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The exclusionary mechanism has been approved by different criminal justice systems in various forms. While basic principle of approval of this rule in English legal system is restitution and compensation to victims of police abuse of power, American legal system mainly emphasises on the impact of this rule in deterring police violation of defendant's rights. Iranian penal code has recognized this rule in particular criminal case. It seems that translation of this rule into national criminal laws has been under the impact of international instruments and comparative studies without considering its theoretical basis and other necessary legal and administrative mechanisms. That is why this rule has remained at the rhetoric level and it is hardly come to reality, even in the case of gross violation of defendant's rights such as physical torture.

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The aim of this research is was to evaluate the role of educational supervisors and their knowledge level in 2007-2008 from the view of principals and teachers of elementary schools in yazd city. With respect to the goal of educational principles which is to guide and conduct the growth of human beings, and teaching is the current guidance and supervision of learning, therefore, educational supervision is one of the fundamental activities and the main point of education. Supervision is vital and sensitive in teaching, hence, the role of educational supervisors and their methods of supervising is very significant and effective. Inspite of the fact that one of their most important roles is technical and professional education, unfortunately, the major part of their activities is tended to be organizational and officiall, which is basically traditional and nonetheless inspectional. Sometimes, extreme of it makes a watch-dog approach in teachers and an intervening role in their activities. This negative and pessimistic approach causes ineffectiveness of educational supervisors roles. Thus, it is essential to diagnose such ill-roles by the concerned authorities and try to remove As them. a result the status and major roles of educational supervisors will be reconstructed. Indeed, one of the ways to remove such problems is to select qualified educational supervisors. So, the qualification and standard criteria must be defined for such posts and their roles. In this way, those applicants who are experienced, interested, compassionate and qualified must be appointed to prove the proverb: “The right man in the right place”. The present research is a field-survey and its method is statistical-descriptive that contains five research questions. After studying and analyzing the data, it was specified that the supervising roles of educational supervisors are not outstanding, while their organizational and official roles are significant. Futher, they bear no essential qualities and there is no significant difference among the group of subjects in terms of their scientific qualification and their view points in this regard. The population size of this research was 1568 and the sample size was 500.

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This paper presents a trajectory controller for a Hovering type Autonomous Underwater (HAUV) Vehicle to meet the demands of in-water ship hull inspection. Accomplishing this task can just be done by a vehicle that has all special requirements like high maneuverability, precise controllability and especially Hovering Capability, utility of such vehicle causes increasing precision, saving more time and money and less health hazard of divers. Thrusters' configuration in terms of number of the thrusters, position and the thrust direction of each thruster is presented to provide the most suitable formation in terms of less energy consuming, reducing complexity of control strategies and control the most degrees of freedom. In this paper, roll degree of freedom is just constrained. The controller is demonstrated, was designed upon the linearized dynamic model and then applied to the non-linear model to validate the controller's practicality. This controller consist of 3 different loops, one for horizontal plane another for the vertical plane, both where designed in state space and the last one is a PID controller which is developed to control the forward speed. In the next step, the robustness of the controller is investigated in the presence of underwater disturbance and uncertainty of the hydrodynamic coefficients. State feedback controllers have the advantages such as being suitable for non-linear models, useful for MIMO system and simplicity in application development.

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Wheeled mobile robots able to inspect pipe interior are usually used in industry. One of the major evaluations of these robots performance is mobility in limited spaces and special environments. Unanticipated area and obstacles along the robot path is one of the major challenges of robot success in missions. In this paper a novel module for increasing the robot traction when encountered small obstacles, paddle or large deposit is introduced. In addition, the mechanism increases the robot traction when move in high inclination pipes. The mechanism consists of two links mounted beside the four wheel drive robot. When the robot faces with an obstacle or a paddle and cannot move further, although robot wheels rotate, contacting the module’s links to pipe surface change the balance of normal forces applies between pipe and wheels. Further, when the links extend to contact upper part of pipe, it increases the wheels normal forces and provides a higher traction force consequently. Length of links may change in addition to its rotation. So, a two DOFs mechanism is provided which one motor is used as actuator. For switching active DOF, a locking mechanism is utilized using shape memory alloys actuators. The analysis and simulations show the capability of mechanism in increasing the robot traction. The mechanism performance is validated through ADAMS dynamic modeling software.

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Free-form surfaces are widely used in engineering applications. These surfaces are complex and without rotational symmetry, and for this reason they are inspected using the coordinate measuring machines equipped with contact sensor require a suitable sampling strategy. Sampling algorithms are one of the most important factors of error creation in the accuracy of substitute geometry. In coordinate measuring machines, the sampling strategy involves the estimation of the number of sample points (sample size) and identification of their positions (how distribution) on the surface. Thus sample points should be distributed on the surface using sampling strategies that are appropriate for the surface. Often it is difficult to establish such pieces of information (number and the way of distributing the points on the surface) owing to the complex nature of free-form surfaces. In the present work for first time, new adaptive sampling strategy by particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) for sampling from free-form surface is proposed. The proposed strategy was compared with two conventional strategies and the deviation between substitute geometry and CAD model is extracted. The simulation results showed that in the proposed method the deviation between substitute geometry and CAD model is less than conventional methods by 2 to 3 times (depending on the number of points). Therefore high efficiency of the proposed method over other methods is concluded.

