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Among the challenges of language acquisition, developing writing proficiency is widely acknowledged as particularly demanding. Learners must not only select appropriate vocabulary but also use it effectively within a specific context. However, the emphasis on writing skill development should not solely lie in memorizing grammatical rules. Rather, grammar should serve as a tool to facilitate clear and effective communication of ideas. Consequently, prioritizing and strategically selecting essential grammar rules for instruction can significantly enhance and expedite the acquisition of writing skills. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method and utilizes a questionnaire to investigate the potential effects of streamlining Arabic grammar instruction on facilitating and accelerating the development of writing skills in Arabic among Persian undergraduate students majoring in Arabic Language and Literature. To achieve this objective, the study employed a researcher-designed questionnaire distributed among a sample of 16 Arabic language teachers and experts. This instrument aimed to identify the relative importance of Arabic grammar components across three proficiency levels: beginner, intermediate, and advanced. Informed by expert opinion, the research proposes a tiered approach to Arabic grammar instruction. At the beginner level, priority is given to mastering structural order and interrogative particles. The intermediate level focuses on relative nouns, causative constructions, and the mood system. Finally, advanced learners concentrate on verbal mode and aspects. Additionally, the findings highlight the experts' emphasis on introducing similar Arabic and Persian grammar rules in the early stages of education, and Arabic-specific rules at higher levels.
 

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This paper investigates the two discursive systems of performance and tension in the poem "Katibeh" of “Akhavan Sales”. The performance-oriented narrative system is formed based on the external lake with the focus on "performance". While the tension system originates from an inner-emotional lake and has an interactive relationship with the performer’s knowledge of existence. Due to having the content of narrative discourse," Katibeh " includes value-oriented performance and tensions, in which, the dominant systems are capable to investigate semiotics. This research aims at showing the fundamental aspect of meaning making of this poem and how the meaning appears in theinitial comprehension of the discourse among the unique signs.
For this purpose, the research has determined the types of discourse system such as performance system, tense-emotional system and the techniques of concept elaboration, connection with contacts message sending in the poem "Katibeh" using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research indicate that the teller has succeeded in producing the intended mental meaning -philosophical despair and being defeated by destiny- and conveying it to the reader with the artistic arrangement of the parts of the language. When the subject is faced with the "Katibeh" he becomes tense with himself, and due to his inability to get out of this tension and realize the secret of the "Katibeh", he finds almost all performances impossible under high emotional pressure.

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The study of scientific articles, as the main genre of scientific productions and an important means of information exchange among the members of the scientific community, has received increasing attention during the past few decades. In scientific discourse study, textual structure and coherence require the writers to use various meta-discourse markers, including interactive and interactional meta-discourse markers, and their appropriate strategies. In the current research, the category of interactive meta-discourse marker based on Hyland's model is studied. We use a corpus-based approach to analyze Persian scientific research articles in the field of humanities and to find out the importance and role of interactive meta-discourse elements in Persian scientific papers.
For this purpose, we randomly select and analyze 800 abstracts of scientific research articles from 16 fields of humanities from the Comprehensive Portal of Humanities. Examining the data reveals the importance of the use of meta-discourse in the text in such a way that approximately one marker of interactive meta-discourse marker is found among every 15 words. Also, the analysis of the corpus indicates that frame markers are the most frequently used interactive meta-discourse marker in the corpus, and transition and code glosses are in the next rank with a little distance from frame markers. Endophoric and evidentials markers obtained the lowest frequency in the corpus. At the end, suggestions and corrections are provided to make Hyland’s concept more compatible with the discourse features of Persian scientific articles.

