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Classroom interaction improves the learning process by enhancing opportunities for learning since both instructors and learners are involved in various speech acts. Speech act refers to a functional unit in the form of an act assisting individuals to perceive or promote things with words in interaction. Thus, the current study investigated classroom interaction in terms of types and functions of speech acts performed by Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers and learners. The data for the study came from audio-recording of twelve 90-minute sessions taught by six experienced Iranian teachers. To analyze the conversational data, Finocchiaro and Brumfit’s (1983) model was used to examine various types of speech acts and Walsh’s (2006) SETT was employed as a framework to explore the functions of speech acts. Following the data analysis, it was unfolded that directives were the most frequent speech acts, including suggestions, requests, warning, and giving instruction, accompanied by interpersonal and personal ones. As to the functions of speech acts, the most frequent mode was the materials mode (42%), followed by skills and systems mode (34%), classroom context mode (16%), and managerial mode (8%). The overall findings indicate the central role of the teacher in teacher-fronted classes in Iran as the most speech acts, i.e. about 79%, were performed by teachers in the form of requestive, suggestive, and advisory to control and promote the learning process. By carrying out the current study, it is hoped that readers gain more insight regarding the pragmatics territory, most notably speech acts.
 

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Rural handwoven carpet weavers, particularly in the context of handmade silk carpet production, grapple with significant challenges concerning recognizing all stakeholders and establishing timely connections. These challenges have a substantial impact on the adoption of innovation in carpet production and the overall enhancement of productivity. This research was conducted to scrutinize the communication network of carpet weavers within the Knowledge and Innovation System (KIS) of handmade silk carpet production in rural areas. Data were gathered through interviews with 270 rural households in Zanjan province, specifically in the Tarom, Khodabandeh, and Zanjan counties, utilizing a structured questionnaire. Social Network Analysis (SNA) in UCINET was employed to examine the interactions among these actors, and graphical representations were created using Net Draw. The results revealed that the network's density varied across different levels, showing weakness in some cases, moderate strength in others, and strong connections in select instances. The connections of carpet weaving families with other actors within the KIS were predominantly localized. Among these families, those utilizing the home-based wage production method exhibited the most extensive interactions. The individuals designated as "FMs" (likely referring to family members) and "WNVKRs" (possibly local experts) demonstrated the highest degree of connection and influence within the network of weavers' interactions
 

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Despite the particular importance of the subject of soil-structure interaction, unfortunately, this issue has received little attention from engineers, and seismic codes have not given much recommendation to consider its effects. Seismic wave frequencies vary continuously, and the stiffness of springs and damping of dampers connected to structural supports also vary with the loading frequency. To simplify time-domain numerical analysis, a constant target frequency can be used to keep stiffness and damping values constant. In the substructure method proposed in this study, the optimal target frequency is the one that yields results that most closely match those of a more accurate nonlinear 3D model analyzed using a direct method. A common simplification is to ignore the foundation’s non-linear response, justified by design requirements to prevent permanent deformation and the complexity of frequency-dependent soil behavior. Though not fully precise, this approach (considering soil heterogeneity and optimal target frequency) offers a forward-looking analysis and a basis for future nonlinear studies. This study presents a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model for analyzing the seismic response of soil-foundation-structure systems embedded in granular soil (with different relative densities) considering the effects of soil heterogeneity (With varying shear modulus with depth and compatible with the practical HSsmall model). The model is capable of accounting for the effects of loading frequency along with the radiation damping of the soil system and can integrate with the widely-used substructuring method considering an optimal target frequency. After verifying the proposed model, the dynamic equilibrium equations of the substructuring system were solved in the time domain using Matlab software. The target frequency was determined using i) Case 1: the fundamental frequency of the soil (or the dominant frequency of the excitations), ii) Case 2: the fundamental frequency of the structural system, iii) Case 3: the fundamental frequency of the soil-foundation-structure system; iv) Case 4: the fundamental frequency of structure with static stiffness and damping support (Case 4); and v) the fundamental frequency of fixed base structure and modified stiffness, and the results were compared together. A comparison of the impedance (dynamic stiffness and damping) of foundations situated on homogeneous and heterogeneous soil, as well as an investigation of the structural response in both cases, is another objective of this research. The analysis results demonstrated the accuracy of the proposed model and the acceptable calculation speed for estimating the dynamic response of structures located on heterogeneous soils under frequent operational earthquakes. The results also showed that with an increase in soil relative density, the seismic behavior of structures on homogeneous and heterogeneous granular soils converges. For instance, the response of the foundation on homogeneous soil bed with relative densities of 55%, 75%, and 95% is on average 23%, 19%, and 15% lower than that of heterogeneous soil, respectively. Additionally, for determining the target frequency, the use of frequency‐independent Kelvin–Voigt models (i.e., Cases 1-5) provides acceptable responses. According to the data presented in Table 4 and Figs. 9 and 10, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) The soil's fundamental frequency (Case 1) yielded the least precise results. 2) While Case 3 offered the most favorable response, closely matching the direct method, determining the soil-structure system's fundamental frequency through complex integration in numerical software is often impractical. 3) Employing the target frequency in Case 2 produced more satisfactory results than Case 1. 4) Cases 4 and 5 generated nearly identical frequencies. Compared to Case 2, these cases enhanced response accuracy, bringing them closer to the best response (i.e., Case 3). Therefore, for practical applications, it is recommended to utilize the fundamental frequency from either Case 4 or Case 5 instead of the soil-structure system's fundamental frequency (Case 3) to establish the optimal target frequency.
 