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Along with improvement of technology and need for access to energy resources, existence of pipelines such as gas, oil and water pipes is vital for our lives. These pipes will be eroded and damaged over time. With the prediction of the defects and tracking of pipeline paths, the probability of sudden damages is greatly reduced. In this paper, at first various non-destructive methods of monitoring the pipelines are investigated and it is shown that the laser method is the most comprehensive and non-destructive inspection method and then the background of the chosen method is examined. Also, the hardware aspect of the system and the proper layout of the laser sensors are determined on the system. After that a complete mathematical model and an algorithm is proposed for it which can be used to analyze the data obtained from the simulation of laser sampling creates image of the pipe internal surface and using this method identifies the defects found at the pipe surface. In the fourth section, a pipe with specific geometric deflection is examined based on the proposed method and algorithm and its results show the correctness of the proposed method.

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The typically covered prison’s nature in the one side,and in the perspective of authorities of these settings,insignificance or at least being low importance of people held within there in other side,creates some type of sense of immunity that sometimes expose the basic rights of detainees in an irrecoverable risk.Lack of an independent mechanism of oversight of prison/custody as well as inmates’ complaints,led to expansion of natural tendency of these settings to remain at anonymity and non-transparency.On the contrary,trying for transparency and accountability of prisons’ authorities through regular & independent oversight of their treatment with detainees, decrease the risk of power misuse in this settings,use of force within them (sometimes in serious and even fatal degree),Sense of immunity and being immune of punishment and guarantee the basic rights of who deprive of their liberty.In prison system of Iran,despite of some efforts for oversight of detention settings,most acts stayed at a level of within-system oversight and in fact had also been done in a reactive not active or regular manner,generally after media disclosing of some event within them,in response to public opinion and after numerous formality and most degree of restrictions.Using the related sources about oversight of prison/custody and inspection of them,this paper meanwhile examining the international standards in these issues,studies the challenges and solutions of US and UK tries to along with examining the accepted mechanism in Iranian prison system tries to analyse the content of documents and formal discourse in these issues,examine the applying of these mechanism in fact.    
 

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Gears are a very important part of mechanical equipment in industry. Due to the fact that in mechanical processes, the teeth are subjected to long-term load, the surface of their teeth is usually rusty, worn out and even broken. Timely fault detection cannot only increase the life cycle of the gears, however it can even prevent property losses and losses due to breakdowns. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and diagnose the health of the gears to ensure the normal operation of the invaluable machines in industry. In this research, fault detection in polymer gears using audio signal is considered as a non-contact inspection method. Sound signals were recorded from 50 pairs of gears in normal condition, worn teeth and broken teeth at two speeds of 66 and 99 rpm. In the following, using wavelet packet transformation (WPT), the sound signal is analyzed in the time-frequency domain and 12 statistical features are extracted from the 16 coefficients of the fourth level of WPT. In order to study the performance of the fault detection algorithm, four classifications of linear discriminant analysis, K-nearest neighbor, decision tree and support vector machine have been used. The values of accuracy, true positive rate, true negative rate, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, geometric-mean, F1 score, and Matthews correlation coefficient have shown that by using WPT, a significant distinction can be found between normal and faulty gears. Therefore, the proposed method is a suitable approach for timely error detection of polymer gears used in mechanical equipment.

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In thermal barrier coatings (TBC), surface cracks, debonding, and thickness degradation may occur during the manufacturing process or life cycle, leading to poor performance and ultimately a dangerous system failure. The main goal of non-destructive testing of thermal barrier coatings is to detect these defects and determine the health of the coating. Various non-destructive inspection methods have been proposed to evaluate thermal barrier coatings, and due to the numerous advantages of thermography, including high speed, low cost, safety, no need for direct contact, automation capability, and inspection of a large area of ​​the part, this method has received special attention from researchers. This study will present a method for manufacturing samples with different diameters of artificial separation defects. The following is the equipment's arrangement and the sample's thermography process. It was concluded that blackening the surface of the sample by increasing the amount of thermal energy absorption increased the ability to identify separation defects and increased the signal-to-noise ratio by 257%. Finally, by implementing different filters on the recorded raw thermal images, it has been shown that in both cases the best filter in terms of SNR is the median filter and then the Gaussian filter. The background removal filter also had no noticeable effect on increasing the signal-to-noise ratio and acted as a complement to the median and Gaussian filters by reducing the fixed error

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Farm-to-Consumer Direct Selling (F2C) programs allow consumers to pre-order a share of a farm’s produce so that the farmer benefits from guaranteed sales at a pre-agreed price, while the consumer benefits from receiving produce with a certain quality and the knowledge that they are supporting a local farmer. However, agricultural foods are a type of credence goods, and consumers have to trust that the supplied produce is indeed, as claimed, cultivated on the farm in accordance with the agreed cultivation practices, such as organic. In this study, we attempt to provide inspection bodies with a strategic inspection rate that respects the quality commitments of farms and examine how the inspection strategy influences consumers’ benefits. We derive the equilibrium decisions of inspection bodies and farms based on a game model, using a closed-form analysis to develop the optimal inspection rate at which a farm maintains its commitment to food quality. Specifically, the inspection rate increases with food quality when the inspection cost is below a certain threshold. However, inspection bodies tend to dispense when the inspection cost exceeds a specified value. The consumer surplus in quality increases with the inspection rate when the inspection rate is below a certain threshold. However, when the inspection rate exceeds the threshold, additional inspections do not have marginal effects on consumer surplus in quality.