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Review and analysis of verbal thought prevailing over syntactic principles are important phenomena in Arabic Linguistics; a thought which as a general principle dominating syntactic science seems trivial comparing to that general issue. From a long time ago, a syntactic science which grasps the structure of Arabic language has occupied the mind of old and contemporary linguists of this field of thought; a science which seems essential for logical understanding of Arabic language structure. Among the fourfold syntactic principles, review and analysis of this verbal thought regarding the issue of “audition”, which is another evidence of syntactic principles such as “analogy” and “consensus”, persuades us to carry out this study. The study focuses on the viewpoint of two old and contemporary linguists and scholars of syntactic principles named al-Suyuti from the ninth century and Tammam Hassan of the contemporary time. Having a descriptive-analytical approach, existing resources and lingual data were reviewed. The results show that regarding the audition’s evidence and one of its resources which is the issue of citing Quranic readings to regularize syntactic rules, al-Suyuti of the ninth century, considering his religious concern, accepts citing all kinds of readings by considering “اﻟﻘﺮاءه ﺳُﻨﺔٌ ﻣُﺘَّﺒَﻌَﺔٌ ولا تُخالَف” but Tammam Hassan accepts citing readings by considering the condition of “مستندهٌ بالأسانید المعتبره””. On the issue of citing the Prophet’s hadiths, al-Suyuti accepts the views of al-Shatibi which are conditioned but Tammam Hassan believes that citing hadiths quoted by meaning is acceptable for regularizing syntactic rules because they

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 The process of teaching and learning is a complex interplay of multiple factors, including teaching and learning styles. A mismatch between these styles can lead to negative outcomes. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the learning styles of non-Iranian Persian language learners and the teaching styles of their instructors. To explore the alignment and discrepancies between these variables, a quantitative method was employed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between them. This research was conducted with a sample size of 116 Persian language learners and 25 teachers, and data on learning styles were collected using the Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire (PLSPQ). The same questionnaire was adapted and validated to collect data on teaching styles. The study revealed no significant difference in the prioritization of visual, tactile, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles between learners and teachers. However, a notable difference was observed in group and individual learning styles. Furthermore, academic background emerged as a crucial factor affecting teaching style, with teachers who had completed a teaching Persian program (AZFA) prioritizing group-style instruction. The outcomes of this research underscored the existence of discernible disparities between the teaching styles of educators and the learning styles of students. As such, it was recommended that teachers adjust their teaching styles to align with the learning styles of their students.

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Mehdi Sahabi s’est essayé, pendant des années,  à l’atelier de Proust et ce faisant,  il a atteint à un certain degré de mûrissement. En traduisant A la Recherche du Temps, il a voulu faire œuvre, comme dit Antoine Berman.  Les Plaisirs et Les Jours, livre d’un jeune auteur qui demande reconnaissance, préfigure déjà  La Recherche, malgré la différence compositionnelle et thématique entre les deux ouvrages. Dans cet article, en nous basant sur les procédés techniques de la traduction énumérés et exemplifiés par Vinay-Darbelnet dans leur théorie de La Stylistique comparée, nous cherchons à analyser le processus de la traduction de ce  recueil proustien. L’objectif est de connaître d’abord la méthode de traduction dee Sahabi et la manière dont il  a procédé,  et  de savoir ensuite  si la théorie appliquée est efficace dans la lecture d’un texte littéraire traduit. Les premier et second  objectifs, pour être atteints, ont besoin de la mise en présence des deux textes et de l’explication de l’opération traduisante. A priori, les projets traductifs de Sahabi semblent ciblistes et orientés vers le lecteur, mais il  est le traducteur des choix inattendus et peut nous surprendre. Par ailleurs, l’applicabilité de cette théorie linguistique au texte proustien  déterminera son efficacité dans la critique de la traduction littéraire.
 

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In corpus stylistics, computational tools are used to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses of the electronic corpora of literary works, through which the stylistic components of the texts are identified. This study aimed to determine the stylistic features of the works of Simin Daneshvar and Ebrahim Golestan using a corpus-based approach. For this purpose, the works of these two writers were examined using corpus analysis tools, including keyword and concordance analysis in the AntConc software. After extracting the positive keywords in these works, each keyword was examined in its real context in the concordance menu, and a semantic classification was performed based on their semantic domains. The examination and comparison of the positive keywords showed that the semantic domains of "social behavior, work and profession, state and grammar" are common in the works of both writers. This commonality from a stylistic perspective can be related to similar social norms and behaviors, as well as the similar time and place of life and growth of the two writers. Golestan's works are writer-centered, while Daneshvar's works are reader-oriented. Daneshvar's story characters are much more numerous (14 names with a frequency of 504) compared to Golestan, who used only 3 names with a frequency of 107. In Golestan's stories, there is no reference to religion semantic domain, while in Daneshvar's stories, this domain is addressed. Daneshvar establishes a greater connection with the characters in her stories by mentioning specific individuals.
 