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Introduction of modern technologies such as internet has had some downsides as well. The aim of the present study is to investigate some disadvantages of the integration of modern technology in organizations. The main body of the investigation will concentrate on the effect of different influential factors on cyber-loafing among the members of an organization. Regarding the literature on the subject matter, one of the leading factors that causes cyber-loafing is organizational justice. First, the influence of organizational justice, as the independent variable, on the distributional justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice is be discussed in details. Later on, the moderating role of perception of the organizational control in relation to organizational justice and cyber-loafing will be talked over. For testing the first hypothesis of the study, which focuses on the negative influence of organizational justice on cyber-loafing, the Lisrel software was used in through path analysis and structural equation modeling. The results obtained from 152 questionnaires distributed, among the employees of an automobile company, confirmed the credibility of the first hypothesis. Also the findings did not confirm the idea that the perception of organizational control plays a moderating role with regard to organizational justice and cyber-loafing.

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Presence of filler in the polymeric materials changes the mechanical, dynamic-mechanical, rheological properties and even the swelling behavior of rubber composite due to mechanisms such as hydrodynamics, polymer-filler and filler-filler interactions. Swelling in rubber composites directly affects the polymer chains, also can affect indirectly other structures in composites such as the filler network and reduce mechanical properties suddenly. In this study, the nitrile rubber-nanosilica composite containing different concentrations of modified nanosilica was prepared and the composite structure was studied through rheological, mechanical, dynamic-mechanical tests. Also it was found that the filler network containing over percolation threshold 13phr of filler concentration has a significant contribution to the mechanical properties of composites. To determine the swelling effect on the prepared composite structure, with different degrees of solubility were used. The mechanical properties of the samples were measured in equilibrium swelling state for each of the solvents The decrement of the mechanical properties between the dry samples and swelled ones containing 14.4, 20 and phr 6.25 silica in solvent with 15% toluene is significant. These intensive changes in mechanical properties that happen at the low degree of swelling are attributed to the removal of the filler network. Therefore, controlling the swelling of rubber parts in adjacent to the solvent, plays the fundamental role in their performance.

