among the varieties. The maximum and minimum shearing strengths were related to the varieties Khazar and Hashemi, with an average of 1629 and 1429 kPa for static test and values of 187.4 and 144 kPa for the dynamic test, respectively. The shearing strength decreased from 234.4 kPa to 137.4 Kpa with an increase in blade cutting speed from 0.6 to 1.5 m/s. Blade bevel angle and blade type had no significant effect on the shearing strength of rice stem.

---

---

In the presented work, the lagrangian grid-free vortex element method is used for flow simulation in forced shear layer. Growth rate of instability and eddy formation is well simulated. Also, effect of eddy formation, pairing and the interaction among them are studied. In an unforced shear layer the growth rate is linear depending on the biggest instable frequency but in the forced shear layer other frequencies are taken part. The most important frequency is the forced frequency among other frequencies and the instability growth rate is no longer linear. The results show that the instability would accelerate due to increase of velocity ratio. The wavelength effect is well studied on the instability and is in good agreement with the experimental data.

---

Abstract Low height beams in concrete moment frames, decrease the ability of beams in controlling lateral displacement of buildings. Because of that, in the sixth subject from Iranian Regulations of Buildings and its following, in the 3rd edition of Standard 2800, the height of buildings with low height beams has been limited to 3 floors or 10 meters. According to that, in this study, concrete buildings with different amount of stories and moment frames, with medium ductility and the height of beams in 30 centimeters, have been analyzed (with linear equivalent static and spectral dynamic analysis Methods)and designed on the basis of seismic principles in the 2nd and 3rd edition of Standard 2800. Finally, studies continued with nonlinear static analysis and the performance point of structures determined (with capacity spectrum and displacement coefficient methods) in 4 levels of different seismic risks. Studies show that only one or two story buildings that designed with 2nd edition of Standard 2800 have enough safety in design base earthquake level (DBE) and also higher buildings, should go under rehabilitation.

---

Abstract Due to various deficiencies, inadequate lateral stiffness, weak design and weak construction, many reinforced concrete buildings are highly damaged during the major earthquakes. One way to retrofit these buildings is to improve the behavior and to prevent the total collapse of the reinforce masonry infilled walls in order to make them behave such as structural walls with composite materials. In this study, the concept of equivalent strut is investigated by finite element modeling and behavior of the compression strut and tension tie is presented to model unretrofit and retrofit masonry infilled walls. Analytical pushover results show great accordance with experimental results.