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This study investigates the fundamental impact of naming on shaping the ideology of texts, particularly the Quran. It explores how naming, as a foundational linguistic process within the frameworks of Hodge and Kress (1996), Van Leeuwen (2008), and Leslie Jeffries (2010), plays a pivotal role in constructing meaning, establishing identity, and exerting power. The research also examines the naming component within the Quran and its contributions to explaining the underlying worldview of this text. To evaluate hypotheses, this research employs critical discourse analysis. It explores the approaches of Hodge, Kress, Van Leeuwen, and Jeffries regarding the naming component and applies these theories to the Quranic text. The goal is to elucidate the embedded worldview and the Quran's approach to naming. The findings reveal that in Hodge and Kress's view, the naming process is an ideological tool for promoting and solidifying specific beliefs. Conversely, Van Leeuwen perceives naming as an identity process and a means of interaction and meaning construction within social contexts. Jeffries, combining explicit (ideology) and implicit (literary language) elements, considers naming a tool for producing and reproducing ideological discourses. An examination of naming within the Quran indicates that beyond ideological, identity, and linguistic factors, other elements such as the relationship between theme and naming, the priority of content over naming, and the connection between action, process, and structure to naming also influence this process.
 

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Sustainable improvements in agricultural production and productivity necessitate efficient resource utilization; relay intercropping can improve crop yield and land productivity while using fewer inputs. Thus, in a three-year field trial, different cucurbit vegetable crops were tested to see if they were suitable for relay intercropping with perennial castor (Ricinus communis L.). These treatments encompassed various intercropping strategies involving castor, each paired with a different cucurbit: bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula), snake gourd (Trichsanthus cucumerina), bottle gourd (Legenaria siceraria), coccinia (Trichsanthus dioica), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Castor and cucumber relay intercropping systems produced the highest castor equivalent yield (1701 kg/ha), followed by castor and ridge gourd (1596 kg/ha). Among all the cucurbit intercropping systems, the castor + cucumber relay system had the highest productivity (4.66 kg/ha/day), profitability (338.8 Rs/ha/day), and relative economic efficiency (198.5%). The best moisture-use efficiency was achieved by castor and bitter gourd relay intercropping (6.58 kg/ha/mm), followed by castor and bottle gourd relay intercropping (6.35 kg/ha/mm). There was a higher net return for relay intercropping of castor and cucumber (Rs.1,23,662/ha), followed by castor and ridge gourd (Rs.1,20,515/ha). Perennial sole castor produced 1312 kg of seeds per hectare, despite its low monetary returns of Rs 41,801/hectare. It has been found that relay intercropping between castor and ridge gourd (3.29), followed by castor and bitter gourd (3.29), produces the highest benefit-cost ratio. As a result, the relay intercropping system, which determines the competitive interaction and productivity of castor and cucurbits, can provide the greatest benefits.

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Fungi associated with ascocarps of Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania nivea, T. pinoyi, Picoa lefebvrei and P. juniperi in Iran showed a wide range of genera and species in 94 samples collected during 2005–2009 from different regions including Fars, Systan and Baluchestan, Kerman, East Azarbaijan, Khuzestan, Kermanshah and Hormozgan provinces. Thirty two species belonging to 21 genera were recovered from ascocarps of truffles on two culture media. Penicillium chrysogenum, P. citrinum, P. griseofulvum, P. brevicompactum, P. crustosum, P. oxalicum, Aspergillus carbonarius, A. niger, A. flavus and A. terreus were the most common fungal species isolated on glucose–Czapek agar medium. The number of fungal species recovered on 20% NaCl–Czapek agar were less (4 genera and 10 species). The most abundant fungal genera belonged to Penicillium and Aspergillus. Also, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Scopulariopsis halophilica could grow on Czapek agar medium amended with 20 % NaCl. Other fungal species were not able to grow on this medium.

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Aims: Adolescence is one the most precarious periods of life, concerning the drug abuse. The social cost of the drug abuse and injury among adolescents is extraordinary and requires intervention. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is perhaps the most influential theory for prediction of social and health behaviors including drug abuse. This study aimed at designing and implementing a curriculum based on the TPB for preventing adolescents from drug abuse. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Hamadan, west Iran. We recruited 140 male high school students from randomly selected schools: they were divided into experimental group, n = 70 and control group, n = 70. The experimental group received 20 hours educational program based on the TPB. The control group receives no intervention. Findings: Compared to the control group, experimental group have significantly elevated post test scores for attitude (19.07 vs. 15.28, p < .001), subjective norm (18.08 vs. 16.45, p < .001), perceived behavioral control (51.67 vs. 54.82, p < .001); and their intention to use drug significantly decreased(p = 0.082) Conclusions: The TPB-based educational program may be effective in prevention of substance abuse among adolescents.