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Aims: The purpose of this study is to present a conceptual model related to the direct impact of built environment on the depression of urban residents and its indirect impact through social interactions and the ranking of influential elements.
Methods: A descriptive-analytical approach has been applied in this study and qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to achieve the goal of the study. The study has 3 main parts: In the first part, the concepts of research and the relationship between them have been investigated by searching the sources and and analyzing them to explain the direct and indirect effect of the built environment on depression. In the second part, using experts' questionnaire and Shannon entropy method, the significant coefficient of the elements and their ranking were determined. In the third part, the conceptual model of the study is presented based on the relationships between the concepts of the research.
Findings: Based on Shannon entropy method, Among the influential elements of the environment, green spaces and parks in residential areas have the highest significant coefficient and are ranked first in the impact on the depression of urban residents, followed by public spaces, noise pollution, environmental security and indoor environment quality, air pollution, pedestrian network, visual pollution and public transportation are among the 10 main elements. According to the conceptual model, factors affecting depression include micro scales (individual), meso scale (local community) and macro scale (fundamental) which the elements of the meso-scale environment interact with other micro- and macro-scale factors directly and indirectly affect the residents' depression.
Conclusion: According to the ranking of the influential elements of the environment and the high significant coefficient of green and public spaces, neighborhood green spaces and parks should be given more attention, and with the appropriate design of public spaces and suitable environments for pedestrians, create opportunities for social contact and the gathering of local residents in order to reduce the prevalence of depression in urban areas helped.
 

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The process of learning never happens in vacuum, and the final product encompasses the various interactions between the language learner and the surrounding world. Most often, the language learner is assessed in a two-way relationship and in this respect, the academic environment and the classroom are the first and the last destinations, which are considered. Considering the importance of ecological and environmental factors in learning a foreign language, the present article tries to investigate the parents’ role in learning English language qualitatively. The amount of effective interaction between the parents and the child, the amount of accessibility to cultural goods such as computer and the Internet and that the effects of these goods on learning, as well as the parents` values with respect to learning English language were included as the purpose of this study. The study was conducted based on the following assumptions: (a) Intelligence and aptitude are not the only way toward success or failure in learning English language, and (b) there may be some discrepancies between the set of values advocated by schools and institutes with those of the parents. Thirty-five families participated in this study whose children were instructed in English language institutes in Mashhad. We interviewed all of these families as well as their children. The results revealed that families in both more-proficient and less-proficient learners use various strategies. At the end, some recommendations were given to improve the quality of education within families.  

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By a brief review of Iranian art works, we will understand that all Iranian art masterpieces come from and are affected by the concrete expression of the specific idea of those people who intent to embody their special beliefs and worldviews using those arts. Relationship of man with nature as well as the role of nature in urban areas and its subsequent influence on human life is one of the most significant issues that may be addressed through research on the relationship of man and nature along with identification of their mutual impacts, since nature is a representation of perfection in mankind and the ultimate beauty as it contributes to realization of life and its values. Awareness of human to the benefits provided by the green space serves as a prelude to man’s perception of creating artificial environment, light and darkness, noise and silence, and subsequently motion and inertia, because particular attributes of green space are in line with man’s cognizance of needs. Meanwhile, due to the Islamic approach of this paper, Islamic views on nature and its relationship with mankind should be discussed, since numerous verses of Quran have cited nature, making it easier for us to figure out this relationship. An inseparable link may be found in Islam between man and nature as well as natural sciences and religion. By abstaining from complete detachment of man and nature, Islam has retained its integrated approach towards universe. Indeed, mankind is a gateway to grace and mercy for the nature. Therefore it can be said that the garden is a holy place which is reminiscent of reconstruction of the cosmic event and rebirth of the world; a real world between the world of senses and the world of pure reasoning with a feeling of plurality and multiple spaces which leads to emergence of a divine feeling of separation, peace and eternity with some kind of hierarchy in the combination of the components and elements. Before being a manifestation of the territory and historical eras, gardens demonstrate the human beings’ thoughts and beliefs. The physical structure of gardens has undergone incredible changes by change in the religious thoughts (aspirations and beliefs). In this way, religion has played a decisive role in creation of gardens. The nature, the universe architecture’s achievement, God, is often inspiration for architectures. Because of human’s inborn tendency to nature and notable impacts of relationship with nature in soul and body of human, human always has been seeking to find a reasonable relationship between inside space and outside nature. Today, physical and psychological needs of humans to communicate with nature, is a reason that in all societies, it is converted to cultural heritage; however Iranian paradise as a excellent example is a picture of Iranian beliefs that despite of harshness, still is a successful pattern. The paradise in interaction between humans and their thoughts and as a meeting place for sky and earth and interaction between function and thoughts is the best place for mystical experience. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the formation of a Persian garden becomes possible, what are the type of used elements and spatial arrangement in it. In Persian Garden replacing the circular shape, which is different from other geometric shapes, is feasible. The circle is the point of spreading, symbolism or symbolic interpretation that covers the concepts of excellence, integrity and the absence of any distinction and separation. In addition to the concept of perfection that exists implicitly within the eternal circle, it also symbolizes creativity and creation of the universe. There are different climates in Iran, so the variety of vegetation in Iran is in abundant. The application of these types in green space architecture intensifies the variety and ecotypes (in color, form, size and adaptability) and also increases the success of coefficient certitude of the design and design flexibility. Having plants in green spaces is a vindication of climate and cultural capability. Due to reaching the international standards of green space per capita, we need more green space several times than the current one. Human innately likes nature. Humans’ need of vegetation and nature has been a biological and vital need from the beginning of the creation. This is a physiological need. Due to that it consists of a physical-chemical force in the brain that organizes all human rational and perceptional capabilities and guides them. The needs can be different from being urgent one or normal one and if human’s primary needs are not satisfied, a stronger aggression may be needed. Green spaces are full of varied colors, but the green color is dominant among them. From a psychological point of view, green is basically a tranquilizing color and mentally can make the space tolerable for the crowds assembled in such centers. When a person goes back to the nature and sees green trees andbeautiful flowers with water sounds and birds twittering, delightful moments are created for him/her. In the recent decades, due to changes in the social structure of the country, the majority of the patterns used for the designing urban public green spaces are those of Western parks. Moreover, the vertical growth of the cities in response to the shortage of available urban lands and the consequent dearth of green spaces has accentuated the already present need for parks. These two factors gave rise to the wide use of Western park patterns by urban designers and planners as it well provided both the need for green space and public spaces. In consequence, the Persian garden patterns, which during the years of Iranian history had been of regular use in the construction of landscapes and also enjoyed the numerous researches revolving their stability and aesthetic and psychological aspects, were eclipsed by the Western patterns. The following research was carried out in order to provide an answer to an important question; that is, how it would be possible to use the patterns of Persian gardens instead of those which belong to the Western parks in designing the urban public green spaces. The main aim of this study is to focus on relationship between human and nature, natural factors and to recognize the ranking of Iranian paradise in a kind of interaction between human and nature. The research method is documentary study and library-based, and the comparative studies are descriptive. The findings show that the relationship with nature is the most necessary condition for artist. He/she is nature himself/ herself, as part of nature and nature, via natural space, in many ways has impact on innovation of architecture. The nature is always present everywhere and is a powerful tool for motivation. Its presence is obvious in metaphor, imitation, variation form and architectural materials.

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One of the best strategies to control bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) is generally based on breeding resistant cultivars. The information obtained from the expression of plant defense genes will provide new insight for improving plant resistance against pathogens. This study was to identify inducible genes under defense no death (DND) reaction of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)-R. solanacearum interaction using cDNA-AFLP technique. In this assay five different primer combinations were used. Out of 1320 Transcript derived fragments (TDF) that were detected, 101 fragments were identified as differentially expressed genes in 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours post inoculation. Most of the differentially expressed genes were obtained 48 hours post inoculation. Following sequencing, most of sequenced TDFs showed homology to known genes interfering in signaling, regulation and defense functions. DND phenotype in tobacco has some similarities specially in signaling process with mechanism associated with induction of the hypersensitive reaction and it is distinct from general defense mechanisms.
 

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Physicians are more presumptuous than patients in verbal interaction. This study was conducted to measure the ratio of physicians’ and patients’ presumptuousness, and the role of gender in order to find an appropriate model for doctor-patient interaction. One hundred and one interviews in Mazandaran Medical Sciences hospitals were studied by using Stiles coding system. The physicians were 10.4 times more presumptuous than the patients. The most presumptuousness in the physicians was in physical examination, and in the patients, it was in conclusion. The least presumptuousness in physicians and in patients was in history taking and in physical examination, respectively. There was a meaningful difference in presumptuousness between men and women in the patients (P<0.05), while there was no meaningful difference between men and women in the physicians. Among the patients, rustics, low educated ones, and the elders were more presumptuous. When the gender of physicians and patients was different, the presumptuousness increased; however, the presumptuousness decreased when the gender was the same. We can conclude that the physicians were much more presumptuous than the patients. Their presumptuousness varied from the most in physical examination to the least in the history taking, because the physicians received information during the history taking and they listened more. In physical examination, the patients were in a special situation, sometimes unrobed. It strongly affected the presumptuousness. Presumptuousness had a direct relation with social class. Social class was the main factor when there was a gender difference, and it increased the physicians’ presumptuousness. The Results showed that in the patients, politeness in lower class decreased the presumptuousness. Knowing these factors can help physicians and patients to have an appropriate outcome