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   Abstract:
Women in the prose folk tales have various roles. In contrast to the position of women in official and lyric literature, the living, dynamic, influential and basic role of them in folk tales is noteworthy. Active women with positive character are the initiator of love, heroe’s helper, protector of their freedom and dignity, warrior, heroe’s physician and nurse, against the mandatory marriages, consistent in love, sly, devoted, kind, intelligent and advisor. Women with negative character are sly, witches, malicious, wicked, evil, treacherous, envious and corrupt. Passive women are as a reward for the hero, unsophisticated, beloved or spouse, agree with polygamy and oppressed. This descriptive-analytical paper cheks twenty-two long famouse folk stories and analyzes the popular types of active and passive women's role in them.

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Abstract: The motifs are elemental in keeping the structural, semantic and aesthetic consistency of Persian tales. Multiple and often uncertain origins have been counted for fictional motifs, such as mythical and religious narratives, folklores, history and so on. Over the centuries, the motifs have undergone shifts and variations, and transferred from one domain to another. Having been considered as a multi-dimensional bird for possessing various and often contrasting features and functions, "The Raven" also acts as a multi-functional motif in Iranian culture. The function of the raven in texts and narratives has two main origins: mythical and religious. In the first, the raven is linked with the Sun and light, acting as the messenger of the Sun God, brings good omen, and embodies wisdom and foresight; and the second one makes the raven to penetrate the beliefs and mentalitys of men through the story of fratricide of Cain, and thus symbolize death and darkness. The study of how the function and motif of raven have undergone shifts and variations through myth to religion and folklore is the purpose of this paper. The investigation of the function of raven in texts, tales and proverbs, and the analysis of its stability or alteration would bring to light chief and critical points about the (dis)similarity of myth and religion, and the role of raven in Iranian people's attitudes and folklore.

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  Riddles (Chistan) is one of the genres of Iranians official literature and cultures. Riddle (Crux) is a kind of fun literary work, which has educational and cultural function too. This genre has many different forms and names in the local literature of different regions of Iran; some of which include: Chyzchyzk, Mattaloukeh, Vagoushak, Teshlanouk, Chachak, Chenchen, Chucheh, Chichiki, Chawcheh, Mataal, Mas’aleh, Tapmajalar, and alik. This paper examines the literary and artistic aspects of this genre, and explains its corresponding themes. In addition to finding its formal and semantic structure and morphology in different areas of iran, we further investigate types, functions and themes, and analyze the implications of Riddles. The study of this literal genre in our folklore will familiarize us with various ways of exploiting our free times, and on how prepare and educate our children and teenagers so that they enter the real-life arena.

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Abstract Introduction: Measles virus (MV) belongs to the morbilivirus genus of paramyxoviridae family, and has single stranded, negative polarity, non segmented RNA genome. Method: In this research, the total RNA was extracted of measles virus (AIK-C) vaccine strain. The extracted RNA was immediately used in reverse transcription reaction to generate cDNA. The 1st strand cDNA was used to amplify the F gene by specific primers in a reaction PCR. The PCR product with the expected size of 1662 bp was cloned into expression plasmids pET-22b(+) and pET-28a(+). The recombinant plasmids were transformed into competent E.coli DH5α cells and clonies were screened with direct PCR. The recombinant plasmids were extracted by Alkaline lysis and were compared with non- recombinant plasmids in molecular weight. Results: Recombinant plasmids were digested with Nde I and Hind III restriction enzymes. The DNA band with an approximate size of 1662 bp was detected on 1.5% agarose gel. The recombinant plasmid pET-28a(+) was sequenced, comparison of this sequence with the coding sequence F protein of measles virus (AIK-C) in Genbank (AF266286) was revealed high degree of homology and showed that F gene is highly conserved. Conclusion: It was showed that F gene is highly conserved. Thus F gene is important for studing in order to produce recombinant vaccine.