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Identifying the necessary infrastructures for an effective management of knowledge and making innovations in organizations are of the paramount importance. In previous investigations, infrastructures have been studied in isolation from other factors, but it has been tried in this research to survey and analyze the direct and indirect impact of the climate and organizational structure on innovation performance considering the mediation of knowledge management and social interaction, through a comprehensive model. Interaction in affecting leadership style & organizational climate on knowledge management also are reviewed. This study has been done using sample of 140 selling and marketing unit employers of the shuttle corporation in Tehran. This research is descriptive- survey and questionnaire used for data collection. Result showed that knowledge management and social reaction are not mediating. Effects of organizational structure on social interaction and organizational climate on knowledge management, social interaction on innovative performance are positive and meaningful, but other hypothesis were rejected.

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Shadows are often concerned with the study of light and in inductive reasoning light has always been precedent respectively. From cited viewpoints, Shadow is deemed to be a secondary phenomenon and similar to when Comparing between full and empty, shadows are assumed to be the empty quality. In this manner shadows are always concerned to be a “lack of light” phenomenon, meanwhile shadows can be analyzed and inferred as an independent entity and an influential element in architecture.
This article introduces techniques for further understanding and analyzing shadows, also a different approach to the world of shadows has been presented which its new insight and profoundness leads to a novel understanding of spatial quality influenced by shadows as an independent quality. The results show that there is a direct and positive relationship between the architecture quality and light, and recognizing the interactions between these two has an indispensable importance in growth of productivity and richness in architecture. The research is a both descriptive and analyzing study and it is considered a qualitative research. The research method in this article is logical reasoning and it includes a path from analyzing data and understanding phenomenon to conceptual modeling.
It is an attempt to answer this question: How we can present more intelligent models via detecting and analyzing elements and new evaluation methods for interactive relationships between variable architecture elements and factors. There are many shadow making elements in hot climate of Iran which can be counted and exterminated. Any of this intelligent and delicate elements navigate a chain of information, thus without this continuity, information cannot be linked and disconnection of information is one of the main problems in today's architecture and its products. Some exam-able models in shadow use are porches, wooden structures named “shirsar” in roof edge, fractures in the body of building and courtyard, dome and green space.
Shadow has a successful and influential role in architectural characteristics and behaviors. Characteristics as coolness, graphical attraction, hierarchy, depth, graphical clarity, urban spatial quality, time and movement, contrast and theoretical discovery are only some of the examples which can be related to shadows. Shadows are like informative labels which are in flow and movement accompanying phenomenon and as the phenomenon stop moving and stay still, shadows keep moving. Shadows are harbingers for motion, life and dynamism. Fountain falls and dies at the time it stops its motion.
Interactive role of shadows as similar to other natural systems and organisms can be examined through different methods and at the same time this passage can be benefited in editing exam-able elements and parameters in human constructing processes. After evaluating historic architectural works which have reached to proximity and nearness with their own environment and climate, we evaluated and examined shadows and divided them in to three types. These three types were the shadows which were back to light, context shadows and interactive shadows. Meanwhile, in addition to introducing shadow quality and properties in architecture productions and its procedures, separate tables are presented for their recognition and identification. In this passage, tables below present multi directional influences of different elements on each other and the whole system.
Next, a three dimensional model of interaction between three types of shadow in watch stone of “sheikh Baha’i” is presented. This interactive model tries to demonstrate the concept and idea of happenings and events in an interactive pattern based on algorithmic Technics. In image 7 the conceptual model is presented based of an algorithm written in image 8. In two sides of these diagrams hours of day from 8 in the morning to 6 in the evening are presented, the right side belongs to the back to light shadows and in 12 pm this shadow reaches to 0 which is its minimum and after that there is no shadow till the next cycle. The left side of the diagram belongs to the context shadow which its quantity is on maximum on 8 am and gradually as it approaches to 12 pm the quantity decreases and on 12 pm at the time the back to light shadows reaches to 0, the context shadow similarly is 0 and they are both on their minimum and that is the time for experiencing lack of shadows.
This three dimensional model represents the surfaces of this diagram which are created in interaction between the back to light shadows and context shadows and result in compressed and tensed surfaces. The unpredictable result of this model represents the complicated states of interactive shadows which is under the effect of two other types of shadows. Dividing shadows into three types helps us to understand properties of interactive shadows and also remember not to ignore and disregard the edges of drawn diagrams and the surfaces in between which carry multi directional information. The inter-common edge of the two diagrams which is presented with darker color is the diagram of interactive shadow between the back to light shadows and context shadows. Meanwhile in stone watch of “sheikh Baha’i” as of the degree and status of the stone these shadows were hidden intentionally. (Proposed model is written by Grasshopper. This plugin (grasshopper) could be installed on another program called Rhino which works as a host, enables the user to write algorithms and see the results as a drawing outputs (2D or 3D) in this environment (rhino). Writing environment in grasshopper is all graphical and the factors in drawing in all phases of programming could be change and edit.)
Finally, the interactive shadows are elastic and flexible shadows which have the role of interaction and conduction between the two other types of shadows. Creating the diagram models which can represent the mutual interactions in addition to main variables, can have an indispensable role in understanding the complicated behaviors and characteristics of nature for designer and researchers. In this Technic as of numerous amount of variables and data and the multi directional calculations in this relationships, the intelligence of computers can be benefited in representing the complicated results.

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Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora beticola has a great negative impact on yield and quality of sugar beet. In the present study, pathogenic and genotypic variation of 24 C. beticola isolates collected from different regions of Iran were studied using RFLP of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS-RFLP), and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR). Pathogenic variability and genotype × isolate interaction were evaluated in greenhouse experiments on five sugar beet cultivars (FD0018, HM1836, Puma, Eudora and Monatuna). All of the 24 isolates tested were found to be pathogenic on the cultivars with significant variation in disease severity. Results of RAPD analysis showed wide DNA polymorphism among the Iranian C. beticola isolates. Restriction pattern of the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA (ITS1-5.8-ITS4) was studied using three restriction endonucleases: EcoR1, Taq1, and Busr1. The length of undigested DNA fragment of all isolates was estimated to be 500bp without rDNA polymorphism after digestion with EcoR1 (280, 270 bp), Taq1 (330 bp) and Busr1 (240, 220, 90 bp). RAPD and ITS-RFLP markers showed the highest level of genetic diversity which confirms the variation in C. beticola detection.

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In this qualitative study, through studying the thought patterns of two master candidates of the International Relations discipline, the process of development in their disciplinary genre awareness has been investigated. In so doing, academic writing skills were taught to the two cases of the study in a period of 18 months. In this period, one of the researchers held regular training sessions. The theoretical framework used for this study was the interaction model of Hyland (2005) and the methodology in the phase one to three of the study was descriptive ethnography and in phase four it was analytical and quantitative. Several rounds of interviews, stimulated recall sessions, field notes, and document analysis were used to collect the data. Based on the definitions provided by IELTS organization, the two cases improved from the level of limited user (band score 4) to the level of good user (band score 7). Finally, the result of the investigation of the stages of development in the disciplinary genre awareness of the participants was presented in a model of development. This study can shed light on the future perspective of curriculum design for academic and ESP writing courses.