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Although some Literary Criticizers consider the “Imagination” as an excessive element of poetry but that is very important.
They believe that besides the rhythm and the beauty , each poetry is full of imagination.
Hindi methode is a good example of imaginary poetries and some poets suach as Bidel are good symbols of this style.
Subtlety, Imagination, application of new campositions, personification to lifless things, using of symbols and methods of ancient poets, simplicity in statements. Novelty of words, Decription of the nature, palying with words, Repetition of  Rime and some words, Paradox and Gnosticism, are the characteristics of Bidels poetries.
 

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Nowadays, application of enhanced oil recovery methods has increased; therefore it’s necessary to determine their impacts on environment and human life. So, this research investigates the environmental impacts of conventional enhanced oil recovery methods and new methods such as using electromagnetic waves, ultrasound waves, and nanoparticles. The investigations show that electromagnetic waves and ultrasound can effectively remove many environmental pollutants. Characteristics of the wave and the type of formation determine that these waves have different effects on the formation, and efforts should be made to understand these effects to prevent damage to the formation. Nanoparticles can also reduce the quantity of pollutants in the environment. According to the mechanisms of entrapment of nanoparticles in the porous medium, they may remain in the reservoir and find their way to the underground water over time, so their environmental effects should be considered in the long term. A better knowledge of new methods of increasing oil extraction will lead to the identification and use of more suitable methods with less environmental effects (compared to conventional methods).

 

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Powdery mildew is one of the most important disease concerns of tomato production in different regions of the world, which is caused by different species of Erysiphales. The most important causal agents of which are Leveillula taurica and Oidium neolycopersici. In the present study tomato farms in Qazvin province were surveyed and tomato leaves with powdery mildew symptoms were collected. After morphological studies in laboratory and using reliable resources, the causal agent of tomato powdery mildew was identified as Leveillula taurica. The host range was determined by inoculation of Leveillula taurica from tomato on nine species of plants belonging to four different plant families. All cultivars of tomato, eggplant, pepper and cucumber used in this study, showed disease symptoms on their leaf surfaces. Other plant species including potato, alfalfa, sunflower, clover and sainfoin did not get infected by the pathogen. The nucleotide divergence for the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region between tomato mildew and 21 other Leveillula taurica isolates ranged from 0.00 to 0.031 %. The sequence of ITS region of Leveillula taurica from tomato was identical to that of eight isolates from different plant species.  

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Evapotranspiration is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle which is directly influenced by atmospheric conditions. This study investigated annual and seasonal trends in reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) and its key influencing climatic variables during 1966-2005 at 10 stations in southern Iran (with centrality of Fars province). First, multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify the major meteorological variables affecting ET₀. Second, annual and seasonal trends in climatic variables as well as ET₀ were assessed using the Mann-Kendall test, Spearman's rho, the Pearson correlation and linear regression to evaluate their contribution to the temporal trend in ET₀. Results suggested that the more effective variables for ET₀ were wind speed (U₂), relative humidity (RH) and sunshine hours (n). Also, the majority of trends in seasonal and annual ET₀ were non-significant and after that decreasing and increasing trends had higher frequencies. In addition, distributions of relative frequencies of trend types at all considered time-scales were similar for both parametric and non-parametric techniques. Hence, the disagreement between parametric and non-parametric trend results did not depend on the degree of normality in the annual and seasonal ET₀ distributions in the study area.

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The Semantic Script Theory of Humor is the first complete linguistic theory on humor. This theory, that was in fact a radical departure from the traditionally taxonomic approach of puns and humor, was first introduced by Victor Raskin. He was the first linguist that analyzed the structures of humor from the semantic view point, and could identify the structure of joke. In Raskin’s view, a semantic theory must include two abstract concepts: a set of the whole scripts available to the speakers and a set of compositional rules. The purpose of this article is to introduce this theory and to answer this question that which objections on the basis of Persian data may be made to this theory. For this purpose, we studied a number of Persian jokes published in Iranian Humor Press, and by the analysis of these texts, we could show some weaknesses of the theory. The results of this study showed that the way of analysis in Raskin’s Semantic Scripts theory, which is based on listing all of the scripts involved in the words used in the humorous text, has some weaknesses in analyzing Persian Jokes; such as not being compatible with the linguistic processing realities and for having time-consuming redundant complexities, it is not applicable on long Persian jokes.