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Nowadays, language is not only considered as the most important communication tool, but also it is known as the central core of culture and what forms it. The relationship between language and culture and their mutual effects on making contact between language users and different cultures are of great importance and have attracted the attention of many researchers. Regarding the significant, fundamental role of culture in having intercultural communication and focusing on the mutual relationship between language and culture in the communication of the Iranian and the French, the current research tries to find the answer to this basic question whether perceiving the cultural differences guaranty making successful intercultural contacts or not. The research overall hypothesis states that lack of awareness or insufficient awareness of these differences in communications may result in misunderstanding and even miscommunication. To answer the research question, first, the relationship between language and culture and then the transmission of culture through language will be expressed and explained. Accordingly, various theoretical frameworks, including Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis, will be taken into consideration. The basic theoretical framework of this research is Austin’s speech act theory; thus, the introduction to this theory would be a part of this research. To illustrate the fundamental role of knowing and realizing the cultural components in making effective contacts, we will investigate and analyze one of the most influential cultural variables in intercultural communication that is the verbal interaction in both Persian and French cultures, with focus on Austin’s speech act theory. Based on this theoretical framework, we consider speech act as the verbal communication unit and will explore some samples of common and prevalent speech acts in the verbal interaction between Iranian and French. Mostly, these linguistic forms have the oral and verbal aspects and arise from individuals’ cultural and social communication. Exploring each of these speech acts, we will try to show the incentives and methods to use them as well as their differences in both the verbal environments of Persian and French and; therefore, we will study the semantic, practical, and cultural aspects of the selected samples.
The results of this research showed the necessity of paying attention to the cultural differences in making effective contacts and preventing «miscommunication». Familiarity with the differences and similarities between speech acts in Persian and French languages will help the language users make successful contacts and prevent many misunderstandings and misinterpretations, while having contact with different cultures.
 
 
 

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By adopting the insights of phenomenological approach since late 80^th century we easily observe the passage from classic narrative scheme to the semiotics with sensible and existential landscape. This approach is called semiotics with ontological foundations in which the reading and interpretation is no more related to the simple coding of a text, but it involves in movement towards the live experience of signification process in the world. In the discourse of Blind Owl by Sadegh Hedayat , we encounter with this manner of presence and interaction of subject with the world; that is to say , the perception of character from the world , himself and other (alterity) depends on sensible and dynamic presence of subject with his constant interaction with phenomena.  Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze by referring to Landowski and Greimas’s theories and ideas, the presence of the subject and his relationship with himself and others. Then, we study how the interaction with the "other" creates new systems such as the transcendental or ecstasy discourses and how the being of subject is determined in interaction with others.
 

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Understanding the spatial dynamics of insect distributions provides useful information about their ecological requirements and can also be used in site-specific pest management programs. Interactions between prey and predator are spatially and temporally dynamic and can be affected by several factors. In this study, geostatistics was used to characterize the spatial variability of spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata Buckton and coccinellid lady beetles in alfalfa fields. Global positioning and geographic information systems were used for spatial sampling and mapping the distribution pattern of these insects. This study was conducted in three alfalfa fields with areas of 7.3, 3.1 and 0.5 ha and two growing seasons, 2013 and 2014. The 0.5 ha field was divided into 10 × 10m grids and 3.1 and 7.3 ha fields were divided into 30 × 30m grids. Weekly sampling began when height of alfalfa plants reached about 15cm and was continued until the cuttings of alfalfa hay. For sampling, 40 and 10 stems were chosen randomly in 30 × 30m and 10 × 10m grids, respectively and shaken into a white pan three times. Aphids and coccinellids fallen in the pan were counted and recorded. Semivariance analysis indicated that distribution of T. maculata and coccinellids was aggregated in the fields. Comparison of the distribution maps of aphid and lady beetles indicated that there was an overlap between the maps, but they did not coincide completely. This study revealed that relationship between spotted alfalfa aphid and lady beetles was spatially dynamic. These results can be used in biological control and site-specific management programs of T. maculata.
 

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Symbolic interactionism is a social theory that takes into account both explicit and implicit activities of people (like thoughts) and studies social behavior by emphasizing on human interactions. In this study, the theory of symbolic interactionism was studied with a descriptive and analytical technique to study Nafsat Almasdur, an important historical and literary book written in seventh century AH. The subject of the book is the difficulties of the author. This ancient text is reread in the framework of sociological theory as the first step in reflecting the symbolic interactionism theory on a trace from Moguls in Iran. The study shows that social behaviors of the author, people, Moguls and the king of Kharazmshahi, due to their significant symbols, result in complicated patterns and these patterns are the foundations of interactions and differences in groups in the society.